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.0'

THE MARTIAL (^KAVHS

OF OUR

FALLEN HEROES

liN

Santiago cie Cuba

BY

HKNRY C. McCOOK, D. D., Sc. D.

(Jiaphiin Second Regiment Pennsylvania \'olunteers, United States Army, during the Spanish-American War

[Philadelphia

GEORGE W. JACOBS & CO.

1899

L ,

Copyright by

Henry C. McCook

1898

TWO COPIES RECEIVED.

SECOND "OPY,

^^^--.iW^^

ilo llio

illToniorii of the hcroi: ^)o>.^^

in a v£onfli:t

for

iMinuniitii

Chapter I

INTRODUCTORY:

How this Book Came to Be Made

o

FRKEDOM, claim that is thine own !

Thou badst him in the deathful strife

To yield for thee and thine a life, And thy command is done I

So freely, bravely did he give ; And life for life is rightful wage, Thou owest it thro' the Eternal age

To l)id his memory live.

O t'lRAVE, revere thine honored trust I Most precious gift that mortal gives, Most precious that the earth receives,

A hero's sacred dust !

Keep well thy charge, till from on high

The Angels sound the Reveille To wake the dead from Earth and Sea, Then yield him to the sky 1

O Comrades, by this honored clay. To stand for just and ec|ual laws. For Freedom' s land and Freedom' s cause

Renew your vows to-day I

There 1 sad yet hopeful lay him down

'Tis but a step that marks the space

From this — the soldier's resting place To von— the fadeless crown I

Introductory: How this Book Came to Be Made

|.\ the 19th of Inly, 1S9S. the \vrit<T of thcsr rrcords sailed U)r Santiago d(,- Cuba, as a nieniber ot a sj)ccial committee from the National Relief Commission. The purpose was to carry supplies to sick soUliers of the I'ifth Army Corps at that point, to establish a relief agency, and to report concerning the actual ncetls of thr men. For this duty he had been detachetl by the Secretary of War from the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania W)lunteers. of which he was Chaplain. The committee arrived July 25th on the U. S. S. Reso/utc, Captain Eaton commanding, having rec<-ivcd from him and his officers considerate attention during the voyage.

While moving through the various camps centering around the historic battlefield of San Juan, observations were made of the condition of the graves of our fallen heroes. I'"or the most part the slain were burietl where they fell, or in {)ositions cjuite near thereto. Whenever the boilies could be identihetl. some effort had been made to mark the graves. Considering the nature of the countr)-, the e.xigencies of battle, ami the fact that many of the killed fell while lying or ski/mishing in th«' thick jungle of tropical bushes, or in the tall, rank grass, or among the wild running ground-vines it is not strange that the burial parties sent out after the conflict coultl not always identify the dead. Recog-nition was made mor«- dit'hcult by the fact that

10

/IDartial Graven

the men. oppressed by the terrible heat, had cast away parts ot their clothino-. and thus removed evidence of their identity.

Only three weeks had intervened since the interment, yet it was evident that the rapid growth of tropical plants would soon hide the places of burial (See Figs, i, 4, 5), and that the torrential rains would efface the writings hastily made upon the rudely constructed markers, which of necessity were dim and. even at that period, in some cases, difficult to decipher. Num-

j.i^r_ I— Grave of Daniel Lotieroa,,, ,jt/i C\ S. Infantry, on the bank of the A:^uadores, near

Bloody Bend. /.>V. 2— a raves of Cor pour Is Wallace and Graffln, on the Sunken A'oad, edge of Battle Plain.

bers of graves were in or close by roads and liable to be obliterated by current traffic ( I'ig. 2), or on the banks ot the streams that thread the valley in which the conflicts occurred, and thus were liable to be overfiowed and the marks completely effaced. Moreover, it was even then evident that the comrades of th(' dead and the burial parties who entombed them, would soon be removed from the vicinity, and transferred to other situations upon the Island or to the United States. Strangers indifferent or hostile to our cause and name, would occupy the fields honored bv the valor and consecrated by the death and

1f."»o\v tbit? .iGooh Came to ;iL>c ni>a^c n

burial of our heroes. 1 luis, il seciucd ine\iuiljle that the perishaljle records left li\' the conirachs of ih«- dead would soon be destroyed.

Ii\er\' sentiuieiU ot palriotisiii, jusiiic and L;<'U<rosity cried out aL;ainst such a result. ( )ur hearts wen- burdeiiecl with care tor the lixiuL;. The sick and wounded deinandeil hrst iIioul^Iu. but in our L;rc-at, wealtlu' and prosperous repuljlic it seemed to the writer that there was enough and mnvr. than enouj^di of influence, acti\ it\' and nione\- to create and preserve iiniolate a soldiers' cemetery tor the tallen heroes ot' th(j Army of Santia_u;(>. it it were not tound practicable to remoxc the remains to their nati\-e land. It was his thought that plots ot" the battlel'ickl shouKl at once be prepared on which every L^ravc sliould l)e duK' located : and that proper niarkci-s shouM !)<• sent out on which the names ot the tallen should be plainl\- i)aiiUed. with a \iew to maintainin;^ the identit\- until more substantial head- boards could be erected.'^'

On the 5th ot" .Xu-ust the author returneii tVom Saiuiai^'o to Philadcli)hia. ( )n the da\- tollowin_L;-. Aui^iist Otii. he visiltrtl Washington, anil duriuL; a ((Uiterence with the PresiileiU of the United States with which he was honored, stated the* facts concerniiiL;- the Martial ( iraxcs ot" our j-allen 1 b-roes in tin- neiL^h])orhood of Santiago. i he br<'sident took a slip of paper t"ro!U the table before him and immediatel\- wrote the lollowin;^ order and sent it Iw nu'sseiiL^cr to the Secn-tary ol War:

" Ordered — Ih.it the -raves of our soldiers at Santiago sliall b<- permaneiuK- marked. Vhr i)resent markin.i^ will last but a short lime, and bel(M-e its etVacement occurs, suitable and permanent markers should be put up. The Secretary of War is charL^ed w'.th the e.xecutioii of this order." (Fio^. 3.)

* See a comimmication printed in the rhiladcljihia Pnss o( August 8, lS?8.

EXECUTIVE MANSION.

WAS H IN CTON

Ordered - that the graves of our soldiers at Santiago shall be pernanently marked. The present markirs will last but a sh.ort time, and before its effacement occurs, suitable and perma-

nent markers should be put up

The Secretary of War is charged with Che execution of

this order.

.^.^T'

^"^

Aup^ust sixth, 189B .

Fig 3.

l-'ac-simiU of President McK'inley s original order concerning the marking of soldiers' graces.

l^ow tlMt> .iLu"^oh Came to ;iSc /H^a^c I'-i

This prompt, kind response to the first prcsciilatioii of tlu- facts, so characteristic, and indicati\c of noble api>reciation of the service of the dead and of sympathy with moiirniiv^r friends. was the he^innin^ ol one of tlie most remarkal)h- incidents in warhire. It was tlu* tirst stcj) toward tlu- restoration. li\- national authority at public expense, of nu)re than a thousanil soldiers who had fallen in toreig^n service, for home burial in thi-ir native land. It was tliis order which contributed lari^ely to place the writer under the conditions out of which this xolnnu- has L^rown. I volunteered to return to Cuba for duty amon^- the sick, ant! to make such provision as I could to carry out the order concerning the dead. Before leaving- the Executive Mansion I was sv.ni for by Geiu-ral Al::4('r. the Secretary of War. aiul when 1 j)aid m\ respects to him. learned that .drcady the I'residcnt's order had been tele^n'aphed to General Shafter. I renewed to the Secre- tary my offer to return to Cuba for special duty. The offer was accepted with many kind expressions, and the next day. AuL^ust 7th, I received an order a[;ain tletachin^- me from the .Sec(»iul Pennsylvania Regiment of I'nitt^d States Volunteers, of which 1 had the honor to be Chaplain, and appointing me to duty in Santiai^o with the sick or •• for such other service as I mij^dit be assigned to." Tlu- personal understandiuL: with the Secretar\-. as also with the President, was that 1 should uiuhrlake whatever service opened before me to the adxanta^e ol the soldiers and of the country, and that I should take such steps as opportimily permitted to locate and designate the graves of oin^ fallen heroes.

Accordingl)-. I embarked upon the }'(f/r on the iilh of August, arrived in Santiago on the 15th. and at once- reported to Maj.-Gen. Shafter. That officer r(xeived me courteously. but declined to extend anv assistance in the matti-r of identi-

14

/iDartial Graves

hiiiL,^ the graves of the slain, inasmuch as the h'ifth Army Corps was engaoed in embarking for home, and ah the energies of the command were recjuired to attend to the living; and that the dead would not be injured by remaining until later in the season for such honors as were due to them. I bowled to this

Gta-'i's of PrivaUs John Boo/h and l\'iii. l'r,gcr, jist X. Y. Vols., on Aguadores Road, near Bloody Bend, almost concealed by ivlld -rines.

decision, of course, but expressed my determination, neverthe- less, without calling upon headcpiarters for aid, to prosecute this part of my duty also. I was immediately assigned by Gen. Shafter to the staff of Chief Surgeon Havard to aid in the care of the sick, and at the recjuest of Gen. Leonard Wood, the

Ibow tlMi> .iLu"^ol; Came to ;iL>c nDa^c i"»

Military Governor, was i;iven the cliit\' o\ reijru;ani/inL;- the Civil or Municipal Hospital at Santiaj^o, in which larj^-e ninnhers of the nali\c Cubans were suflerinj^' from the series ot ei)i(lemics that attlicted iht- unliappy town, and which hadl hccn lar-;cly

"'.->^

Ki.;. 5 Gm-i'es of Pri-'ata Booth ami l'r(t;£r after bein^ cUarcd of xvi'.d -.iius

the result of the unfortunate exotlus to Caney when the was thri^atenecl with bombardment.

W hen this duty was completed I lH-_L;an my visits t( xarious battlefields accompanied l)y my interpreter, I\e\ . I C. Astwood and by a Sj)anish-Cuban photographer supplied

city

) the I. C. with

1^' fniartial Graves

a held camera. M\- kodac and sketch-book were also brought into service, and thus a large number of photographs and drawings of the gra\-es. cemeteries, battlefields and surround- ing scenery, with maps showing locations, were procured.

Before my plans had been completed Mr. 1 ). H. Rhodes arrived from Washington with orders from Gen. Ludington, the head of the Quartermaster's 1 )e[)artment, to locate and mark the gra\es of buried officers and men of the battlefields ot San- tiago de Cuba. He brought with him competent assistants and eight hundred wooden headboards. I had made arrangements widi Captain Gonzales, of the Quartermaster's Department at Santiago, to attend to this tlut)-, but the arri\al of Mr. Rhodes upon the field reliexed both that officer and m\self from further responsibility. It was soon manifest that a more thoroughly efficient man for the work to which he was assigned could not possiljly have been found. He entered upon his duties with a fidelity, zeal and intelligence that promised the best results. The difficulties before him were ereat. The condition of the so-called roads ; the character of the climate ; the risk of exposure to various forms of disease ; the vexing obstructions ot tropical plants that had to be penetrated ; the rixers and streams to be crossed without bridges, and when crossed becom- ing torrents by sudden down-pours, thus holding the traveler in unwilling detention until the fiood subsided ; the fact that the grax'es were widel\- scattered and often overgrown b\' wild \ ines, which made their recognition difficult and sometimes impossiljle ; ami the tiu'ther fact that no information could be obtained as to thtnr location, inasmuch as the comrades of the dead had already left the field for America — all presented a series of difficulties which can be appreciated fully only by one who has faced them as I had alreadxdonc. The hi^jhest credit is due to Mr. Rhodes

^bo^v thu- :iL\-^oh Camc to .iSc /Il^a^c i:

ior llu. valuable service which h.^ ihiis n-ndere.l the ( iov.-mment and the friends of the dead in i.rcs.rvin^ ihr niem..rl(.s ..f oiir lalhn heroes. The greater portion of his work traversed the held over which I had ah-eady -one. Ihit parts which I did n«.t visit were visited by liini. and whc-n arrested in my work by fever I left Santia-o with the conviction that cv.-rythinu- possible to be done woiiltl l)e accomphshed.

1 returned from Santiago September 23. 1898. and as soon thereafter as my health would permit, re,)orted in person to the Secretary of War at Washington. A brief statement of what I had done was placed before him. and I suggested that it would be a valuable contribution to the history of the campaign in Santiago de Cuba I^-ovince if the department should pubh-.^h the detruled neon! of my investigations, together with the photo- graphs and sketches of grave.s. plans (,f cemeteries and maps of the battlehelds which I had made. This was not ordered on the ground that there were no funds available for this pur- pose. Under the circumstances, not willing that my labor should be wholly lost to the memory and to the friend.s of the fallen heroe.s. I resolved to undertake the publication of du- material which I had accumulated.

Moreover, I was convinced that such publication would be a valuable contribution to the history of the cami.aign. My studies of the localities and drawings, photograi.hs ancrmaps o'f the same, together with the lists and charts n\ .Mr. Rhodes, pre- sented a record of the battlefields in Santiago de Cuba as they appeared after the conflicts, which (as far as" I have been able to ascertain) is unicpic in military history. It is almost certain that no foughten helds have ever been .so promptly an.l thomnghly studied with a direct view to locating and depicting the points at which the combatants fell and were buried, as'well as the

1^ /l!>nrtial Oravc5

rude methoils of soldiers to honor and identify the burial places of their comrades. The results preserxed in this volume, added to the material in the (Quartermaster's Department, give the I'nited States War Office a survey of the tields of conflict around Santiago In the days immediately following- the battles, which is as nearh' correct as human observation is apt to attain. From this standpoint, at least, the contents of this book are not only of current interest but of permanent historic value.

It is, perhaps, needless to state that the publication has not been undertaken as a business enterprise. One copy of the book is to be sent without cost to the parent, wife, child or the nearest of kin of every soldier and sailor who fell in the battles around Santiago, or who died trom the effects ot wounds or sickness and was buried in Cul)a. d his gift has been provided for by the Auxiliary Society of the National Relief Commission of the Tabernacle Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, of which the author has the honor to be pastor. Some books of the limited edition have been put on sale in order that public libraries, collectors of war literature and friends of the honored dead may obtain copies. Whatever profit may result from these sales will go to meet the expenses of publication, which have been assumetl b\' the author.

Already man\- of the heroes whose graves are herein described or figured have been removed b)' friends to the United States and reburied. While this volume is passing through the press (March, 1899), '^ government (expedition has sailed on the transpcM't Jxouniauiaii with suitable force and furnishings from the (Quartermaster's Department to disinter the remains ot all the dead in Cuba and Porto Rico, and restore them at the Nation's exjjense for honorable sepulture in their native land. This munilic(-nt act must excite the gratitude of

t>o\v tbii? Booh Came to JBc /lDa^c 19

the frieiids ot the lallcii, and shoiikl awaken lh<- kindliest feelings ot ever)' patriot towards the .Administration wliith lias directed it, as it has already e\uked the ailmiratioii and uondrr of foreigners. Xotwitlistandini^- this fact, the writt^r has jhx-- served the fonn ot his oriL^inal notes, and throughout the Nolunie, in desi-rihini;' llie Imnal |)Iac('s, coninionK' sp'-aks of the deatl as still thi-rcin, and o! ihcn- scpuUhres as they were seen 1)\- him. 1 his has \H-cn done lari^ely as a matter ot personal convenience. allhou_L;h somewhat, also, to preserve the tone ot a current description of existiuij;' objects. Yet, after all, this form is not wholK' inaccurate, tor onl\' the hony systems of our tallen heroes will rest in home iL^rave-s. I he soil of Cuba retains the sacred remaimler. and this tart must con- tinue to Liive the battlefields of Santiago a peculiar interest and lionor, not on]\ to Amt-ricans, but to all triends ot hree Cuba.

I'll). 125 — See Chapter \'III.

Grave of Captain Capron of (he Rough Riders, at Si/ioiiev.

(From Scribner's Magazine, Copyright, 1S99, by permission of Charles Srriljner's Sons.)

Chapter 11

Soldiers' Methods of Decoratin-j; their Comrades' Graves

H

A

E needs no tears who lived a noble life I

We will not weep for him who died so well.

But we will gather round the hearth, and tell The story of his strife ;

Such homage suits him well,

Better than funeral pomp or passing bell.

¥iTZ Jamics O'Bkif.x,

Xn now he rests ; his greatness and his sweetness

No more shall seem at strife ; And death has moulded into calm completeness

The statue of his life. Where the dews glisten and the song-birds warble.

His dust to dust is laid In Nature's keeping with no pomp of marble

To shame his modest shade.

John Gki:i:nli:af Whittiek.

Soldiers' Methods of Decorating their Comrades'

Graves

111"^ methods practiced l)y soldiers in decorating; the 'praxes of their comrades present an interesiiiiL;' stiuh'. The observer notes a yencral similarity ol style, both in the regular and volunteer service. lUit a closer study shows much indivitluality. as if the taste or judgment or suggestion of one man had regulatetl the mode ot marking and decorating the gnucs of an entire regimi-nt or ot a whole section. Circumstance-s also have controlKd this matter, as they ha\e the place of interment. Vov the most part the men who fell in action have had their gra\es tlesig- nated carefully by their com- rades, or by burial parties delegated to the sad duty (^t caring for the dead. Some- times there appears e\ en greater care in suitabK' mark- ing the bodies of those who fell in action than ol those who (lieil in the hosj)itals and who were thus removed trom the personal care ot company

iMC. 6

.-/ ,;n/u or slo»e-i-<r.ereJ grare I'j uul-nown soldiet .

24

/IDartial Graven

tVientls and coiiirades. In the latter regard, however, differ- ences are manifest according- to the temperament of the surgeon or hospital steward in control. In some of the hospital cemeteries every grave is distinctly marked with the name of its inmate. In others, burials were made in an extremely care- less wa)-, and little or no attention paid to the condition ot the graves or to securing identification of the bodies within. 1 hese facts show the lack of s)-stem. There seemed to be no official

recognition ot the importance oi mark- ing the graves of the fallen. The service was wrought by vol- untary care ot com- rades ; or l)y hospital workers and burial parties already over- burdened with duties j.-,^. and exhausted by

l^'ire entangUmetit on the eastern suburbs of Santiago. rigllting', Or enieebletl

Dra7i<n from a photograph. |^Y gickne.SS

.M()\ ing o\t;r the lield of battle one observes small fenced enclosures of barbed wire hung upon sticks. These enclosures mark the graves of American soldiers who lell in action. Ihe barbed wire was taken from the fences and entanglements erected by the Spaniards at various points of ai)proach to their fortifications, and which had to l)e penetrated by our soldiers before the final charge ui)on the fortified hills. (Fig. 7-) The sticks and wires that were largel\- instrumental in accomplishing the destruction of their comrades, were thus used for securing their graves from desecration and obliteration by passing men and Ijeasts.

W^*Mi[

IDccovatino Conu*a^ci>' Cnavci^ -•'>

'Hicre was L^rcat lack of material for toriiiiiiL;' hcatlboards

an<l fooilioards, and much \ariciy is seen in diis. Cracker boxes

_^ and ammunition boxes furnished -J]

most of the material used, in some

cases these were covered with tin

sheetiuL;. < ^n in(|uirin;4- wlumct: this material had Ix'en obtainetl, I was informed that the Spaniards had used sht-ets of tin or zinc to mark the ran^'e <>f \arious points of ai)proach surrounding;' the torti- V^\ tied heii;hts. These were placetl on trees or on bushes, at the crossinj^ of roads and elsewhere in the oix-n. and. olitteriiiL:' in tlie simliL;ht. indi- cated the tlistance ot troops jiiss- int)" near th(Mii to otheers (^t th<'

lie 8

Ilcaill'oard at Grn-'f of Lieut. -Col.

I/iimilton, foot of Kettle Hill.

various Spanish companies, thus enaliliuL; them to i^ixe the ran^'e accurately to the tu-im;- lines. 1 lere. ai^ain, the enem\- hir nished material to our men tor markin- the iX''^^'^-'' o' their slain comrades, 'these tin sheets were bent over bits of boards, and the name, company and death date w i-re punched into the metal with a nail, a stone probably bein^- used as a hammer ( Ml^-. S). Some of the mortuary details were cut upon cur\'ed rooting' tiles or bi'ieks lakc-n trom the block-houses or other buildings that had been destroyed for th-ewood or tor souvenirs (Im^s. 9. 10). The bits ot cracker and ammunition boxes were nailed cross-

Tile murker on Albert Tcnehn^s grave, San /ll.llt /'/./<v.

26

/IDavtial Graves

Avise upon stakes cut ivoiu siirrouiulinL;- trees or taken from the wire entanglements, forming- cruciform headboards. .Some ot these were carved with a good deal of care (Fig. i i ), and the crosses, scrolls and mottoes upon them showed the solicitude

y«.i-V'.

1^

.^^'^y.-M

bn lo Grci'i'e of Pri-ratt' Paul A. drange)-, marked zviih a si/tiai'C Itle, foot of Sail /:ian /\'/di;c.

ot loN'ing hands. No douljt these were done in the interval after the battles of |uly ist and 2d, pending the negotiations for peace. In a number ot cas(;s, trees standing hard by the graves were used as markc^rs, the bark being trimmed off and inscriptions made upon the clean white surface. A notable exami)le is seen in the record made by the men of the 25th Infantry (colored) at Caney, of which a full-page drawing is given in place. In anotJKM" case three graves wvvv. placed on three? se\eral sides of a tree and radiating therefrom. No headboards or other marks were used, but on the trunk of the tree just above each grave a tablet was tormed by hewing off

IDccovatino Comra^Ci:^' Oiavc:

'>7

tile liark, and on iIkm' the insc ri])li<>ii was placed. 1 h<- nainr aiul c<)ini)an\- rank were llnis oijposiic tin- head ol every L^ravc' (\''\'j^. 12). Xiiinliers ot the L;ra\(S \V(M-e entirely C()\ered willi the white limestone rocks and kowlders which ahoiind in lh<* ncighborhootl (Imo-s. 6, i6). This was e\itlently done to pro- tect the bodies from the attacks of \iiUnres and beasts oi pre\-, as they were of necessity conmionly laid in shallow L;raves. In other cases, the mounds were simply edged with stones, the thought being to dt;limil the boundaries, and. ])erhaps. also with the idea of decoration. .Soiuc gra\cs were wholly coveretl with broken bits of tiles from adjoining houses. .Some were bordered with biicks set upon cdo^tt or laid llat, and large brick tiles were used as head ami footstones. on which wen- cut or scratched the inscriptions that designated the bodi(*s within. Many graves were ornamented in \arioiis ways by thrusting cartridges or the empty shells of cartridges into the moun<l. lea\ing the llat circular caps to show against the soil. 1 he most common decoration was. ot coiu'se, the cros^^. .\ word. such as •• I'eatc." would be thus loi-med along the entire length of the grave. The iuuials "K. I. 1'.." oi' the whole words, ''Requiescit in i)ace," w^ere used. O.i one group ot graves the ornamentations were formed of a species ol white fresh- water shell dug up from the gra\<ll\- soil, numbers ot which were scattered around. ('specialU in the neighbo-.-hotul ot the rille pits and trenches on the ridges. A tew graxes had sodded edges. In a number of cases, little groui)S ot graves were found, lorming small burial plots or cemeteries, scattcretl here and there tlu-oughout the \ alley. rh«-se usually marked the nei'^hliorhood of a hospital. In a number of cases, in order to sav(^ the digging of graves, which wa^ not an easy task in the hard. pebbK' crc-sts of the ridges and hilU. the trenches and

2.S

/IDartial Graves

runways made In" Spanish soldiers were used for burial pur- poses. This was especially the case in the General Field Hospital, to the northeast of Santlaoo, near the Spanish Bar- racks Reina Mercedes, where sixty-six bodies were burled, one after another, in the riHe pits and runways on the brow of the hill.

n;

mi':

''Ik

ih'i-'e of Jiio. J. Kieniaii, at Bloody Bein/, s/i07oin;^- inscription cai ved on box lid and also on

an overhangijig tree.

One decoration of these martial graves which attracted especial attention was the campaii^ii hat. The writer is free to admit that he has always regarded this head covering as about the most unsightly that could possibly be devised. When placed upon the heads of our soldiers, as commonly w^orn, it

I*- >*'-

'■'-"■-/'MiJ-;.

^\'(7. / V\r,. 12 .\"(7. ^

Graves 0/ Sc-rgi. Kol>ert Boyk {No. /), Private II'. //. /in-ers {.Vo. j) ,itiJ Musician lerreHcr

McDonald, all of the ijth I \ S. Infantry, with inscnf>fious cut into a tree.

-^0 /IDartial Oravci?

produces a remarkably grotesque effect. One sees it with the brim cocked up in front, or cocked up behind, or at one side, or at the other si(h\ or at all sides. He sees the crown smashed down tlat, parted lon^itudinalh- in the middle, pinched up in a i)eak, or rounded uj) lik(* a sug'ar loaf, with divers dates, names and figures scrawled upon the crown and brim. Then, again, it is worn low down upon the face, or pushed high up and carried on the back of the head, or thrust jauntily upon one side or the other of the head. Take it all in all, and in all its var)-ing phases, it has seemed to the writer as unmilitary and ungainly an object as it is possible to concei\e.

I)ut his feeling changed when he stood upon the battlefield of .San Juan, and saw that the comrades of the dead while l)ur\ing their friends and fellow-soldiers had laid them to rest with their uniform upon them, as they fell, yet had preserved the old campaign hat. Wdien the earth was rounded up above the silent bosom of the gallant dead, the hat which he used to wear was placed above him. for the most part just above the breast, wlun-e often he used to hold it as he slept. As one notes this touching incident, the unsightly mud-stained and sometimes blood-stained campaign hat seems to be evolved into a thing of glor\- and of Ijeauty. He will sympathize as never before with the sentiment which has made- that old, battered, ungainly campaign hat a true eml)lem of the valor and self- sacrifice ot those who fought and suffered and fell in the defence ot om- countr\-'s honor and our nation's Hag. Wdiile he gazes he will seem to hear \oices around him chanting the familiar words of .Mrs. Howe's I^^attle Hymn of the Republic:

"hi the beaut\- of the lillies Christ was born across the sea With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me. As 1 b- died to make men hol\', h-t us die to make men free. Our (lod is marchiiiL'' on."

IDccoratnui Coinra^cf^' Oravct?

I luis the caiiipaiL;!! iiat is iraii^lornicd iiUo .i licaulihil rinhlcin ot sell sat riticc ; ot palrintic devotion lo all thai iiicii hokl tlcarc.'si : of thai nohlc, hiiinaii and Chrisi-likc sj)iril wiiiiii leads our fellows lo la\' down their lives that other nations and other men nia\' eniox- ihe hlessir.jjs ot lite. lilx-rU' and the

IMC. 13

Grnve of Prh'ntc Linherg, foot of S.in Jiiiin A'ii/i^^c, iititrkcJ -with cartridges thrust into

the- grouini.

pursuit ot happiness. ( )n the dedicitory paL;c ot tills \oluine the author has written : " To t'ne Memory ot the I leroie I )ead in a Contlict tor 1 lumauit\-." This expresses his tirni eonviclion of the owM'inasterino- sentiment ot" hi countrymen that ani- mated the National Conor<'ss and warrantetl the I^resiileiit in

82 /iDartial Graves

waging- war with Spain. It is not to be wondered at that foreigners should tail to recognize this lact. But it is strange, indeed, that among our countrymen are men ot discernment in ordinary affairs who have not so read the Nation's heart. No doubt the destruction of the Maine in Havana harbor had an important part in precipitating the conflict. Ikit it was only as the touch upon the button that exploded the mine. The elements that made it possible and necessary for a great people widel\- sjjread across a continent, with an instant outburst ot righteous indignation, to rush to arms as Avith the mind ot one man, were formed and laid by a profound sympathy with the suft'erings of Cubans, and by a determined purpose to rescue them from oppression in the name of Humanity.

A ladv dressed in mourning weeds came to see me in my Philadelphia home. Her sad errand was to gain information that would enable her to recover the body of her only son. He slept on a grassy slope beneath the tropical foliage of Cuba, eastward of the stone fort of El Caney, which the valor ot our soldic-rs won at such a dreadful cost. He was her only son ; indeed, her only child ; a bright, brave Christian youth, who graduated from West l^oint in the class of )une, just in time to perish while gallantly leading his men in the battle of July ist. \\ hen I came back from my second trip to Cuba, she learned through the i)ublic prints that part of ni)- errand had been to note and identify the martial graves of our tallen heroes, and she wrote me about her boy. I was able to send her a sketch ot the beautitul spot where he sleeps side b\' side with two ot his comrades, and now she had come to ask this further help. WHiile we talked together, with trembling voice and eyes filled witli tears, she cried :

" ( )h I Dr. McCook, do vou believe that this was a war

IDccoratnui Comva^ci?' Grave?

33

for luim;uiil\' .'' ll was so diftcrciU iroiii the Ci\il W ai" ! Il would be such a coinlort to be assured thai mv chiUl, the (»ul\- jewel of my home, had died for his fellow -men. Was it a war for humanity ? What do you think ?* "

What could one tiiink or sa}'. other than a heart)' atlirma- ti\e ? Did not our President sa\' it to th(j representatives of European diph^macy j^ lias he not re-said it in all his i)ublic

;,.«ifa:-^:-,.j<'

Fig. 14

Griwe of Andre7i< Rydberg, Co. £.,S'^ ^ ■ ^- I>'f(i>'l''y- -^i'" .A"'" /»''"^'^. "<'''^' campaign hat The headboard of -ii'ood, a stone foot-iiiark(i\ the edges sodded and name en an adjoining tree.

Utterances since ^ What other i)urpose had we in sendinL^" our sons to suffer and die b\- bullet and b\- fexer l)eneath the royal palms, an'd on the frowning- heii^hts. and in the L^rass-covered plains of Cuba, save to open {ox an oppressed people the L^ates of rational liberty and human L;overnment ? ^'es. our fleet sailed yonder .Southern Seas IxMieath the foKls of our national flag, but with another banner, held by ingel hands, hii^h above the Stars and Stripes. It was the white lla!.^- of Charity, the

34 /iDartial Graves

bannerol" hunianit)-. Let us not lower that tla^-. Let us not for a moment jjermit ourselves or permit others to sully the cause for which our L^allant soldiers died, by doubts of our national sincerity. Let us not pluck away the balm which comes to the hearts of the Nation's mourners from the belief that their loved and lost laitl down their lives upon the altar of humanity at the dictates of patriotism.

The feeling" so strongly and patheticall)' exhibited by the soldiers of the; 1^'ifth Army Corps in behalf of their fallen com- rades, and the wish to ha\e their graves so distinctly marked that the bodies could be identified, was undoubtedly cherished concerning themscKes 'Lhis is illustrated by a touching inci- dent related to me by Col. Caleb Churchman, of Delaware, whose only son and onh' child was killed while directing the firing line of his comj^any l^efore the stone fort of ¥A Caney. Lieut. Churchman, of the 12th C S. Infantry, had been sick and was considered l)v the suroeon unfit for dutv. Notwithstandincr this, he insisted upon going into the fight, and sustained by the spirit and excitement of the confiict, led his men gallantly until he received his fatal wound. Before he died, he gave one of his fellow-officers a slip of paper upon which was written these words : " // bu)-icd here I desire grave plainly marked ^ I have reproduced this d\ing message, written u|)on the battle- field, as a fair ex[)ression of the feeling that animatc-d our soldiers as towards themselves as well as towards their com- rades. .Such an utterance as this is sufficient justification for the interest which our (iovernment has takc-n in designating the graves of our falh.-n heroes and restoring them, when possible, to their native ccmntry tor burial among friends and kindred. It certainly has animated die author in his wish to publish these memorials of the .Santiago battlefields as they were

ITccovatinii Conira^ciV Gvavct^

fifi

Iftl liy the vitlorioiis Aincricaii army, uilh ilu-ir tU-ail slccpiiis^- in the L;ra\('s where their heroic coinraih-s had laitl th(-m.

Another ilhi^tralioii of tliis teelinL^- is rccordetl l.\- Mr. .Steplieii Honsall •• in a tonthin^- experience; which Ix-lell liiin alter the batth; ol .San |iian. I \ciitnre to repro(hic<- liis pathetic stor)- :

" Many a stronL;' man wh pt \\kr. a chiKl, as, wandi-iMiiL; ahont the hillside, he cann; upon an imexpecte-tl ^ra\i' and read ii])on

Fii;. 15 Dying Afcssa^e of Liciil. Chiirchnian coucerning his griv.e.

the; marker t]i(> name of a comrade witli whom the l)attle was o\er. I saw a lank ca\alr\man limpinL; down iIk- hillside, com- ing trom the trenches. 1 lis face was xcllow and wrinkled like a maple leat in the chill aiitumri air. His clotliiiiL;^ was caked with red clay from head to toot. I le sta_L;"_L;ered alon^- as ihoii^^h his k'L^s were not under the liest control and e\'ery now and then \\v. would sit down weariK' and rest, looking; about him with the sliL;htly al)ashed smile of a strong man who has l^i'owii

* McClitre's Magnzitic for < ktober, i<^'<)S, " Tlie Fight fur SanCiajjo.'

36 /iDartial Graves

weak as a chiltl and does not exactly understand it. Under his arm he carried a Httle, unvarnished shingle, upon one side of which was stenciled the inspector's stamp. ' One thousand ball cartridoes,' and on the other side was cut by an unpracticed

hand the inscription, ' Trooper of the Sixth Cavalry,

killed in action July i. 189S.'

" He sat down by my fire, burning- the letters deeper into the hard wood with the hot ashes, and then, pointing with a shy, awkward movement of the hand to the name upon the shingle, he said. ' He was my bunkie. and he's buried a piece down the road. He jomed at Tampa, coming from middle Georgia, where he had a hearthstone of his own and a six-horse farm. they say. Jkit he never had no luck. He never even got a blue ]:)louse to wear from the quartermaster, though no one was as craz)- for Uncle Sam's coat as he was. and the brass button he polished up and sent back to his girl the night before the battle, he borrowed it from me. And in the fight he was knocked over by the first bullet before we threw off our packs and got ready for the fun. There was a litde blue spot in his temple, and his lace twitched for a moment, as if he was trying to smile as I gave him his canteen, patted him on the shoulder, and went on ahead with the rest of the boys. Late that night I found him again. Well, we buried him ; that was all we could do lor him. And now I'xe been whittling away at this marker to put at his head, so that if his folks send for him or if Uncle Sam takes him home, there will be no mistake in the man.'

" \\ e looked around for some minutes, but could not find the grave. The cavalryman seenuxl i)uzzled. and finally admit- ted that the place looked changed. Then 1 remembered a scene that I had thought I could never forget, and )'et which in a few hours had passed completely out of m)- mind. The grave

IDccoratiiui Comra^C5' Cnavc£-> 37

we wcrt; looking' tor had stood 1)\" tln' roadsidi-, and the star\'- iiiL;" r('!u^('(?s Iroiii SanliaL^o. as they irud^fd wearily hv. had coxLTcd it witli dc'hcatc terns, with L;r<"'it: plantain leaves, and the red blossoms that L;rew everywhere aljout the jjface. Weak and broken with the journey as th(*y were, it hatl shocked them

l-'ii;. i6

Grave of Major A. Ci. Force, First i\ S. Cavalry, on crest of

San Juan Rid;^e.

to see the brown, ill-shapen mound under which lay a man who died to deli\ er them from their bondage. So they had covereil it with the sweet, clean flowers of the field, before continuinL,^ their almost ho[)eless quest for bread. Later a more than usualK- heaw rain had tallen, antl. as I camped near b\". w<;

38 /iDavtial Graves

were awakened in the nii^ht l)y a great noise and uproar in the road, where we found a mule train and a crowd of Arizona packers all mixed up in i)ictures(|ue contusion. When we l)roui4'ht up lanterns the dt-atl soldier was discovered, there riL;'ht across the trail, where he had l)een washed out of his shallow graxe. We buried him again, a little farther from the road, and a little deeper in the swampy soil. Then there came another rain, a perfect deluge, as though the heavens had opened. The road became a river, and the army wagons, laden with wounded coming down irom the front, were mired. And when the first light of da)' came, I saw that the new road had passed over the soldier's graxe, the little mound had been beaten down so that no one could hncl the exact spot where we had j)lac(Hl him the evening before.

"Something of this I told the caxalryman as we talked there in the dusk of the evening, and the vultures passed over- head and circled about with heavy, droning Hight, ' I wonder whether the folks at home,' he said, as we turned and walked toward the; commissary tent, where, it was rumored, the lime juice that the sick were thirsting for had at last arrived. ' I wonder whether they'll remember boys like him who went through this campaign just adiitting licks and not saying noth- ing, and whether the)'ll try to put a little marker over their graves — I wonder !' "

This book gives answer to the soldier's pathetic : " I wonder !"

Chapter

Marines' Hill on Guantananio Bav

Marines' Hill on Guantanamo Bay

jHE mountain rang-e of tin- Si(M-i-;i Macstra follows the southern coast of Cuba from (iuaiUanamo Ikiy wesward to Capo Cru/. Its slopes roll clown tlush to the sea line excei)t where a bench-like limestone ridge interxenes. This is a peculiarit\' of th(,' rock formation, and runs alono" the southern coast like a continuous iI.kIo.

Fig. 17

/ iVtc of scene of Battle of (iuantanamo /uiv. Xo. t— Marines' Hill : 2— Ho fit a I an ii Camp

on the Beach; j; — Cuban camp: 4 — hishetman s Point, at the end of the seabciich.

Here and there it is cut through by the streams that thread the mountain sides. I'rom Cape Maysi to Guantanamo there is scarcely a sign of life. The shoredand is a wilderness, though the moimtains are covered with tropical xcnlure. and beyonil tlieir crests lie some of the most U-rtile . ections ot earth known to man.

42

/IDarttal Graves

Tlu- inai'iiicr follows this hordc-rin^- bench of terraced clifts ahnost as closely as he is pleased to push his ship, lor the coast is steep-to ; not with a shelving j^each or a beach of any sort, but with deej) water up to the shore. Some forty miles from the eastern point of the; island one comes to a g"reat semicircu- lar bite in the sc^adx-nch, which lorms ( iuantanamo Bay. Across the bay from tlic point around which the vessels sweep from the Caribbean Sea, the ri\er Guantanamo debouches ; and

Fh;. i8

Vic7(' of Giiant(Uiai)io Biiy and Marines' J fill, /■'ran a c/iart fnniislwd by Commands r Craig,

I '. S. .v., of th-j Hydrographic Of/i,e.

about li\e miles northward up the l)a)'. on the opposite western side, is Caimanera, whose old tort commanded the pocket- shaped habor antl the raiKva\' that leads up to th(' City of Guan- tanamo from the western side of the bay. The throat of the bay is hllcd with numerous coral islands ccn'ered with tropical plants, antl some ol them crowned with hills. burther up, as at the mouth, th(; waters arc- unol>structed.

dhere is room enoui^h here lor all the shipping- that is ever hkely to visit the spot, and it was an inspiring- sight to see riding

/IDiU-mcf^' llMll on Cuautanamo ;i'Jav *'•

alaiuhdi- ihtrriii, on ihr ^slh of July, i SoS. the ihrcc s(|iia(lr(>ns of the American tl« d. 1 here were ihr \iilorious ships thai Ity Admiral Sampson's skilltiil combinations and arran^cnicnis were siicccsstuli\ liurKnl against Ccrvcra's lli.-trt. and in a<ldili<in ihcrc^to tht^ xcsscls of Commodore Watson's s(|uadron. At niL^lu the ships \\^■\^r aL^low wilh ch-clrii' hL;hts and uidi \arious colored lanierns han-iiiL; tVom the masts, all showing;- more l)i-illianti\- a^amst the dark hack^rou nd of the swellin;^ licights of Sierra Maestra, and lii^hlinL;- n]> the water wilii shimmerins^ reflections. The sounds of instrumental music, oi lorecasile sini^in^, ol ship calls, of hn^le notes echoed l»ack h'om lh<' hills, and of the confused but not unpleasant murmur ol )nan\' \c)ices and the \aried noises of the lleet, atlded to the im|>res siveness ot the scene.

As the shi]) tloubled h'ishei-man'^ Point, the eye caiii^ht a oleam of color ai^ainst the tlark L:r<'cn background ol the moimtain. It was the Cuban tlag lloating from .i tall stall standing in the midst of the Cuban encampment ol Col. l'",ni-i(|ue/ I'homas, the only spot in Cuba where it si-ems to ha\<' had an\diing like official recognition from the Americ.m authorities. 'I'he camp was a uni(pie and interesting siglit. It was composed of shack huts or booths, some ol them put tog;ether quite ingeniousK" by wattling long shreds ol palm leaves between stocks of bamboo or other wood, wmI thatcliing the whole with the uncut leaves of the i)alm. Many ol them, however, had nothing but a roof. These huts cxlemleil along the beach in double rank, with a broad street or open parade grouiul, in the midst of which was the Colonels head- (piarters, before which stood the llag staH.

Something more attractive inviti d attention. \'onder. junI before us. was a spot destined to be forever memoraljle as the

44

nrxartial Graves

scene of the tirst battle and bloodshed of American soldiers on Cuban soil. It is the historic mound \vhich (why should we not so christen it ?) we may call Marines' Hill. Here a large detail from our little Marine Corps made their landing in the early part of June, and were suddenly assailed by a strong force of Sj^anish troops, who were sheltered in the thick forests and chaparral everywhere covering the sea bench, the foot hills and the mountains beyond. Though the marines w^ere at first surprised, they were not for a moment shaken, but rallying

their forces pushed out against the enemy. From the narrow bit of tiat land which by courtesy we may call a beach, thickset v.'ith cactus plants and wdld, thorny vines, there rises a knoll about a hundred and thirty feet high, upon which the Spaniards, with their usual keenness in orcranizinor defence, had estab- lished a scjuare blockhouse or small fort. Aided by the guns of the navy, the marines routed the occupants of this defensive work and established them- selves upon the hill. Here and in the surrounding jungle the engagements of June iith, 12th, 13th and 14th were fought, which resulted in the death of Surgeon (libbs, of the navy, and several marines.

After the enemy had been defeated and entirely driven froni the xicinitw the hill was occupied as a permanent post by the Marine Corps under Lieut. -Col. Huntington, who, in con- junction with the Cuban scouts under Col. Thomas, held the position, not only because of its strategic value, but because it

Fig. 19 .7 sijuarc Spanish biockhottse.

nnariiiC5" Iblll on Guautanamo .I6a\: 4.")

coniinamU'cl ;iii imporlanl caMi- station which .L:a\c coiniminica- tion with the rnitid States. The site provcil a h<-ahhtul (•iic. and it is worthx ot record that although it was occupied during the entire sumnu;r, not a sint^le marine ihed from (lie ehects of cHmatic or other fevers.

The sei/urc ot" this point r<-Miiled h'om the necessity ol liaxin*;" a secure place in which th.e American tleet could anchor, especially while coaling- and repairiiiL^. The soullu-rn coast of Cid)a is exposed to strong- easterl\- winds diu-iiiL^- the simimer, which catise heavy swells aL;ainst the: precijiitous shore. It was this iliat maih- the snhsecpient landinu; <»t the jdtth Army Corps at Daicpuri and .Sihoney so ditt'icult, and but for a fortu- nate modification of the winds at the time of disembarkation, as I heard General Shafter remark at a ])ul)lic dinner, would have utterK' ruined our plans or ha\c iuNoKed serious disaster, it not defeat. Secrc^tary Lon^- su^L^ested Guantanamo Ha\- as a coalino- base, and as earl\- as May 2Sth Admiral .Sampson directed its seizure. This was ncH done, however, until lie arrived on the scene to take personal command.

The hill on the- eastern point of the- c-ntrance to the bay was bombarded by the )'aHL'LC and the blockhouse on its summit destroyed. ( )n June i8th Captain McCalla. <»1 the Marblclicad. seized the place, and lay otT the mouth ot the bay to command its approach, a tact which led to the naming ol the station formed shortly afterwards. ••Camp McCalla. "" On bine loth. Captain Ritc-r arrived with the Panther, bringing Lieut. - Col. lluntington and about si.\ hundred marines, who were disembarked under the guns («f the na\y and occupic-il the height vacated b\- the enenu'. ( )n the following afternoon (Saturday) the Spaniards crept up from the adjacent hills, throu-jh the thick scrub that here evervwhere covers the

4t;

fiHavtial Graves

surface, ami 1)C'L;an iht" oucrilla attacks, which continued until their fmal dislocly'ment on June 14th.

Nioht was commonly chosen for these attacks because their hiclino- places in the woods and chaparral were then so well concealed that thc\- could not be shelled b\' the ileet with much atbantage. ^Ihe assaults were made from various points at once, and so continuousK- that the marines were kept alert

nioht and day. Little rest was possible for them until the crest was secured by entrenchments and breast- works, and the machine and rapid-hre guns were put in position.

The fiohting' ck^sed with the expedition under Cap- tain Elliott, who, on June I 4th, led a battalion of ma- rines and Cuban scouts to Cuzco, a site among the mountains, six miles distant, wher(? were a Spanish helio- graph station ior signalling to b'ort Caimanera and the spring which supplied water for the .Spanish troops. After sharp fighting the enemy was dislodged with heavy loss, llie station was destroyed and the well filled up. Immediately afterward Cai)tain McCalla, with the Marh/c/icad, St. Louis, and 'Icxas, sailed up the l)a\' to 1^'ort Caimanera and the enemy wcr(; driven l)ack upon (iuantanamo Cit\'. Thus, Admiral Sampson was in possession of a secure, healthy and beautiful

^r —		:^«
		^
'^tt^^MlH	e?		/ / '^ />
mm ...,	■:^u.
W^^m.	^^"™^
		:.. 1
.;:/'		!

The (J roves of Surgeon Gibbs {the furlhesl to the rii;ht) ami of Privates McColgan and Dtini- phy. Marines' Hill.

firXauinct?' Il.'^ill on Guaut.inamo .iSav J7

harbor in which to loal and repair his slups, and lo serve as a i^cneral reiuhvA'Oiis.

i he while leiUs of the marines were aHj^ncd aloiii; the slopes and across the reddish cresl ol the hill, and (nic section of the Corps with the hospital tents uraler Snr^* on l\aL;an, occupied the heacii near the C'nhans. hrem llie heaih to the siiinniit wound a road beaten 1)_\- the continuous j>assin_L; ol the men, showiiiL;' as a broad. ,L;ray strip amid the oreen. Iroin the sides of th(; hii' and from the surfaci^ immediately surround- in^:, the scrub had ])een trimmed out or cut a\\a\- to |)re\eiit Inishwackin- tactits by i^uerillas. In the .L^ani^way between the last wall tent and th.e next to the last, on the west side of the company street that crosses the smnmit. Col. liuntiuL^ton l)ointed out the L^rave of Siiri^^eon Gibbs. It is marked by a plain white wooden headboard, which b(ars his name, raid^ and date of death. I he graves of privates McColgan and Dumidiy. the first men killed in the invasion, are side by side with Sur- geon (iibbs'. and all the headboards are close to the adjoining tent. (big. 20. )■•■ The marine wh.o la\' reading on the board floor, his head pillowed upon his blanket roll, could ha\<' touched it with his hand, and sc-emed cpiiK.,- undisturbeil by tile close companionship of his silent comrades. No mound marked tlie craves. The red L^raxi-l la\- smooth and llal upon the surtace, and men i)assed to and li'o above the bodies bi-neath.

•• No, it (.Iocs not strike them as irrexcrent," saiil C ol. lluntington. in rei^l)- tt) a (piestion. "We burietl the ileail under fire, and of necessity just here near where we could do so safely. We had no diou-ht at that time that th's hill would be matle a fixed camp : and when the order came to that etlect.

* This cut and lig. 24 are frciii jihotographs by (Ju. rtermaMer \\ . 11. Ilarrs. of the L'. S. S. Kcsoittlc.

4)^

/iDavtial 6 caves

we had to leave these three graves among the tents. Our men must come and go, and they mean no harm. Besides, it does not trouble themr He pointed to the gravelly path beneath which the silent heroes slept.

Thence through the tall grass a path leads over the sum- mit of the hill to a litde burial plot (Fig. 21). It is about forty yards from the crest, and contains thirteen graves arranged in two rows. (See Chart, Fig. 29.) The heads look down the

iMi;. 21 Fig. 22

fig_ 2,— Cemetery on Marines' Hilt. riioloi;r,tph by Chief Masler-of-Arins Howard ll'/isfU,

U. S. S. J'ixen. /-iV 23—Gra7'es of Surgeon Gil>bs and Privates MeCol:;au and Dumphy, just before the return

of t/ie Marine Corps.

slope toward the ravine and the face of tlie mountain rising beyond : a beautiful spot, indeed, and rareh' meet for a war- rior's burial if duly tempered by the hand of art. In the upper row are two unmarked graves which contain Cuban soldiers ot Col. Thomas' battalion. The first (No. 7 of the plot) fell in th(- tight with the Spaniards while cooperating with the marines, the otlier (No. 8) died of malarial sickness after the engage- nutiit. It is uot(;worth\' that this man. to \\\(\ maimer born, was

/Il>aviuci3" IMll oil Ouantanaino .iL^a\"»

4J>

the onl\' one ol ihc (ml^Iu or iiiiic huiidi'cd ('ncanipcd here w h(i (lied Ironi nialai'i.il tc\ci", die marines ha\ iiv^ liad ciuirit cxeiiiplioii thcr<-lr()iii.

Mr. Carkon 1. Chapman, a s])ecial war corrcspoiulfiU. gave a seraphic acxount ot the hiirial ot the Ciihaii soldier aljovc" referred to as killed in die ( iiiaiUanamo ti,^lu. Ahoul 10.30 a procession ot boats letl the MarblcJiciul and mo\cd into the landing;". I'irst came a culler, with otficers and armed men. and then a steam launch

'^OAnsrfAO

towing- a boat with men .-'-tt^e"'^*'^^

in bow and stern, and amidship a silent tiy- iire covered with a llat;^. a Cuban who had been woimded the da\' be- fore and had died on the ship. The boats landed at the little pier. A buL^ier sounded a few notes of the 1 )ead March, and the column moved slowly up the brown hill. Idai^s were half-masted, and the soldier who had died bra\-ely lor "Cuba libre " was laid to rest beside the others who hail L^i\-en their lives for his cause as well as for their own starr\- llaL^-. There was a brief sih^ice, and then a xolley <>f musketry, which marked the vn(\, and the bugles blew a (Uiickstep as tlic sailors and marines marched back to their (juarters.

( )n board the Dolphin, in the i;rt at cool wardroom, now shorn of its luxurious fittinijs. la\' three other Cubans, one very

ii... jj

Marines' Hilly slioa^ing location of f>lai(s of hutial.

50 /iDartial Graves

badly wounded, but being- cared for by the good doctors. A fine-looking black fellow, done up in bandages and lying patienth' on the long divan, opened his eyes as the writer gazed sympathetically at him for a minute, and then smiled in a proud way, as a soldier should who knew he had done his duty/-'

The first grave in the upj^er row of this little cemetery is that of Sergt.-Major (iood, of the Marine Corps, and at his side is Chief Yeoman Ellis, of the U. S. S. Brooklyn, Commo- dore Schley's fiag ship, the single fatal casualty in the sea fight of July 3, 1898, that annihilated Cervera's fleet. At Ellis' head is a high board painted brown. 7he graves of the marines and sailors are marketl with white boards inscribed and erected under direction of Captain Riter of the U. S. S. Panther. Rear Admiral Schley, in an interesting interview, gave the following account of the death of Chief Yeoman Ellis :

" Ellis was Irom the city of Brooklyn," said the Commo- dore, "a bright young fellcnv who enlisted to go before the mast. He was a hard worker, studied navigation with the young officers of the ship, and rose to the rank of yeoman. As I stood talking with Captain Cook, while we finished the Vizcaya, it seemed that our shots were falling a little short. I turned to bdlis, who stood near, and asked him what was the range. He replied, ' Seventc.en hundred yards.' 1 have pretty keen eyesight and it seldom deceives me as to distances, and I told him that I thought it was slightly more than that.

" 'I just took it, sir,' was the answer, 'but I'll tr\- again.' He stepped off to one side, about eight feet, to get the range. He had just raised his instrument to his ey(! when a sh(?ll struck him full in the face and carried off all of his head above the

'''Harper's Weekly, July 9, l^'yS.

^arinci?' l'>ill on Guantannmo .U^av

51

nioiilh. Shclis arc (|iicci- thinL;s," coiitiniicd the CoinnKuIorc. after a moiiiciu's silciuc " I noticed <nic man siaiulln- wiili his hand ^raspiii- a hammock rail as a shell siruck the shij). ricocheted, and l)iirsi. ( )nv piece; of tlu; metal cut the rail on one side of his hand : another on the other side, so that he was left standing with a short section of the rail still L^rasped in his

l-'ii; 24

Ihii iiil at sea, on Adniiial Sampion's llagship, the Xco York.

hand. AniUlier |)ortion of tin- shell passed over his shoulder and another between liis le-s. lie was surprised, but was not hurt."=^=

The plan and list will show that onl\ two marines are buried in this plot, ib.e others bein^- sailors fi-om the Orcgojt,

*Cliarles Morris, '"'Ihc War wi h Spain. "

52 /iDartial (5rave3

Marblchcad. Pi-air'u\ Honict, Ih'ooklyn and I'ulcaii, and one soldier from the 34th Michigan Volunteers. The sailors died while the fleet was riding- in the bay or cruising near shore, and thus were laid to sleep beneath the palms on the kindly bosom ot our common mother Earth, instead of being committed to the deep, the usual sepulchre of seaman who die at sea. (Fig. 24.) I am indebted to Major Charles L. McCawley and Adjutant Herbert L. Draper, of the Marine Corps, for lists, plans and information, and to Captain C. M. Chester, U.S. N., ot the Cuicinuati, for a corrected and complete list of graves and inscriptions on headboards, and also for plan and photo- graphs made under direction of ist Lieut. lohn A. Lejeune, U. S. Marine Corps. The plan (Fig. 23) was made by Yeoman E. Fischer, U. S. N., and the photographs (Figs. 22, 25) were taken by Hospital Steward F. R. Graham, U. S. N.

In addition to the above is the grave of Sergt. C. H. Smith, which is about half a mile from the summit of Marine Hill and about twenty yards from the trail, (big. 25.) The tree under which Privates McColgan and Dumphy were killed, the first fatalities in the Spanish-American War, is about fifty yards further on. These sentinels were out on advanced picket, their duty being to give notice at once in the event of the enemy's appearance. About 4 p. m., January iith, the enemy, Spanish guerillas, crawled up to within ten yards ot them in thick chaparral. They carried out their orders, and notified their picket by firing at the Spaniards. They were both instantly killed, one being shot twenty-one times and the other si.xteen times. The gucM-illas, in their trenzy, shot them all to pieces, so that tlie Cuban colonel with the marines said that they had been mutilated with machetes. This rumor was spread through the United States, and caused vast indignation. But

/IDariucs' IbiU on Ouantauamo -ii3a\:

):i

the statement, as above made 1)\ Adiutaiu IlcilH-rt, exonerates the Spanish soUHers from llie odious tliar-c <»l inuiilalin;^ the bodies of the shiin.

Sero-eant-lMajor 1 lenry ( iood was killed diirinL;- the nii^ht attack of Inne i2lh. A Manser bullet passed throiii^h his ])od\-. 1 lis onl\- words al'ti r beiiiL; shot were. " Ar/ ii/r oo to wy duty!" 1 U' died in ten miiuites. No nobler motto could be expressed than that which fell from tiiis gallant sol- dier's dyiiiL;' lip^- That it was the unconscious utt(;r- anceot one wounded to the death is an indication ot iIk; loft\- character of the man who, in an hour when all disL;"uises are impossible, thus voiced the controlliiiL:' motive of his life and, one mii^ht acKl. the controlling- motive of his comrades in ever\' branch ot the serxice. Never diil men more wil- linoU", honoi^ably and con- scientious!)' _l;() to their dui\'

in the face of daneer than the American soldiers, sailors and marines who maintained th<-ir countr\''s honor duriiiL^ the Spanish- American wai'.

Serjeant Charles II. Smith was shot throuL^h the i)rcast while actino- as Seroeant of the picket post, and was instantly killed early in the evenin- of lun«- ' i th, while with Lieutenant Xcville's troops. The men -.f this picket withstood attacks of

1 1. . j:

'J'lie ^rave of Sergeant Charles H. Smith on the trail cast of A/aritus' Hill.

54

/iDavtial Graves

6ERGEANt'

C.H.SMITH'

U.SM.C.

ICI LLED

IN ACTION I June II. 18 98

the enemv all ni^ht. On being relieved in the morning, the marines started back about nine o'clock with the body of Sergeant Smith, luit being attacked by the enemy in superior force thev were obliged to abandon their dead comrade in order to defend themselves. Owing to the almost constant assaults of the Spaniards made on June 12th and 13th, the bodv had to be left, as the effort to bring it to the hill would

have cost the lives of several of the marines. After the complete defeat of the Span- iards on lune 14th, the Ser- geant was buried on the spot where his body had been laid down upon the trail, a course wdiich was made necessary by the long period which had inter- vened since his death. It had been intended to bury him in a space left between the graves of Surgeon (libbs and Private Dumph)-.

The circumstances attend- ing the killing of Surgeon (iibbs are as follows : A \icioiis attack was made on the camp about one o'clock in the morning of June i 2th, three sides of the position being engaged. The fire was heavy l)Ot]i on the part of the Americans and of the Spaniards. Many of the bullets of the latter were cutting through the tents. This led Dr. Gibbs to remark to Dr. Edgar, with whom he was sitting at the time in one of the hospital tents, " I.(;t us get out of this. 1 do not w^ant to be killed here." Dr. Edgar advised that all the sick

Fig. 26 Headboard at Sergeant Sii/it/i's grai'e.

/lDavinc5' IhiU on Cniantanamo ;iGav •'>5

who were able to ^o, ami llv liospilal aiu-iulaius who, hkc tin* doctors, were iiiianncd, had hcU< r inakc for an ciUnMicliiiiciU (Fig-. 2S) around iIk- d('slro\('d Si)anlsh Mockhousc whicli was on the hrow of the hill l.chind the c(jniniandin|L^ othcer's tent, and about tort\- feet in front of the hospital tents. They started, but Suro-eon (dbbs -ol only ten trci aw.i\ h-oni tin- door of Ills tent when a S])anish bullet coining; troni a distance ol six or ei^T-ht hundred \ards struck him in the- head, goiny in om- tem- ple and out ol the other.

Capt. McCawley was widiin a few fed of the surgion when he fell, and he and Col. llunlln-ton went to the fallen man's side. At fn-st the\- did not know who had been shot, the night was so dark. Two or three men joined in the e.xamination ol the body, and some one remarked that it was Dr. Kdgar. Col. Huntington called for a match. Ipon its being struck it was discovered that Dr. Gibbs was the person who had been hit. .\ crlance showed that but a few moments of life remainetl. '1 he Colonel directed that the surgeon be carried to the trencli toward which he had been moving, and returned with Capt. McCawley to the firing line on the right llank. Three-cpiarlers of an hour later Capt. McCawley passed by tlu; trench and Surgeon Edgar antl .Surgeon McCormick. who had been sum- moned b\- signal from the I\iutlici\ informed him that Gibbs had died about hall past one.

During the buried of .Surgeon C.ibbs and Prixates McCol- gan and Dumphy, \\\v. i;imp was attacked, and it seemed to Capt. McCawley that the enemy took advantagirof the occasion to fire upon the party standing around die graves, which included a guard of honor, commanded by Liinit. Radtord. attach(;d to the Texas. Ihis fire; was rcturneil by the men m the trenches and soon ceased. TIk- funeral services were con-

.")6

/IDarttal Graves

ducted by Chaplain foncs of the Texas, who has published a graphic account of the burial. In one respect, however, his story is challenged by officers of the marines. The Chaplain states that the services were interrupted by the Spanish fire, and that he was advised by Col. Huntington to run for his life. Major -McCawley remembers no such incident, though he was standiiv'- b\- Col. Huntinoton's side at the foot of the o-rave all

Fig. 27 Fn;. 28

/■/;,'■. 2j — lirai'e of Surgeon Gibbs after the lettirn home of the Marine Corps; part of the

adjoining grave aha shoiun, and both arc coi'ercd thiclcly loith grass. Fig. 28 — American entreneh»ient over the site of Spanish blockhouse.

the time. All of the burial party noticed the fire, but Major McCawley remembers no one moving from around the grave until the service was completed.

The graves of these three persons were hastily dug by some of the men under Capt. McCawley's direction, and were only three feet deep, as it was impossible, under the circum- stances, to dig them deeper. The three bodies were tied up in ruljbcr l>]ankcts. Dr. Gibbs wearing the clothes in which he tell.

nnarinc^' 1I?ill on Ouaiiiaiiamo ISav

The other nicii IkuI been ilcprixcd ot' tlnir outer j^-arments l)y the Spaniards who killed them. All the -ra\('s of tile marines, and prohaliK' all others in this cemeter\- are not onK' marked by Ijoards liut ha\c holtle-s placed in the i^round al the head which contain the personal i-ecords oi the slam. 1 he losses in battle b\' the Marine Corps were six killed and twcKc or lifteeii woimded.

The \iews of the L;ra\-es shown in th(; photoL^raphs sent from the r. S. S. Ciiiciinia/i (\\\\('x from that of id^-. 20. which is

as 1 saw them. 1 h<' dit'ference is explained by the fact that the b)]"mer were t.dseii after the icmoval o{ the marines from C aIn|)^b■Calla. bi a tew weeks the L^ra\(dly L;an,L;wa\' be- tween the tents under which the

three men lay, bein^' untrcxldcn b)' passing leei that ke|)t down the veo-etation, were overgrown with rank L;rass. .As shown 1)\' \'\'^. 22, the marines had roimded up their comrades' o-raves into s(.'t;mly mounds ere lhe\ bade a last tarewell. The inscriptions upon the headboards ot the i^raxes on Marines' 1 lill are as follows :

\o. I. Private |. McColt^an, V. S .M. C\ Killed in action June I I . I S98.

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0 _. -> 0 <^ so- 1

-I X

CJ

C£) i 0

V 5 /^ ^ 7 S 9 '0

f7)

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f^

/"i^ 0

f^

X

2

tr>

Q

V-r

CEMETERY

0 z

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MAI?IN5°5 HILL

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GUANTAnO BAY

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Vij

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II IZ /3 /^ 15 1

In.. 29 /'/(?/ 0/ the liiirying ground oil M^niiies' Hill.

58 /IDai'tial Graves

No. 2. Private Win. Dumphy. l\ S. M. C. Killed in action. June i i, 1898.

No. 3. Act. Asst. Suro-eon John H. Gibbs, U. S. N. Killed in action, June 12, 1898.

No. 4. Ser<^eant-Major Henry Good, U. S. M. C. Killed in action, June 13, 1898. The High standing of Sergt. -Major Good in the Marine Corps is shown by the fact that the officers of the battalion, have erected a bronze tablet to his memory. It bears the seal and motto — " Semper Fidelis " — ot the Corps, and is inscribed: "In Honor and Memory of Sergeant-Major Henry Good of the First Marine Battalion, who was killed in Action near Santa Catalina de Guantanamo Cuba, Jiuie XII, MDCCCXCVUI. Erected by the Officers of the Battalion."

No. 5. Private G. Taurman,U. S. M. C. Killed func; 13,1898.

No. 6. G. H. Ellis, Chief Yeoman, U. S. Navy, native of Peoria, 111., U. S. A. Born Oct. 25, 1875. Killed in action on board U. S. F. S. Brooklyn. July 3, 1898.

No. 7. An unknown Cuban soldier, mortally wounded by the Spaniards while supporting the marines.

No. 8. Unknown Cuban soldier who died of malaria.

No. 9. lidward Gratz, Chief Master at Arms, U. S. S. Ore 0011. I)orn Nov. 13, 1846. Died Aug. 4, 1898. x'\ged 51 )'ears 9 mths.

No. 10. In memory of M. J. Power. Shipwright L^ S. N. Died on board U. S. S. Marble head, Aug. 30. 1898.

No. II. In memory of Lynward brench. Chief Boatswain's Mate U. S. .S, Prairie, died Aug. 9, 1898.

No. 12. John F. Dolan, U. S. S. /Aw/r/. died Julys. 1898.

No. 13. Karl J. Anderson, Seaman U. S. Xa\ \-. Born [uly 27, 1874. Died on board U. S. S. Brooklyn, July 27, 1898. Age, 24 years.

nnarincs' 1l)ill on Guautanaino .I'iav •"»'•

No. 14. Wm. I). Ruckl(-(loc. Chief Mach. T S. X. 1 )i.(l Aul;. II, iSo(). liorn March 31, 1876. Lowell, Mass.

Xo. 15. l'ri\at(; George KciU. Co. A, \.\\.h .Mieh. XOlim teers. I )i((l .\ii^'. 27. 1S9S.

Xo. 10. All unknown sailor, wlio is siipposetl to ha\c (li«-ij upon the So/(Uc.

Xo. 17. Sc-r^'eanl Chas. 11. .Sniiili, I . .S. Marine Corps. Killftl in action, j un(' 11,1 SgS.

m uouoR AmpmMEnowfOf iEKEAMTMAJOi HEMKTGOaD

©F TME ¥m$l MAl^IME MITALKOIM ^^©'^mmLLEP MM ACTII01M MEAfl

mmA CATALiim m Qi^m^wmmo cvim

ERECTED BfTHE OITFICERS OF TME MTmLlON

s

^

Chapter W

The Battle Ridg^e of San Juan

The Battle Ridge of San Juan

R( )M the cast(_Tn \>()\i)[ of C"aj)c Maysi to SaiUiaL;() (Ic I'uha. or as llu; natives call il siin])ly " Ciil)a," is about one liiindrcd miles, 'i'he sail trom ( liiaiita- iiaino aloHL; tlie coast continually opens up new beauties as tlie knolls and peaks and rolls and ravines of the Sierra Maestra are grradually unfolded. As one approaches Santiago he sees the breaks in the; bordering; Ix-ncli that lol- lows the shore, \vliich form the; landing' i)laces ol Daitpiiri and Sibone\- tamihar now as the points where the American army of iinasion disembarked. 1 lu; mountains closely Iiul; th<- s<-a and present a seeminL^l)' impenetrable front, and one is almost under the yray walls of the venerable castle I'd Morro. which crowns a diff two hundred feet above the sea le\-el. before h<- sees the rift in the hi^L;h coast which forms the entrance to San tiago Harbor (See Map. Fior. 31). U is only one hundred and eighty feet wide, and as one sails in he can loss a biscuit into the castle which the Spanish soldier 1 )e I .a Rocca built in i 64(^. ( )n the opi)osiLe side, the baltery of Socai)a crowns lh«' hill, dhe old books si)eak of a castle there, but from ihv. shij.'s deck no such objc-ct nor any trace thereof can be di.scerned.

( )n the summit of the Morro clilT (July 25, 1S9S) near the dismantled eastern batt< ry. a small .American lla_L;- lloaled <in a low staff. Nearby a nati\c Cub.m, the only occui)anl ot the casde premises, looked down stolidly u\)on our passin- shij). while a scra^av i)on\- at his side grazed u\n)n the lat herbai^e.

()4

/IDartial Graves

Above the scene towered the round shaft of the hohthouse, its lantern shattered into fragments and its sides filled with gap- ing wounds of battle. The gunners of the American fleet appear to have made this object a special target, the striking of which was a test of their gunnery. Almost in the mouth of the harbor lay the w^reck of the Spanish w^arship, Rciiia Ahrcedcs, showing great gaps in her armor which the American shells had pierced. Across her deck was seen the star-shaped battery of

La Estrella, and a little further on the two masts and smoke- stack of the Mcrriniac were thrust above the surface. The buoys that had supported the Spanish torpedoes which mined the harbor still clung to the shore and stretched outward upon the water.

Mere and there on the palm-crowned heights, admira- ble coicrns of vantage, were Spanish blockhouses ; and off to the right, two or three miles eastward, across the sea bench, l)ut shut out from view by the high walls, were the camps of the Fifth Arm\' Corps. Only the far western line of circunnallation was in view, its white tents, with the blue smoke of camp-fires curling above them, nestled at the base of the foot-hills of the Sierra del Cobre

Fig.

Spanish blockhouse on the noii'icast of Santia'^o, protected by a wire and a 'wooden fence.

Just ofi the city pier the American transports crowded the harbor, haxing thronged in a week before when the city was formally turned o\er to the I'nited States. They were waiting

"Cbc Battle 1Rl^llc of Sail 3uau O")

to unload the long- dcla)'L'cl and imich needed supplies that already were ])iled in L;reat heaj)s upon llie whart. Around these nati\'(' siexcdores and American soldiers \\<i-e hoxcrin^' and fhttino;- like jjees upon honey. Ambulances and trains of pack mules wc-re coming and i^oino-, stretchine- in a lon^; line* throuuh the cobMed cit\- streets and aloni^- the mudd\- road to th(; camp. Our ship's boat left us at the landing; ct" the |)relt\- boat- house ot the Club Xautic'a, which had just btten coincrted into a hosjjital. It was crowded with soldiers sutlerinL; with \arious forms of iever, all lyine- in their soilecl shirts nnd trousers upon the bare tloor, their h(\uls supjiorted upon iheii- blanket rolls or ui)on a rolled-up coat, or K'in.Li' llat with no supjiort upon the boards or ori tlu; gangway and porches outside.

We stepped out ui)on the broad Alameda with its central avenue of royal palms and ])assed through throngs of scjualid natives, men. women and children, who were gathering for the distribution ot soup and bread b\' the; Red Cross Society ot IMiss Clara l)arton, whose head([uarters were near the (piay. That noble lady was herself at the place dirinting relief opera- tions for the citizens. We turned into the Calle Marina, an<l ascending through sights and smells of tilthiness that nauseated one frt^sh trom the pure sea-breezes, to the Pla/.i de Armas, entered the; low building known as the Municipal I'.dare. I he fkig that was run up on "Sui'reiuler 1 )a\' " still tloated trom the entrance to the headcpiarttn's of Major-General .Shatter and of General Wood, the Military Ciovernor.

Armed with a j)ass trom the Commanding General, signed by Lieut. -Col. McClernand, one is prepared to \ isit the .Ameri- can army. Mounted on an easy-gaited S})anish poiu'. lh<- journ(;y is not ditficult. ( )ne climbs th ■ steep slope on which Santiago is built, passes the Church and I'laza of Dolores.

/RLAJAbHALACE 8 CIVIL H05PL a PLAIf^ DOLOREt 9 JAN OUAN OR e PLAZA MARS KETTLE HiLL

^ MILITARY HOSPL. 10 BLOODY BEND S /PflNA MERCEDES 1/ BATTLE PLAIN

iMG. 31 Map of Santiago Harbor, to sho:. the relative loca'ion oj the San Juan battlefield and

other important points. 06

(wbc ;iL^attlc 1Rl^,lc ot San 3unn

(57

crosses the Plaza nl Mars, antl liiuls hiinstlt in the; slraL'^'lintr suburbs of the cit\. Here, the houses are low stucco huts witli thatchetl roofs, instead of with roofs of curvetl vvA tiles, the coniinoii motlc. ( )ii the |)orch(.*s are L^r()U])s of S|)aiiish soldiers or men in the soiled white nnifoiMii ot Cuban insuri^cnts. or bexies ol children ol both sexes and all shades of color, and

iMG. 32 Broken breastwork or itirt/ien barritoa'e in <i .S',rnft<n;o street.

various stages of nudity, their rouiul alidoniens aiul wan faces in many cases showing" scant nutrition. Ihe tokens of a besieot'd cit\' are ever\ where present. blockhouses L^iiaril the niilitar\' crests. Wire fences and elajjorate entan<^lements in \ar\in<4' stages of wreckai^e are on either hantl. Deep furrows are cut across the streets, showing- where rille pits had been hastily attempted. Here and there is a bisected breastwork

68

/iDartial Graves

which h;ul btien buik across the way by throwuin' up the street soil aiul buttressing- it with barrels and boxes filled with earth and stones. In one breastwork a gangway had been cut through for trafiic, leaxing humps on either side. (Fig. 32.) At anothc-r the barricade had been pardy dug down, leaving a huge winrow over which the wagons rolled.

The CIturch and Pima of Dylores, San/iago.

Leaving to the left the Spanish Military Hospital and the Spanish Quarters, now occupied by the b'ifth Infanlr\' of Regu- lars, one descends the crest of the hill, and turning eastward finds himself l)efore the })ickets of tlie iMfth Arm)' Corps at the

Lbc X^attlc IRi^iic ot Saw :tuan

()«>

blocklioiisc known as I'.l Caiiosa. Mere the ruatl forks. Ihc one to the li-lL hcai's toward Camw and that to the ri^ht Icails to tluMnain rncanipmcni ot our li'oops and the 1 lattlcticld ( (t San I nan. Ihc I'roxinct; ot Santiaj^cj de Cuba is prcduininati.-ly a monntainous rc^^ion ot hii^li relict, cspeciallv aion^^'' the coasts, with iTian\ iiUcrior \allc\s.-- ihc tidd ot tlic tainous IjatlK'S ol |ul\' 1, 1 S()S, rescmhlcs one ot tlicso \alli-\s, Imt is circiiiii- scrilicd troin the sea hc-nch 1)\" the .Sierra Ahustra, and is ahoul two huneh'etl tcet above sea levek It is entered troni th(t sontli 1)\' trails that lead throuc^h j)asses in the monntains, or o\er noti:hcs in the shoulders ot the loothills, Iroin Aj^iiadores or Ironi .Sihoncy (haisenatla de las Altares), the Inrthest eastwai'd point, which is also reached li\' a road o\cr the sea bench Iroin I'aKpiin. As one passes o\cr the mountain wall and stands upon the crest, he looks down upon au aniphith(;atrical \'alle\' whii-h, rouL^hK' speakinL;-, is six miles in diameti r. .Sweeping;' to the east and north the mountain wall ot the coast ranjj^e touches with its base the- xilkiL^e ot Caney. Continuing' north- ward ami westward it reaches the heis^hts that look down upon the cit\' of Santiao-o aiul upon wliiih the stra_L,''s.i'linL,;' suburbs are liuilt. ( )n tlu; west the; amphitheatre is bound(Hl by the eastern wall ot the harbor and baw 1 he \alle\' is covered with dense tropical toliaL^c, amidst which tower wroxes of royal palms and cocoanuts, and clusters ot the mae'niticc-nt maniL^o. while the ^uasima, the bamboo and other Cuban trees, dot tne abandoned fields and triiiL^^c the banks ot' the streams that thread the valley at man\' points with lines ol silver water. 1 he surtace is irrcijularlv knotted with low wooded ridiji's and roinideil knolls that rise from its bosom and L;ive noble points ot view ot the beautiful landscape.

* I'lof. K. r. Ilill, " C'ub.\ anil Purlo Rico." p. 4<i.

70 /IDavtial Graves

Standino- upon one of these summits the eye sees the mountain wall sweeping around him to the north, east and west, while in the far distance lofty peaks and crests shimmer in misty Mue against th<.; hrilliant sky. Not tar away to the eastward La (iran Picdra sends u\) its rocky summit, a gigantic block of conglomerate lifty-two hundred feet high. Beyond the city westward, and far off toward the spot where the iron skeleton ot the Crisiodo/ Colon moulders against the rock-bound coast, Pico del Turcjuino (" the Turk's Head") lilts its cloud- enfolded turban eighty-six hundred feet above the sea. l\irn- ing towards the near Santiago hills, the vision is crossed by the longest of the traversing ridges, which l)eai s the now historic name of San luan. It begins quite near the San fuan River on the south, and extends northward tor nearly a mile, gradually dipping into a level mead, which follows the base ot the ridge its entire lenoth.

Before the southern shoulder this l)roadens out and torms the wide l)attle plain on which Gen. Kent's intantry di\ision charged upon the .Spanish entrenchments. Midway of the ridge the road from .Santiago is cut through a slight depression, and descending the slope skirts a little lagoon well known among the American soldiers as " the Pond." (See POlder I, Fig. 34.) 'Phis sheet of water empties into a branch of the .San Juan River, which stretches eastward and then northward toward its sources, skirting the two sides of a round knoll that rises just opposite the point where the road l)reaks through the ridge. This knoll 1 ha\e heard called variously " San Juan Hiil," "Ketdellill," "Blue House Hill," "Sugar House Hill," " Rough Riders' I lill " and " San Juan House Hill.'' Over this elevation Wheeler's Cavalry Division charged. Gen. .Sumner bein^f then in direct command, and Col. Roosevelt with his

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Zbc .leattlc IRi^oc ot San 3uan 7i

Roiii^h Riders in the van. I hf dismounted ca\alr\ men liavinL;' won tlic position jjushed down the western sIojk' oI Kettle llill, thn)UL;h or around the c(\o;fi of the pond to the ridge l)evond, and joiiiod ilic intanlry di\ision in cuplurin^ its entrenched heiohi^. (See Map I )ia-rain. Id-. ,V'). i '11k- i^'raves that mark th(Mr trail, and which are most numerous on the eastern and soulliern slopes, show al what a hea\'\' cost in human lite the roundeil height ot" KeUle llill was won.

The view ot" the battle ridL;e tVom Ketlh- 1 Mil is strikini^ly beautil"ul, and shows the entire line of assault and deience. The photo_L;raphic Iblder il"i-. ;,4) reproducc-s the scenery accu- rately. The entire San luan Ridi^e is in \iew, tlu; ritle-pits and breastworks still intact, and the tents ot" the gth X'olunteer Intaiitr\- ( " Immunes '" ) covered most ot" the sjjace at the time the photOLirai)hs were taken. Wc^stward is seen the Ime pros- pect of the hills ami mountains that encompass Santiat^^o. The road to .Santiai;!) known as the .Siboney (or Pozo) Road, which climbs the northern shoulder of the rid^e, is just discernil)le in the picture. .Several army trails are seen windim;- around the foot of the hill and reaching- northward l)e\-ond the point where the ridoe breaks down into the \alle\-. Alon^- these crests and in the levels near or at the foot, are scattered lonely praxes and groups of i^raves of soldiers who fell in action or died in hospitals.

ihe ri^ht of this \iew covers tlu; entire scene ot action of (len. Wheeler's division durin- the assault on San luan I'ort. except Kettle llill, trom the brow of which it was taken. ( )n the left and in the background, be\ond the trees that frinee the stream, is seem the plain over which Kent's division charged toward San luan Ridge, and which is shown more lull}- on the photograjdiic b'older 11. Chapter \'.

7->

riDartial Graves

W'licn I first visited the San Juan Ridoe it was occupied by the Third Regiment U. S. Infantry. Lieut.-Col. Harbach was in command in the absence of Col. Page, who was seriously ill. He showed me over the ridge, pointing out the various spots of interest and indicating the lines along which the troops had charged over the plain. The scars of battle were fresh upon the landscape. The soil of the entrenchments showed as yel- low as when first turned. The blockhouse, appar- ently a farm house con- verted into a fort (Fig. 35), was gone, and its site was marked by a mass of broken bits of red pottery, the fraoments of tiles that had covered the roof. Every })article of wood and other material had disappeared, having either been consumed in camp- fires or carried off for s o u \^ e n i r s . Th e earth- works and rille pits made by the Spaniards, and occupied and improved by the Americans, had scarcely changed in form and seeming since the memorable first three days of July.

There was one notable exception. The deep trenches in front of the; jjrcastworks were level full of soil, and a broad hand of yellow earth lay on the military crest. Beneath lie the bodi{;s of the slain .Sjjanish soldiers who so valiantly defended and fell at their post of duty. They lie uncoffined, side by side,

"N

ar<^!!^»,\i.^ w^;avC^4to^>.

V'/ie blockhoitsc on San Juan Rid;^e captured by hifaniry I^k'ision

1-IG. 36

Map and chart showing the approximate location of the martial grazes on atul around

San Juan Heights.

"4 /IDartial (3ravc5

and their brave foes, who buried them, gave them to their last sleej) with that rude but hearty and reverent honor which valor never withholds from valor. The matrons and maids of Spain \ainl)- await their comino-. lUit some day their generous foe- men will join with their mother-land in a fitting memorial to thes(j " unknown dead."

I have referred to Col. Page, the gallant commander of the Third Regiment, as having been seriously ill when I first visited San juan Ridge, then occupied by his command. I found him on board the transport Iroquois when returniiig to the States. He was greatly reduced in flesh and very feeble. When I vis- ited him in his cabin he was lying on his berth in his fatigue uniform. From the time that he landed in Cuba at the head of his regiment up to the date of my visit he had not se(-n his per- sonal baggage. The suit in which he landed, and in which he marched and fought the battle of San luan nearly four weeks before, was all that he could command. He said nothing of this to me. but I saw that his situation was that of nearly all the officers in the Fifth Army Corps whose trunks and traveling- bags were still stowed away in United States transports Iving off the coast or swinging to and fro between Cuba and the L nited States. I slipped into my cabin and returned with some ck;an handkerchiefs and a night shirt. As I turned them ov(M' to the sick man. he sat up in his couch, and taking the night dress by both hands, held it out and with mingled tears and smiles, exclaimed. 'Good Lord. Chaplain! a clean night shirt ! I haven't seen one since I landed in Cuba. I shall sleep in clean, cool clothes to-night ! d his is heaven — or something very like it. 'Jhaid< you, thank you ! " He was trembling with weakness and pleasurable excitement, not without a grim sense of the absurdit)' of a

Xlhc :i6nttlc IRic^tic ot 5au :tiian 7.')

situation that caused a mau of his (.-Nahcd rank In Ix- !^ial«-ful for a t(.;\v cleaii clothes '

I count nusclt well seasoned 1)\- contatt with all sorts ot trxiiiL; experiences, l>ut this was a litdc too nuah lor nic, an<l I hurried from the cahin, leaxiiiL; this eniineiU soldier aiul culli. \ated s^c'Utleman to enio\' the ln\ur\' ol a clean niL^hl dress in his sickness. ( 'n m\ Imal return horn Saiuiauio, two months thereafter, I tound a little hundle containing; the returned l^ochIs and a letter from Mrs. Page, as lull of gratitude tor this trilling ser\ice as it" some great faxor had lieen done. ( lod Mess us all I W hat a comfort it is to do the smallest kindin'ss to these noble arm\' peoi^le ! When I \isited the IVcsidcnt (.\ugust o. i8g8) on m\ arrixal home, among other exi)eriences 1 told him this little incident to illustrate the hardships which officers and men had to endure in the Luban tampaign. It is not to the ilis- credit of His PLxcellenc)- that in sym|jath\ with the Santiago hero the tear-dew tempered his smiles as he pictured the gallant colonel of the Third Infantry uttering his semi-humorous and wholly pathetic monologue over the luxury of a clean night shirt I Wdiat was still more to the point the gooil President sul)se([uently dropped the star of a brigadier-general upon the oKl soldier's

shouUler.

List and Description of Graves

( )ne turns trem the main .Sil.oiu)' Road iiUo a well beaten wagon trail that crosses the summit of San juan Kitlge. East- ward of this trail, alxuit one hundred \.irds from the road, on the hill sloj)e and near the; head of a small r.i\ ine is a group ot four graves. rhe\- are side b)- side, close to one another, the heads towards the north. The names of the fallen heroes who sleep within them are as follows :

No. iS. •• Reuben S. Ingles. 20th Infantry. Com|)any A.

7(i nnartial Graves

Died lulv 12th, iSg.S. Rest in Peace." The grave with this inscription is the lowest on the slope toward the plain. The official list gives the date of his death as August 12th, and spells the Ucune " Ingle."

No. 19. " Albert Tervehn, Company I, 20th Infantry. Died Aug. 5th. 1S98." The inscription is cut upon a curved tile taken doubtless from the old blockhouse, and other tiles are

1-1.,. 37 Fig. 38

Jng. jy — Grave of Albert Teri'din. J'ig.jS — Graves of Sergeant McCarthy an i Michael Daly, San Jnan Ridge.

laid as a border at the foot and around the edges of the mound. This name is omitted from the official list. (Pig- 37-)

No. 20. " Sergt. James F. McCarthy, Light Battery K, 1st Artillery." His grave appears in the photograph at the side of Michael I )al\''s. A board with the inscription is at the head and a cross at the foot. I Ic was killed July 1st, 1898 ( iMg. i"^). His grave is nearest the front of the picture.

No. 2 I . Private Reuben Ross, Company M, 7 1 st New York \'olunteers. Killed July 2d, 1898. Harry Morse, Com[)any

"Che Battle Ifvi^iic ot San 3u.iu

Ik re was a cross on his Ljravc. I (li ) IK )t rcincnil >cv ik »liii'j' an\'

II, 7 I st New \'()rk IiilaiUry, rc^sidcncc 63 l-indt-nwood Street, Phihul('lj)hia, says thai I'rixatc Ross, Comjiany M, 71 si Xrw York Intaiilry, was killed July jd in the nieht attack, and buried l)y the side ol" Mithaei 1 )al\-. Morse says he saw him hiii-ied. suo-crestion of a \araiU space such as the abox e fact would recjuirc;. I uit Morse's statemeni \\as

so definite and emphatic | ><«? i.«i tk. t^»a.^ ___^j. f^/|,fH/^EL

that I enter th(' name. ()ii the otVicial list "I\eid)en Ross, I'rixate, Compaiu' M, 71 si Xew \ oi'k \ ohinteers " ap- pears as hax'iuL;' died "July 2d." This is doubtless the same i)er- son, wher(!\cr buried. No. 22. M icliacd I )aly. C'ompain ^b. 7 i st New \()vk XOlimteer hdanlr)-, died b'b' i. 1898. At the head of Daly's i;"ra\"e is a wood- en cross, the standard

DALl^.

-^tL Triikfr>o.i% tjj t.rtiv , oJ->.'Atnm<,«.n. bij adopt iafK> He d-ltl^-bl-OLjirvLy }|<jktir^Cj jor KiV Country ,f

— W -I ' p. "^ _ t

Fic. 39 Cros.^ on Michael Daly s Grtrt'f.

beini;" a slic-k, and llu- cross piece a bit ol a box lid on which is written the followinL; ; "llei-e lies the body ot Mit'hael 1 )al\-, CO. M., 71st Rewt. X. \'. \'ols. An Irishman by birth, an American by adoption, he tlied bravely .'li^htinq^ for his country. K. I. Vr (i-i- ;,9.)

78

flUartial Graves

No. 23. P\irther up the slope and a little southward an unknown body is interred. It was uncovered by one of the 9th U. S. Volunteers digging- for a tent. The arm was dis- closed, but no observation made that would determine identity,

"„,..*'■

Mk ','1 ^W 1I>) '1

. f/1 , '1'

Ji~l<, '

Fig. 40

6'/-rtr'£' of frank Ihwlh, jist A'cw York Infantry, San Juan A'id^e.

not even of the uniform that might have shown to what army the man belonged.

No. 24. Proceeding still southward, not far from the crest on the eastern slope a small heap of stones marks the grave of Frank \V. P)O0th, of the 71st New York Volunteers (Fig. 40). The cairn supports a T-shaped cross which is inscribed " Frank

Lbc ;i6attlc 1Rl^oc ot ^niu }\\an

?••

W. r)()()th, ("(). \\ 71st -X. \. \. 1 )i<(l in ailion on |iil\ 1, iS(;S, May he rest in peace."

No. JS. Southward still, ami about at tin- same clcxatioii, is the L;ra\'e ot another soldiei' ot the 71st .\C\v \'ork \'olun- teers who, hke hrank liooih.mu^i haxctallcn in the wiM eharLfe

"it.

"^a

Vu:. 41 Grave of Joseph Deeke)\ jist .W-w )'or/: I'oltinteers, Sin Jtint. Kitfge.

Up the rid^e and almost in the iiioiiieiU ot \ ietorv ( Mii;'. 41). The i^nwe is iiisci'ilied " |os. Pecker, CO. 1, 7 1 >t X. ^. \<»ls. |ul\' 1, iS()S. A coini-.idc." 1 he lull name is Joseph S. 1 )cckfr. 1 he moLuul slopes toward die laNt with the head well eli-xated. It is edited, but rather s])arselv, witl small stones over which the urass is waNin-j. It is worth notin'' that there; an: more

80

/IDavtial Graves

i^raves of soldiers of the 71st New York Volunteers on the San I nan Riclgre than of any other single regiment. Thus, at least a part of that organization has left the indisputable evi- dence that some of its soldiers followed the heroic charge to its

victorious linisli.

y^

^-

<^

Vu;. 42 Grave of Afajor Force', on San Juan RiJgr. (Set- a/so Fig. j6, Chapter IJ.)

No. 26, A little below the above and slightly to the north is an unmarked grave.

No. 27. Continuing southward and still further down the slope at a point where the hill breaks in a slight distinct roll

twhc ;i6attlc IRi^iic ot San 3uau ^i

antl l»c-ins to trcntl luwards ihc soiilliwcsl is ihc iL^ravc ol Major AllxTL ("i. l'\)rcc. of th<; i st V. S. Ca\alr\-. li is a cairn of gooclK' si/c, a loii;^ inoiiiid coxcrcd willi sioiu-s Iroin llx^base to a point near the siiininii. (I'ig'. 42.) The top- is iincoverccl soil except that a sin^K: Wnv. of stones curves from the head- board to the middle, where it touches the top ot a once i^^reen icrn like plain, l-lackenc-d with dec-aw The inscrij)lion on the rude ioollioard was simpK' : " Maioi' A. ( 1. I'oi-cc, : si L'. S. Cav. Killed |ul\' I St." W hen 1 \ isilcd this L;rave a ti-w weeks later the wooden headboard had disappeared and a curved tile had betm subslitul((k on wliiili the inscription was car\'ed. '1 he surface ot the monml had also been well coNcrcd with stones. A footpath down the hill passed close by the edge ol the grave. and this ha^l ke[)t down the rank vegetation, but beyond, along the steep slope ot the ridge, the; weeds antl grass were growing i)reast hiL;li. A jihotogi'aphic engraving ot Ma'. l'orc(;'s grave is given, Chap. II, hig. 16.

No. 2S. .Southwest of this |)oint is the graxc of Lieutenant (^rd, whose tragic death at the liands of a wounded .Sj)aniartl, whom he was directing to l)e caretl tor. shocked and L;rie\c(l the entire armw l.ieut. ( )rd was one ot (ien. I lawkins' aitls and showeil distinguished gallantry and efficiency. I le climbed a tall cocoanut tree on the banks of the .San luan. and from his sur\-e\' of the ridge ga\c (ien. ii.iwkins the tu'st inti'lligent inloi-nialioii of the .Spanish detences. lie took charge ot a platoon of soldiers who wvw. charging oxer the j)lain and had been somewhat demorali/ed 1>\' the loss ol their olticer. lb- led them, in the \< r\ front ol' the line, cpiite o\er the plain an<l up the ridge. While running oxer the ritle pit at the crest he saw a wounded Si).iniard King across the edge ol the trench. and mo\ ed b\' comi)assion, e\<n in tiie rush and tlush ol that

82

martial Graves

victorious momcnit, turnt-cl to tlircct that the Spaniard should be taken out of the line of hre and placed behind the block- house, where he would be safe. The Spaniard, who was appar- ently an officer, drew his pistol and dischar^-ed it in Lieut. Ord's face, blowing- out his l)rains. The American soldiers, shocked and indio-nant at the deed, fell upon the assassin and clubbed him to death with the butts of their riHes. Ord was buried near by where he fell. One heard his death told everywhere throucrhout the Fifth Corps with \arying- details, but I have criven the account that all agree upon.

1^

Fig. 43 Grave of John A' IJndquist, -^d l'. S. hifantry, S,nt Juan Ridge.

Xo. 29. North of the Siboney Road about four hundred yards, on the military crest of the northern slope of San Juan Rido-e, and between the lines of entrenchments are tour graves. They lie in a row ranged east and west. The pond is in the plain below, somewhat to the southeast. The names are not only marked upon headboards but are also carved on a guasima tree near bv, which stands opposite the grave of Andrew Ryd-

Lhc JGattlc IRiDiic ot 5au 3iuii\

M3

berL;'. The iiu-ii were all incnilx-rs of the ;^nl I . S. liilaiUr\' who (.lied (luriiiL;- the pcriotl siiccccdiiiL;' liic lialllc when IJiat I'l-L^iiiient ()ccii[)i(;d the hcML^hts.

Xo. jO. ■■ lohii l\. Lin(l(|iiisl, AriilK:cr. COinpaiU' C. ;,ril I 'nitc'd Statrs Iiitaiili'v. I )ic(l .\iil;usI i _nh, iS(;S." The iiiouml is bordered widi slones, and in the eeiiire is ai'i'an_iL;(-d a cross ot while shells lakcn h'oin the gravel thrown up in diL,''|L;inL( the grave, (big- 4,i-) ^ ^n the otticial hst lie is entered as a |)ri\'ate of Company C, abo\e regiment.

.-*«^

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'!W0^^

..V^i.^ ■■ «/?. '^;

Ik;. ^4 Gnivi of Scr^eanl Utiiry Miller, j</ / . S. In '.ml

Xo. 31. ".\ndrew l\\-dberg. 1 )ied August ist, i S98. R. \. I'."" This gra\e is in kont of a guasima tree. (See Cha|). II, big. 14.) A large stone is on either side ot" the head- board and one at the toot. A campaign hat rests above the bosom. The base of the mound has been edged all arouiul with sod.

Xo. 32. "Sergeant II. Miller. Co. E. 3rd bifaiury. Died August 1st, 189S. R. I, I'." In the official list the death is eiven " AuL-iist i ilh. " 1 he mound is bordered at the l)ase

84

/IDartial Graves

with stones, a large stone being placed at the foot. Al)ove and inside thereof is a fringe of sods whose green contrasts bright!)' witli the stone border and the gravelly soil of the mound.

ll'i.i^-- 44-)

No. ^^^^. " Private A. H. Missall, Compan\- F, 3d Infantry. Died August 1 2th, 1898." A large stone braces the head- board, and another boulder marks the foot. A fringe of sods is placed a little above the base, and a cross of white tresh- water shells is laid in the centre. (Pig. 45.) MissalTs home is

■■lllii<-'i'j.: . ■•'*'■',. I ■ -'»(* J- J

»

Fig. 45 Grave of Adolph II. Missall, ^d i'. S. Infantry.

I)lue Earth City. Minnesota, and his body was removed about the middle of November, 1898, b)' his l)rother, Mr. b'red. Missall.

F"rom the little ceuK^tery of the Third Regular Infantry one passes northward and dc;scends the Ijrow of San juan Ridge as it graduall)' declines into the \ alley. ( )n the level land near the foot ot the hill is a cemetery of eight graves of volunteers from Illinois and Michigan. It is about two hundred and fifty yards from the wagon trail or side road diat curves around the extreme northern shoulder ol die ridge (see Folder I, big. 34), communicating with various parts of the .American encampment

Zbc Battle IRi^iic ot 5an }\\d\\

X'i

aiul so pissiiiL;' oil to tlic cil)' ot Saiuia_L;o. About lour luiPiilrcd yards westerly toward the ciiy, one |)assfs throiii^h a lari;;*' and hcautitul L;r<>\<' <>t ro\al palm irtcs. and ib.f (lri\c ihrouj^h lliis urove gives one of the most interesting; liits ot tropical laiui- scaj)e seen in tliis \ icinity. IIk- graves are arrangcil aronnd a small giiasima tree, tho irri pointing toward the trunk. A tnrmicai-\ of rultiiig aiUs is located near the tree, and their cuspidor sha])(nl tumuli are raided at \arious j)oints near the grounds am,! be- tween them and the tree.

These inter- esting emmets were tre(]uently obser\'ed in the

neighborhood ( )t S a n t i a g o . I could follow their long lines ot foragers pass- ing along their trai Is, w h i e h wei'e laid with well-nigh the .le- curacN' ot luur.an en shrubberw I e\'en

Vo J5

A'o ^0

/HHNe^'^an ^

cc.^^^^^^^^

3

>Vo V/

(CuTTiN(^ Ants) fi/o 3 b ^

(AlBERtMickleson)

^o.3£

Qho. R Linberg)

>Vo3jl

rAsHLEVriELOS )

I- JC. 46

Chart of the Cemetery of Ilh' itois and A/iihigan I'otun- ffers, at the foot ofStin Juan A'it/i;e.

-ineering thnaigii the thick grass and ouud them abundant on Morro Castle. When ascending the i)adi that /ig/ags around the clilT to the summit, I saw columns of ih-se creattn-es mi-ching with bits ot" cut-otT lep-ves in their m mdibles and waving above ilvir heads, a p<culi.irity which has given them the poi)ular name of the •• I'arasol Ant.' When I reached the summit the Inisy

86

riDavtial (Braves

workers were found close In' the dismantled eastern battery. In fact, their fresh-made tumuli were cast up almost beneath the butt of the guns. Tlie workers were thronoing- into the central gates bearing aloft their bits of green leaves, looking like a lilliputian army of Sunday-school scholars marching with their banners. I could not but wonder, were these industrious insects plying their task while Spanish guns were firing and

i.A

itt,

'-^£«

- \^''

Fig. 47 Cn-ave of Aihky Fields, ist Jlliuois VohiiiUtrs.

shells from American ships were bursting around them? No doubt they did so ; a type of the army of industry in the insect world, prosecuting its humble arts of peace amidst the roar of human Ijattle and the clash of arms. If their wee bits of brains are capable of thinking of such matters, it is not unlikely that the current of their meditation may have flowed in the direction of the famous .Shakesperian character whose utterance has given a motto to a modern illustrated journal: " Wdiat fools

Zbc ;i8attlc 1Rl^ac ot San :tuan

these mortals be I " — iiKiiiniiiL^ and killing; diic atiolhcr whc-n they niiL^ht be conilbrtabl\- ciillin;^ jiiic\- leaves aiul chewini;- them iiUo pulp '

List and Description of Graves

Xo. 34. "Private .\shle\- i'ii-Kls. Died Au-. 1 7lh. 1S9S. Co. M., 1st Ills. \()1. Iiil." Ihis wrave has been decorated with

■*■» \^ -.•»« vr .ie^v

^s^-..^

li.;. 4S Crave pf Alhcrt Mick;I>on, at Illinois I'olutileers,

much care. 1 1" ii^'. 47.) Tihs have been laid slantin<;-wise upon one another around the l^ase. formins^ a denticulated edo-e. The headstone is carefully carveil. and the word " PEACI^ " in la roe letters has i)een formeti alon- th<' centre of the mound by cartrid-es and rartritloe shells.

No. 35. "Private jolm P.. l.inbero-. Co. P". 1 M Inf. Illinois \'ols. Died August loth. iSc,s;" Pinberir's i^rave is i)arily walled around with brick tiles, and in the middle of the mound

88 /iDavtial Graves

are laid out with the circular caps of cartridges thrust into the eartli, liis comi)any and regimental names thus: "Co. F ist Ills." The inscription is on a pine wood headboard. (See l*"ig-. 13, Chap. II.)

No. 36. "Private Albert Mickelson, Co. A. ist Inf. 111. \'ol. Died at r)i\ision Hospital Aug-. 8, 1S9S." Mickelson's erave is bordered with bricks laid on edae, the headstone is a large brick tile, and a cross in double lines of cartridges is traced on the breast. (Fig. 48).

Silmf

■"A*''

(lit).' -

Fig. 49 Grave of Dallas P. 'Jl'iniaiil, j^/h JJicliigaii VoliiiiU-a s.

Xo. },-]. " D. P. Tennant, Co. K. 34th Inf. Michigan. Died .\ug. 3d, 1S98." The grave of Tennant is an earthen mound with a large brick tile at the head on which the abo\e inscrip- tion is carved (big. 49).

Xo. 38. "Private R. B. Granger (or Ganger) Co. D, ist 111. \'()1. Died Aug. 2 2d. 1898." The upper part of this grave is supported 1)\' bricks on either side, the remainder being an earthen mound. The inscription is cut ujjon a brick laid slantiiiLT across th(' '-rave's head, and in cartridges the word Pk.\( !•: in large letters is laid oft" along the entire centre. (See Pig. 10.)

"Che ;iL^attlc 1^^l^l^c ot S.in 3ikiu

Ml

No. 39. "I. Simonds, ,V|lli Miih. Aii^. 2ulh. I S98. Hand." It is (lou])tfiil whctlii)- the iniiial Icltcr is 1 or 'I\ and th«- naiiu- does not apiicar in ili<- War I )('partm('nt's ofhcial list.

Xo. 40. "A. il. Xcwman, lO. !'>. I . S. Int. hied An;^. 23d, 1S9S." A simple nionnd with a iiili'- cartritl;^re cross on the l)()S()m. 1 his name docs nol appi.ir <in die othcial list ot the War 1 )epartnK;nt.

f^(k?.>is*'

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3^';Avl'f'^»

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6';v77r ^ Corporal Clarence C. Chainherlttiii, ^4lh MuAit^nH I'oli.ti/ftru

Xo. 41. "Corp. C. C C'liainix rlain. (."o. I. ■\.\i\\ .\Iicli. l^icd Aul;-. 10, 1898." Chanihcrhiin's L;ra\r has a hrick cnclos- uic and til" inscription is car\<'d on a brick at the lu-ad (I'iL,^ 50).

Xo. 42. Westward from the above named L,^roiip and (juitc near the road that leads to Santiago tl rouoh the jL^rove of royal palms, is the L;ra\c of Michael McGartlin. (Jnarterniaster Ser-

1)0

/IDavtial (Braves

o^eant, Co. B, ist V. S. Cavalry, who fell July i, 1898. It woLikl seem from this location (supposing, of course, that Ser- geant McCiartlin was buried where he fell), that he was one of those who. with Lieut. Hugh Berkley of the First Cavalry, pur- sued after the enemy toward the palm grove on the way to San- tiago, beyond the northern shoulder of the ridge. Lieut.

Hobson, from his room in the Reina Mercedes barracks, noted such a pur- suit by the ap- proaching firing."^' No. 43. West- ward about two hundred yards from the little cemetery of the Illinois and Michigan \'olun- teers is the grave ofCharles W.Rich- ardson, Private, Compan \- L. i st Illinois Infantry, who died August 20, iSgS. The grave is well defined with an edging of stones and the name cut upon a tile used as a headboard (Fig. 51). It is located a little way from and midway between two royal j)alms which stand to the northward.

No. 44. Westward from the grave of Richardson is that ot

t

^>?!:-

Fir, 51 Graves of Pyi-.uitcs Richaiuhoii [the innrcst) and Cliff Busby.

*" The Sinking of the Merrimack'' p. 276. Col. Roosevelt api)ear.s to confnin this in his admirable article in Scribner's Magazine, April, 1S99.

Clift Busby. Pri\ate 1. Conipaiu', ;,4ih Michigan XOliiiUccrs. It is in tlic o|)en plain at thtt loot ot tin- lon^^' wcstt-rn slope ol the* San I nan Ritloe, on the north side of th(! xmUcv and about three liundred \ards north of the Illinois and Mirhi^an cH-ine- ter\- ( l""i,L:. 51). The date of lUisby's death was not marked, and the name; does not ap])ear on my official copy.

TurninL;" southward one crosses the road from Santiago and passini^- through a break in tli(; wire lence comes to the- larL,^c ceiba tree, populu'K' know n as the "Surrender 1 ree. ' Prop- erly it is •' the neL;()tiation tree,"' althoui^^h umlerneath it were siene(l the articles of capitulation between Maj.-( ieii. Shatter and the? representati\-es of the Iniied Slates and (ien. 1 oral and the representatives of the Spanish army. The formalities of the actual surrender occiu'red under a much smaller tree nearer the city. Gen. Wheeler-' describes this fine plant as in a orentle. sloping- field, co\-ered with luxuriant grass, a largt: and beauti- ful ceiba tree, the; trunk of which is nearly, it not (piite. titi\- feet in circumference. 'Yhr. Ijranches are broadly c-.\tendeil. and at the time of the capitulation conference were filled with exceedingh' rich foliage which gave an e.xcellent shade, covering an extensive area of ground. The place is not more than fifty or sixtv yards south of the niain .Santiago road, ami was prob- ably a little lU'arer to tlie .\merican lines than to those of the Spaniards. Some two hundred or three hundred yanls to the left and down the slope- of the hill was a tine s|)ring, which Iiad been protected with high walls of masonry, consiructed in a workmanlike manner.

AI-)out fiftv yards from this tree tlu- miu of the (;ih U. S. X'olunteers. Col. Crane commanding, have made a little cemeter\- in whiih are burie-d one ot"fic-r and seven men of the

*'• Tlie Santiago fainpaign." p. 177. The tree is Hofiibax ceibtt^ L.

i>2 /l{>avrial C^v.ivci-

comniand. The drawing ^Fig. 5-t was made tsom a sketch by Second Lieut. Paul H. McCook. of the Fifth Reguhr Infantry, and shows the graves as they appeared after the headboards had been erected bv Mr. Rhodes and his party from the Ouarter- masters Department. The tree is now surrounded by a double fence of barbed wire in order to protect it from destruction by soldiers and visitors in search of souvenirs. Warning boards, both in Spanish and English, are hung upon the stakes admon- ishing all persons not to injure the tree under penalty. The following list designates the graves :

Xo. 45. First t ieut. Louis T. Barnett, 9th I . S. \'olunteers. Died September iS. iSoS. Lieut. Barnett's gTave is the inner one in the figure, of the two graves in the second row.

Xo. 46. The grave next to Lieut. Barnett's is unmarked, but is presumably of a soldier of the oth \ olunteers.

Xo. 47. The front gxave in the front row. nearest the tree. is that of an unknown American soldier.

Xo. 4S. John Davis, private. C y A. Qth V. S.

\ oiunteer Infantry, who lies in the scco:ivi grave in the front row, died September 13. 189S.

Xo. 49. Piacide Jasmin, orivare. C^^^ C. cth L . S.

\ olunteers, who is buried i:. : grave in the front row.

died September 13. 1S9S.

Xo. 5:-«. Alex. Pullman, private. Cc-^^ : ^ L. 9th L\ S. \ olunteers. who is buried in the fourth g: the front row,

died September 15. 1S98.

Xo. 51. James R. Banks, private. Comtany E. 9th L'. S. \ olunteers. died September ^^9$. His is : ::': i^^rave

in the front row.

Xo. 52. Alexa:. .'ilson. private. Company L. U. .S.

1

■iS-?

:% V: f=

Ts^-

# i.

^**

C

/*

^?# '- "."'"•rf

^r.^.^ 4^

v-i . *-

94 ni5artial (Braves

X'oliinteers, diet! September iS, 1898, and is in die sixdi orave in the front row.

Xo. 5;,. Returnino- to the IlHnois and Michigan Cemetery, which is on the level around just beyond the northern slope of the San I nan Rid^e, one crosses the wagon trail, and pushing northward over the valle\-, fmds two graves. The first is that

of •• ). \] , private, Seventeenth United States Infantry."

The name is so indistincdy written that it cannot be made out. On consulting my copy of the official list I find that the only name among the " IVs " of the i 7th Infantry that could fill the above blank is "John V. I)urke, private, E Co.." who died July 2. I 8gS.

Xo. 54. About forty paces to the northwest of the last- named grav(; is the burial place of Julius B. Weil, private, Comijany (i, 13th V. S. Infantry, killed July i, 1898. This young man was a Pennsylvanian, his residence being at \Vilkesl)arr('. from which his mother addressed me through a fi-iend an inquiry concerning the location of her son's grave. The fact that it had l)een found and marked, and that in due time the remains of her son would be restored to her, was a great comfort to this afflicted mother.

Xo. 55. Just beyond the edge of this valley on the hillside west and near the northern end of the American entrenchments erected after thc^ batde of July i st. is the; grave of John dray, private;, \' Company, 17th U. S. Infantry, who appears to have been killed in the fighting of July 2d. At least he is entered on die official list as having died on that day.

Crossing the valley westward of San Juan Ridge one comes to the hill immediately overlooking the city of .Santiago, which is known as •' Madre Vieja." It is apju-oached from the city by a road which runs southeasterly and ascends the slope ot

TLbc .IGattlc IRi^oc ot Sail 3uan !».-.

the hill, mcikiiiLj^ a (litViciill pull tni- the scrawii)- horses us(!tl l.\- the liAckincn ot SaiUia^o. 1 )iirinL;' the skirmishes loUowiini- the ])attles ot July ist, a nimilici- ot' men were killed ii])on these heiL^lus, kelon^in^- tor the most ])art to the 'Iweiuieth liit'antr\-, Ikites' IJri^ade and the Second, I'wcnlx tirsi and ICnih Intantr\- of I nitetl Slated KeLi^ulars, Peai'son's llrij^ade. \\\v. dt;ail are buried just outside th(? enli-enchimiUs and upon the south side of the same. Lieut. I\ee\-es, an aid on lh<' slatf Ot ( ieii Dales, in an excellent chart which he prepareil ot" a i)orlion ot" ihe martial graves on San Juan Ridoe and vicinliw has i^ixcn a list ot" most of the solditM's buried at this point. .Mr. Rhotles jnissetl over the same ground and added several names to the list. There art! two names, that of Prixate- Kdward I'londe and Private l"r.ink E. Hoppe, \vh()S(; burial places, as tar as I know, ha\ e unt been located except ujxjn the chart of Lieut. Reeves. .Mi. Rhotles was not able to find them.

The List and Description of Graves

\o. 50. rurmng southwestward ti'om llie group ol gi'a\'es at the .Surrender Tree, and crossing the little l)rook that runs in the midst ol the \alle\', one asceiuls the northeastern slope ot the Madre \ ieja, and on die crest ot the hill, just msidi- the terminal ot tlu- entreiu hments, is the grave ot an unknown -Xmei'uan soldier.

No. 57,, The next gravtr to the westward is ihat ol Lei- 1\. (iodfrey, i)rivate, Company ( i, i^uh L. .S. Intautry, died |uly I, iSqS.

No. 5S. William .S. Sims, pi'ixate, Company 1 I, oth int"anlr\-^ U. S. A., died July 7. 189S.

No. 59. Corporal C. \i. larner. Company I . Sth ( )hio

^'6 fniartial Graves

U. S. V. Infantry. His name docs not appear on an)' copy ol the official list.

No. 60. Corporal John W. McCartney, Company D, 10th U. S. Infantry, died July 1, 189S.

Just westward from the above graves and in the northwest- ern anole of the entrenchments is a laro-e m'ave containino- four bodies as follows :

No. 61. Fred W'eisheit, private, Compan\' A, 21st U. S. Infantry, died July i, IiSqS.

Xo. 62. William Davis, private, Companx' A, 21st U. S. Infantry, died July i, 1898.

Xo. 63. Robert McClatchey, private, Company C, 21st U. S. Infantry, died |uly i, 1S98.

Xo. 64. A. Tomkinson. private, Company H. 21st U. S. Infantry, died July i. 1898.

Southward ot the above large grave is another mound which contains three soldiers as follow^s :

Xo. 65. Walter Austin, private. Company G. loth U. S. Infantry, died July i. 189S.

No. 66. Felix McCleary, private, Company G. loth C S. Infantry, died [uly 1, 1898.

Xo. 67. Benjamin F. doling, private. Company F, 21st U. S, Infantry, died Jul\- i, 1898.

Xos. 68 and 69. Southward of the above are two unmarked graves.

Xo. 70. Xear the southern terminus of the entrenchments and a short distance from the road is the grave of Capt. Charles \V. kowell, of die 22d U. S. Infantry. This gallant ofhcer was killed b\- a cannon shot from the Spanish heights beyond the American entrenchments during the exchange of shots on July 10, 1898.

Zbc .iSattlc ^Rl^oc ot San }\\.m !•:

Nos. 71 and ~2. lust Ixyond ( apl. Ri iwcll's ora\e to the southward arc Iud iimnarkcd graves ol iiiikiKiun AiiKriiau soldiers.

Crossing the road lo the southward and a hld(! alio\c ili«- road arc located three i^raves, as lollows :

No. 73. WiUiani I ). I )cnij)sler, piaxale. C()in|)an\- C. rd U. S. Infantry, thed |ul\- _;, 1S9S.

No. 74. John A. Lyttoii, ])ri\.itc, Conipain C. jd l. .s. Infantry, cHed |uly 2. iSqS.

No. y^. llionias I\\an. priN'ate, ConipanN' ( , 2d I . S. Infantry, died |ui\- 1. 1S9S.

No. 76. Near the l)ase of the Madre \'icja Mill on the northern side of the road Lieut. Re(;ves lias located th<* i^rave ot i'rank ]{. llopjic, i)ri\ate, C'oinpain .\, ;d l. S. lnfanir\_ who died ] iiK' _:;, i SgS.

No. 77. I'urlhcr u|) the slope toward the hei^inniiiL,^ of the northern line ot cntrcnchnKMits is located the ^^nu*' (»1 1-dward Ploud. private, Company \'., 21st I . S. Intantry. who died July I, I SgS.

The manner in which this hrave soKlier met his death has been related by Mr. P)onsal. .About tour o'clock on tin- after- noon of the I St of |ul\ the men ot Pearsons briiL^^ade were cliuL^inL; lo ihc crest ot Madi'c \ ieja, praying; tor iiiL^hl. »>r artillcr\-, or iiUrcnchinL; tools. ainlhiuL;- to relieve thtir desjx-rate plight. rhe\ were nearl\ crazy with thirst, of which they complained more bitterly than of the unceasine fire from the Spanish works. .Sonic ot them became delirious from the he.it. and, with their Ion u;ucs h.mL;in.L;' out. losmj^ all sense or aj)|)r«-cia- tion of dancer, would staml uj) and expose thems<-lves .is they looked around in the hope of discoveincr water nearer than the San Juan Creek, that seemed so distant. Ihe situation became

98 /IDartial Graves

unbearable, antl at last I'loud \olunteerecl to go to the stream and fill as many canteens as he could carry. Slinoing about his shoulders a number of empty canteens, he made a clash across the hundred yards or so of open space, during which time he was immediately under hre, being in plain view of the Spanish trenches. The bullets whistled all about him as he ran, but he passed through the leaden hail unscathed, and as he darted down the gulley which led back to the stream, our fellows in the trenches gave him a great cheer. They waited long and patiently, but he never returned. When darkness came on, and under cover of night the regular water detail was sent back, they found Ploud lying upon his face, half way down the ravine, with the heavy canteens of his comrades, which he had filled at the stream, strapped around him. He was dead — shot through the heart.

Beside him lay his campaign hat, on which he had written,

" E. Ploud, 2ist Infantry, Santiago, July ," He had left

the date blank, intending to fill it, when the city should be taken, with date of the capture. With a touch of sentiment which often came out in unexpected ways among cjur soldiers, when Santiago fell some of the men ot his company made a pilgrimage to Ploud' s grave, and painted into the blank space upon the rim of his hat, which had been placed upon the mound, the date of the actual surrender by the Spaniards.'-'

* Stephen Bonsai: "The Kight for Santiago."

CHAPTER V The Bloody Bend and the San Juan Plain

T

HE great now are gone who attempted to sa\e, The green grass is growing abune their grave ; Yet the sun through the mist seems to promise to me, "I'll shine on ye yet in your ain countree." Hame, hame, hame 1 Oh hame I fain would be ? O hame, hame, hame, to my ain countree !

The bud comes back to summer

And the blossom to the bee ; lUit I'll win back — Oh never.

To my ain countree. I'm leal to the high Hea\en,

Which will be leal to me, An' there I'll meet ye a' sune

Frae my Ain countree.

Allen Cinnlncilvm.

i^ ir

Fold-out Placeholder

This fold-out

is being digitized, and will be inserted a

future date.

102

martial Graves

/^adre viejQ

%''"sJ/lii

the open. The men \vack;cl through the waters to deploy in battle line behind the shelter of the second bank, and along that section of the road which crosses the plain almost due north and south. The road here is below the level of the plain, hence the name '• Sunken Road," and is l)ordered with a heavy hedge of bushes and small trees, which gave enough shelter from the enemy's terrific volleys to allow the battle line to form before making the final charge. Thus the infantry column formed in the Sunken Road, Gen. Hawkins' brigade, made an obtuse angle with that behind the second bank. Gen. Wikoff's brigade, and in their rushes across the plain the two columns

approached the en- trenched ridge at first on parallel and then on diverging liries, which spread out like a fan as they struck the ridge. The dia-

Skelch map line of a(h'ance of infanlry on San /nan Hill. oramatic plan (FlO".

55) approximatel)' i)resents the lines ot advance as represented to the writer by participants.

The Second Brigade of Col. E. P. Pearson passed along the Aguadores Road, crossed the lower ford of the San Juan, following the Third Brigade of Col. W'ikoff. Moviu'^^ along the southern and westc-rn c;dge of the plain, i)artly shc^ltered by the second bank of the river, th(t Tenth and Second Regiments marched forward in good order toward the little knoll on the left of the American position (See Ma}), k'ig. 36), which was Gen. Kent's objective point on the left. There they deployed and swept westward, striking the southern ridges ot the Madre

PEARSONS t d

Brigade

r'^ETTUHiLl

£V _£ 22'

I-'":- 5;

36loo^\? Bcnc^ au^ Gaii 3uan OMaiii 103

X'ieja Ilill. ainltlrox*- li;uk the cnciny in tli<- direction ot tlu-ir trenches, tluis lakiiiL;- a position nearer the cit)' than any other poiaion ot the hne. Ihi- I'wenty-ln'sl Ive^inient ol Pearson's bri^'adc was inoxcd o\ci' the main road to- sii])])()rt ( ien. Hawkins' lirst Ih'i^ade in its attack on the southern slope of Fort San | nan I lilk

I confess to l)t; somewhat pn//led as to the exact i)osition of the rwentN-first Regiment in theassanlt, Imt have j^dxcn its tlis- position as in the official report of MajtM'-( len. Kc.-nt. command- ing- the Infantrx' Division. I found no tracers that the regiment was ])resent with Hawkins' brigade diirin- the assault: but, jud^in^ 1)\' the dead buried beliiml the entrenchments ot th*- Ahidre \ ieja. a numlxr ot this regiment wer(,' killetl in the battle of lulv I St, and were buried in the position occui)ied by the re<^i- meiu immediateh' thereafter. k'oi- this reason, in the dia^i'am- atic map, V^i:;. 5S, I haxc placed the regiment with its proper brigade on the right of the d'entli and .Second. It is possible that a i){)rtion of it at least may ha\e been held in reserxc to suj)i)ort Hawkins' brigad(\ If the dead on the crest ot Madre Vieja were killed while supporting 1 lawkins, the\- were lak(Mi awav bv their comrades tor burial within tiieirouii lines, (jcn. Hates' hitlependent Brigade was detached trom I. aw ton's Division immediately after the tight at Caney, and moved to the extreme let't, where it took position on the morning ot |uly 2d along with I'earson's brigade on the heights ol Madre \ ieja.

The necessity of doing something to escape Irom their perilous position, and the seeming impossibility of moving in any direction but torward, caused the assauh upon Siin |uan Heights. One must have been upon th<' ground to s(;e the full force of this reasoning. A glance at the; rough maps accompan\ing these notes will show the situation on that dt-ead-

104 /IDavtial Graves

fill tono-ue of land lying- between the two branches of the San I nan River, the upper fork and the lower fork or Aguadores. On the south, the American columns were crowded along die trail known as the Aguadores Road, with the stream on one side, and a high wooded hill on the other, which hemmed them in from that direction. On the north was the fortified Kettle Hill girdled about with well-nigh impassable woods. l)chind them to the east was the narrow road over which they had come, now thronged with wounded men and litter bearers moving to the rear, and a ghastly fringe of dead comrades over whom clouds of buzzards were already hovering. The road was but a narrow ribbon of open space stretching through as dense a chaparral as tropical conditions could produce, a well- nigh impassable tangle of shrubs, trees, bushes, prickly cacti and wild trailing vines that grasped legs and arms and body and face, uncanny things, like the tentacles of devil fishes. Away to the northeast, toward Caney, the roar of batde was heard, so long continued that it showed that Lawton's troops were having serious opposition, with what results Heaven only knew. Thus the two American divisions, crouching and crawling in disjointed and dejected masses in the jungle aloncr the San luan River, were like the Israelites at the Dead Sea, hemmed in between the mountains on either flank, retreat cut off from the rear, and only one way to go — forward ! But there was no recognized leader there, like Moses, with right and power to give command. Circumstances had compelled a temporar\' abdication of the Fifth Corps commander-in- chief Who would e.xtricate them? The valor of Vara del Rey anil liis six hundred Spaniards had defeated and nullified the plan of campaign. Lawton's arrival on the right, for which Kent -And .Sumner were to wait, was eliminated from the

Bloo^v? I5cn^ an^ San }\\a\\ UMam

io->

<'<liiali()n l)y ih-il iiiuhoiiL^Iu of stand at (."aiii\. What was to Ix' (lone ;^ l.ii- in that jiiiil:I<-<1 nn-sojjotainia, alrcad)- " a tlark and Moody -round," and he shot to dcatli, as so nian\- of their conirack's had Itccn, without striking' a blow .•* Surely not ! I'all hack under that nuirderoiis fire, an arnu' in the tlcmoralizii-

1 ;u. 3u T)aii (itross Battle Plain to the Bloody Briul, on the soulhca>/(>n <n i.

tion of defeat crowding' to escape 1)\- one narrow trail, like the sands in an lioiir L^lass tlro]). dro|i. dro])]iin;,^ throuu;h a pinhole h'oni iJie iij)pei' to the lower hniiiej .^ 1 hat were certain disor- ganization of the arm\', ine\ital»le death to nian\\ a thin;^ intolerable to do.

Kxi /IDartial Graven

Before them la\' a broad, open plain, reaching to the heights of San Juan with its gray hnes o( ritle pits volleying and thundering death. Then came the impulse, first voiced by General Hawkins, as clear a word of Providence as that which came to Moses — "Say ye to the people that they go forward! " At all events it was a military necessity. It was the strategy of common sense. It came to others as well. " W^e shall storm the height," said (jeneral Sumner, pointing to the IMue House I iill. "because we must !" Colonel Rc^osevelt telt the impulse and took the responsibility of ordering his Rough Riders to advance. Field officers, captains and lieutenants everywhere, and the men themselves straining like hounds at the leash, felt the same impulse. " The army's safety lies in getting out of this labyrinthian purgatory — into yon open field — up that height ! Better die trying to seize it than King here seeking cover in \ain I "" Before them was the plain waving with guinea grass and spotted with trees. Beyond that the long ridge crowned with its 1)lockhouse over which the scarlet flowers of the flamboyant tree were trailing. Alas, there would be scarlet of anothc;r hue beneath those blossoms by and b\-. But, no matter ! " The nearer the crest, the safer ! Up ! Forward ! " A glance at the chart which indicates the distribution of the graves, will show how correctly they reasoned. At the edge of the field, just where the troops broke from the jungle and the Sunken Road, the gra\(;s are thickest, and then again on the crest of the ridge. In the middle flcUl few arc? buried ; at the toot ol the ridge not one.

Lieut. -Col. Miley, Gen. Shafter's aid, in the absence of his chief, took the responsibility and approved the verdict of the army. I lawkins' bugles sounded to the charge. Out ot the Sunken Road, through the thic-ket hed^c, through the wire

fence l)i-()k<- the Sixth and Sixicciuh Inlanlry. accomitanicil 1)\- a rcninanl ot the Sc\cnl\ first \( \v NOrk hu<j^i^'ini]^ tht-ir Sprin;:^"- fiekl ritlcs. Into tin- L;rass\- plain ihry pushed, under th<- lull blaze of the torrid sun. Ilien thi; first rusli began. Southward on the left of Hawkins" brigade, witli the P)l()f)dy i^x-nd as a pi\()t. W'ikoff's brigade scrambled oxer tin; second enibank- nu-nt. antl the 'ihirteenth, \inth and TwcMity-fourih inlantry joined in the advance. W'ikoff fell, kilh-d at tlic licad ot his brigade. Worth, his successor, f<-lh l.iscimi. Worth's succes sor, fell, anel Lieut. -Colonel, now ( icii. bwers, with the 1 hird Brig-ade started oxer the plain for the southern shoulder ol the ridge hard upon the lead of the hirst P)rigad(;.

The loss of our troops at tlie battle of San luan was severe. Cien. Kent reported his losses on luly i si, in the hirst Brigade, 5 officers and 3S men killed, i ^; officers and 224 men wounded and 4c; missing, man\' ot whom were doubtless killed. This was 16 per cent, of the brigade strength. 1 he 1 hird Brigade lost 6 officers and 29 men killed, 9 officers and 177 men woiuided and 9 men missing. Ihe Second P)rigade. Gen. Pearson, which was not so activel\- engaged, lost i officer and 10 men killed, and 10 ofhc(;rs and 62 men woundetl. Ihe grand totals arc 12 officers and 77 men killed, 32 ofhcers aiul 40; men woimdetl and 5S missing, 642 in all. Of these, the hirst P>rig ade lost 32() : the Third, 1 So : the .Second, S;,.

Maj.-(ien. Leonard Wood, then colonel commanding the Secoinl Brigade, Ca\alr\" l)i\ision, consisting ot the hirst Regular Cavalry. Tenth Regular Cavalry and the Rough Ritlers. reported that he took into action 75 officers and 1446 men, and lt)st 21 officers killed and wounded and 217 men killed and wounded. This is a loss of 2') per cent, of officers and 15 per cent, of enlistetl men. Col. Roosevelt in his report states that the

108 riDartial Graves

Rough Riders wrnt into the fight about 490 strong. Eighty-six men were killed or wounded and 6 missing, and the great heat prostrated nearU' 40 men. some of them among the best in the regiment. This loss, not counting the men prostrated (some of whom subsecpicntly died), amounts to 18.7 per cent, of the entire command, which appears to be the heaviest loss suffered by any single organization engaged in the battles of July ist.

Maj.-Gen. Wdieeler states '^' tliat his Cavalry Division lost 18 per cent, of its number, or nearly one in five. Gen. Kent's Infantry Dixision lost 1334 per cent., or nearly one-seventh; while Lawton's Division lost 7 per cent., or one in fourteen. In the Cavalry Division, the proportionate losses were twice as great as those in man)' ot the great battles of Europe. At Waterloo the English lost about 10 per cent., and the average loss in Napoleon's great battles did not exceed 8 per cent.

This briet summary vividly presents, on the one hand, the serious character ot the task undertaken by the American sol- diers and the enormous exposure to which they were subjected ; and, on the other hand, the vigor and valor of the Spanish defence of their entrenchments. One can hardly resist the con- clusion that could less time have been given to the Spanish commanders to complete the defences of Sin )uan, and the Americaii army could have been moved promptly forward after the battle ot Las (iuasimas, our success would have been achieved earlier and with far less loss of life and limb, and with less ot that exhaustion and sickness which were more tatal than Spanish bullets. I lowtner, it would seem from Lieut, Hobson's notes -j" that even betbre the arrival of our troops, the Spaniards had begun to fortify the northeastern hills surrounding San-

* " The Santiago Campairjn," p. 227.

t " The Sinking of the .J/rvv/wr?!," p. 249.

36loo^v .1Bcn^ all^ Sail '}\\an irMan\

Ki'.i

ticiL;(), as though a\\;irc thai our .l^^allh would b<- ti'oin thai direction. IIk- L^rcatcst loss occurred on the road and trails approaching the ford, at the ford of the San juan near the Bloody Rend, and while awaiting- in the Sunken Road and behind

the enihankincnl ot the plain. 1 he L;ra\H's arc sealtcrcil oxer tlu- plaiii, ,L;ro\\inL^- l(_:ss lrc(|iiciu as one. ai)])roai-hfs the rid«^e, antl \Tr)' Irequcnt as he nears tiie Sunken Road and the lUoody Bend. (See Map and Chart, k'i^-. 30.)

List and Description of Graves

Xo. 7S. In the midst ot tlic plain, almost midway Ix-twcrn San luan Kid^c and the ri\er is a L;ra\c which appears to contain two kodies. rh{' marks are " j. k. W. F. 24-1 " and ■' I. 1 )olan, Co. C. i;.." ••J. k. W." was identihed k\- Col. Crane, of the 9th C S. \'olun- teers. as tin: initials ot Sergeant John 1'. W iliiams, F Co., J 4th Infantry, the Colonels own company ot the rej^ulai' arm\'. Col. Crane's reL^imcnt was en- camped on .San juan Ridofe at the time ot mv visit, and he kindU acrom- l-'i'- 57— <''•'• ('>'""■ -if Srr^/. iiw/iatn.f (Jmzr. pamed me o\(T the plam and pointed out a numkei' ol iL^rax'es.

Xo. 79. " I. I )oran, Co. C, i;,th Intantry I'. S."" Private |ohn 1 )oran is kuried in the same .L;ra\e as .ScrL^canl W iliiams. and died on the same dav.

	1^	r'
^^^^n^j^^^H^BSKfln		1
	HL- #-	3

no

/iDartial Graves

Xo. 80. Going directly east toward the road one finds a sino-le oTa\e, much sunken, under a lar^e tree. The headboard

XU"..	'■ ■ <	''. " '■■"■	-^v. . . ,■
Ml/- ■'	lit-	'*^.	■,/jti- ■ il"/.	■ -ft;

Fig. 58 Gni'i'c of Private 'I hcodore Bt oivii, 0th I . S. Infantry.

is inscriljtxl : " l\t. Theodore !)rown. Co. 1). 6th U. S. Infantry. Killed |ul\- I St. 1898." (Fig-. 58.) I'his is probably the F)rown of the Sixth Infantry, who stood in the Hattle Plain during the charo^e, holdin'-- l)ack a broken wire; (^ntans^lement for his lieu-

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112

/IDartial Graves

':^^

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4k^

tenant to i)ass. Ahhoiioh Manser Imllets were raining- aronnd him. the habit of discipline was so stron^- that he htted his unoccupied hand to sahite the officer as he went 1)\-. In a tew moments Brown lay (.lead upon the field.

No. Si. W'alkiuL;' southerly throuL^h the lono- grass one stops at the o-rave of Capt. .\le.\ander M. W'etherill, 6th U. S. Infantrx'. It is cpiite nt^ar the heav\- fringe of shrubbery that

skirts the plain at the edge of fj-'' the Sunken Road. It has been

decorated by the Lafayette Post of the ( I rand Army of the Rej)ublic. I)rooklyn, N. Y., of which Capt. Wetherill was a member. A cross ot cartridges s(*t within a circle ot the same is arranged above the bosom. A small I'nited States flag sur- mounts the decoration ot the Post, and its bright waving folds give a prett)' touch of life and color amid the scene.

No. S2. " C. D. Jacob, Ir. Private, Trooj) C, 1st Caxalry. Killed July 1st, 1898." The grave of Charles I). Jacob is placed near the Sunken Road, a few paces trom the tringe of shrubbery. The inscription is car\ed on an inclined s(piare of marble. This is under the same tre{,' with Lieut. Michie's, antl tht; two gra>es are on opposite sides and tace in opposite directions, that of Jacob looking north (I'ig. 61). Jacob's grave marks the furthest southern point which the cavalrymen appear to have reached,

ACTIOM

Fig. 60 Headboard al Capt. IVelhenll' s Grave.

114

/iDartial Graves

showino- that hvrc the men of the two divisions were inter- mingled.

Xo. 83. "Lieut. Dennis M. Michie, 17th Infantry, Killed in action luly ist, 1898." The grave of this gallant officer is under the same tree as tlic^ above, the head close to the trunk, the body facing nearly south (Fig. 61). The inscription is on an erect marble headstone. The mound is edgfed with small stones, and has a wire enclosure in need of repair, Lieut. Michie was a son of Prof. Michie, of West Point Military

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Fig. 62

Fig. 6-;

Fig. 62 — C,ra7'e of Private Frank Giaffin.

Fig. 6j — Grave of Corporal Wallace, bth F. S. Infantry.

Academ\-. lie was one of the aids of Gen, Hawkins, and was killed at the river near the Bloody Bend while directing the soldiers to a point where they might cross the deep and narrow stream Ijy a huge fallen tree over which the General and his staff had reached the i)lain.

Xo. 84. '• Graftin, Reinterred 6 feet X. W. of original grave by members i st I). C. Vol. Co. D." Private Prank Graffin (as the name reads on the official list) of Company A, 6th U, S. Infantry, and CVjrporal Wallace of the same company,

Bloo^v? JBcn^ an^ San 3uau ipiam

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are l)iiric(.l on the wc-st side ot the siiiikcii road close iij; a'^aiiist the hank and ihc ihick hcdL^c which skirts th(; i)lain i l^'jors. 62, 63 and r'iu-. 2. Cliap. I). I'hey arc huricd in a line, ( ircdhn's i^Tax'c hcinor the sonthcrn one 'I"hc\' are enchjsetl in separate fences, tornicd ol lon^; slicks hud upon forked stakcts wliich arc ready to lall lo pieces. (iralVin's ^raxe has near tiie head a cross ot cartrid;.4es inserted into lh(; L^roiuid, prohahK' from his own cartritli^e ho.x. 1 wo lampaiL^n hats are placed on the mound and a tin plate is leaned up a<4'ainst the h)ot, doubtless a part of th.e fallen soldier's oultit. lie was killetl |ul\' 1, i SqS.

Xo. 85. ••Wallace, Co. A. I'.'s. inf." Ihe companion L;ra\ e to ( "irathn's is that of COrporal Hdmond R. Wallace. It is enclosed in the same fashion and located alouL^side ot it on the road m which the ti'oiii)S were formed hcfore the final rush. .\ campaiL;-n hat lies on the mound. 1 he only inscription is on a stick thrust into the mound which indicates that he loelon^ed to A Co. of the oth r. S. lnfantr\-. I le was killed jul\- I. 1898.

Xo. 86. •• l^"i\-ate Ivohert ColliuL;', Co. (1. kig. 64

I 6th Int. Kilhnl July I St, l8c)8." South of the MarJtcr on thes'm'e above, in the same road, hut on the op|)()site "^ Corporal Wal-

side, is the L.;ra\'e of l\ol)eri C'ollinL^. It is closi; lip a_i.;'ainst the hank, and is cnbow aa-ed b^- the dense over- hanging^ shrubbei'w Ihe whole effect is one of riistTc beauty. It is enclosed b\ a wire fence and th<! inscri|ition is punched in upon a i)iece of sheet tin ( Fii^. (^"^ .

Xo. 87. "Doran, Co. V , hth IntV About fifty paces south of the L:rave of Lieut. Michie is a mound under a tree* Ix-'arinL""

\\'i

iiG /iDavtial Graves

the above inscription. It is not tar from tlie roadside, and is the araveof Corporal John Doran, or Dorn. as the name is spelled on the ofhcial list.

Xo. SS. "Private Conselyea. Co. R. 13th Inf. killed m Action fulv ist, 98." Charles Conselyea and two comrades (Nos. 89 and 90) appear to be buried together in a larg-e grave on the edge of the path leading along the angle of the plain to

•■■• . ™. .'>■'?' '^^l-/ '^% ■ , ■/ /m.

:■'■:■ .■ /. l-'iG. 65

Enclosed grave of Roberl Colling.

the San jiian Kixerat the- IMoody Ik-nd. The jjath forks around the graves, which is situated on the slope of the second bank, near th(; ford. TIk^ inscriptions arc- made in pencil on three narrow pieces of a small box-lid which were 1>roken down, but laid upon the mound beside a campaign hat. Tuttsot tall grass girdle the edges.

No. 89. "Harry C. Slricklcr, Privt. Co. 1>. i :,th Inf. Killed luly I St, 1S9S." I'roljably buried in the same grave as No. 88.

Bloo^v .1Gcll^ an^ Gail 3\\i\n Iplam

117

Xo. go. •• l')arlhi)li>nit'\\ I'.illcry. Corp. Co. l'>. i,uh Int. killftl |uly I. iSgS." l'rol);il)ly ori-inally Iniriccl in th<- same orave as Conselyea and Sirirklcr.

In the nei^-hborhood of the -ra\e of l'i-i\a!<: l\o:o, and near the centre of ilir pl.iin. Mr. l\ho(h-^ found two -raves, one marked with ih(; nanu- of 1 larry C". SirickU-r. Comi)any I'., i;,th I'nited Stales Infantry, and the other with the name of r.. Caller)-. Private, Company 1'., i ;.ih L'nited .stales Infantr)-. lie also found the markers bearing these names on tile lar_o-e mound above described, as 1 had lett them. I can account lor the (.liscrepancy only by supposing" that the bodies were su bstujuen tly re mo\-ed without i"emo\inL;- the markers which were placeel upon the- common o^rave. I have incHcated on the chart ( Id^-. ;,6) the location of these two graves ^•^.^^..^, ^y corporai joh,, Dom,,, „,.„■ /<ioo.,y /v, //:/. bv the numbers Sqa and

QOA. resi)ectively, showine- the; approximate points at which Mv. Rhodes found tliem, but haxc left m\- own record as made on the spot.

Xo. gi. •• I'aiil Kuiled-c, i ,uh C.S.I. Killed in .\ction. July 1st, iS()S." Xear the ford, close to th<- junction ot the .San I nan and Agnadores Rivers, arid in the angle of tlie l)lain, known as the " l)lood\- I'x'nd," are tour -raxes. I hat of Corporal Rutledge, of .\ Comi)any. is enclosed with Private Wright's in a stpiart- rustic fence, wliose stakes, tiiree on each

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KiG. 66

11^

riDaitial Graves

side, are siipportttl 1)\- harliccl wire ])in(l(*rs. '1 he niountls are oreen witli o-rass and other plants, Wris^ht's bein^' almost covered, and a heavy j^rowth of shrubbery and ^rass surrounds the fence. The board at the head of Rutledge's grave is surmounted b\- a cross (Fiq". 68).

No. 92. " 'J'homas \\'ri-ht, Co. A. 13th T. S. Infantry." A rude cross is placed at the head of the mound bearing- the above inscription (Fis^- 68).

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Vie. 67 Grave of Priva/es Consclyta and S/ricl-Ier and Corpinal Callcry, near Bloody Bend.

No. 93. "Lieut. \V. A. Sater, 13th V. S. Infantry." The grave of 1 st i.ic-ut. William A. Sater is a little nearer the ri\er than the above, and is enclosed by a barbed wirt' lence sup- ported by four rustic stakes. The headljoard bears the above inscription, and llicre is also a footboard. 1 he tropical growth of plant life is fast shutting in this and other graves. They are onl\' about ten paces Irom tht- stream, and the heavy floods

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xnooov? Jbcno ano ^^aii :i\\m\ ipiaiu "•-

in the raiiu" season i)r()l)alil\' will oxciilow thcni. I he path that leads to the ford, a taxorite hathinjj^ place tor the troops, is ahout ("ifteen feet from the L:ra\<^'s (I'ii;'. 6q).

Xo. ()4. '• Capl. John 1 )ruin, loih l'. S. Int." 1 he \aiaiu orave of this L;allant ottieer, whose remains ha\c heen renioxctl to the Initecl States, is one ot" the al)o\c .L^rou]) ot tour, and is north ot' and close to the L^raxcs ot I\iitlcd-<- and \\'ri_L;ht.

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Tig. 68

Graves of Paul Rutledge aii.f 'Hiodios Wright, at lU.w.iv /uii.i.

The number of graves clustered within this corner oi the plain well justifies the name of " the Bloody IW-nd " which i)articii)ants in the tp^ht have oiven it. Colonel W'ikott'. who conunanded the Third Ih-i^adc; of Kent's Uixision, was killed at this ])oinl at 12.05 P- '''"'•• '^hhouL^h huried ac'ross the ri\cr some tlistance alono- the Aguadores Road. Lieut. -Col. W. S. Worth, of the Thirteenth Infantrv, who succeeded him as Hrioade Commander.

120

/iDartial Graves

was wounded here. I.i(nit. E. H. Liscum. ot the Iwenty-fourdi, who succeeded Worth, was wounded ahnost immediately there- after, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Col. Kwers, of the 9th Infantry, who sur\i\ed and led the brigade up the ridge. 7dius this brigade had tour commanders within about ten minutes, a record of casualties in general officers rarely if ever equalled.

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Fic. 69 (Jraz'i- of J.iiitt. Saler, at Bloodv Bc'tuf.

Xo. 95. Just across the Sunken Road from the gra\e of Lieut. .Sater. on a side trail that leads down to the junction of the Aguadores and San Juan Ki\crs, is the grave of Corporal John McConville, Co. E., 13th U. S. Infantry, killed July 1 st, 189S.

Xo. 96. 'llie grave of Richard X. Dowling is about seven- ty-tive yards south of Lieut. iMichie's, in tlie field. It is enclosed l)y thick stakes and sticks laid in log cabin fashion. The? hat

BlooDv? "Bcwi) an^ San :}nan ilMam

121

rests oil lh(; hosoni , a tile lies Ix-xond it. 1 he L^i'iiss has already almost lihldcn the eiu-losiirc, Imi the insci'iplK >ii is on a lioanl fastened in ihi- middle ot a tall stake or braiu h at the l^hu'^' s head, so that it shows atar hke a banner. 1 he inseription is : "Richard I )o\vlinL; Private Co I'' 13th Inlt. SantiaL^o, |ul\' ist, I (S9S We mnnrn our loss. K. 1. 1'."" (i'i^s. 70. 71).

No. (;7. •' |ohn |. Kiernan, l'ri\at<; Co. C, 13 U. S. Inf. killed Iiil\' 1st, I SgS. Rest in peace" This inscrij)tion is cut into a l)(v\ lid placed ahox'e a L^rax'e m a hollow under

the shelter ol the decli\'it\' which toi'ins the further l)aid< ot the strt^am. I'he plain drops away here.' alon^' its southern ed^e, the result, prohahlv. ot erosion. .\ raised cross, carved wiihin a trians^le at th(^ top ot the hoard, is neatK' done. In the hark of a tree standing" just above on tlu; ridsj^e ot the declivit\- are carved the ini- tials ■• 1. K. Co. C. 13. k" whith further identities the orave. (See V\<^. I I , Chap. Ik)

No. 9S. The i^rave of '• Idmer (i. Wood, L"o. ( i. i j;th U. S. Infantry," is under a tree thirty paces south of Kiernan's (^rave. The insciii)tion is caretulK' car\ed.

No. 99. "2(1 Lieut. [. A. (■.urne\-, 24 C. S. Infnitry. Killed Iul\- ist, i8()8 " Lieut. Ciurney's ^rive is situated on the crest of the inner ridi-e, or second bank of the ri\ er under a tree

Kk; 70 O'/ v/rv ./ Richard Doivliii^, Sail Jiiun Pliiin.

122

/IDavtial Graves

wliich grows on ihe crest and sj)reads its foliage over the spot. The tree is solitary, and with the gra\e forms a picturesque view. The inscription is carefully cut on the headboard, and the mound is etlged round ahout with large pebbles. The San Juan River is near b)-, and adds to the charm of this strikingK' beautiful natural scenery at this point (big. 72 K

Lieut. John A. Gurne\' was born in Hart, Michigan, in 1S72, and graduated at the United States Military Academy at \\ est boint in 1891. near the head of his class. The esteem in w hich he was held by his classmates was shown by his choice

as class president. Among his class- mates was Lieut. Joseph S. Augustin, Jr., who was Ijorn in New Orleans in i(S-4. He had been married less than a year when he fell mortalh' wounded while leading his heroic regiment of black regulars, the 24th Inlantrw up the sloi)es of San luan ridge.

The case ot these two \()ung men is especially interesting, and gives a striking indication of the happy changes that have been slowly work- ing in the United States toward the binding togdher of the North and the South. It had escaped, indeed it had scarcely entered into my thoughts, that since the close of the war against Rebellion, a large numlu'r of the youth of the Southern States had l)een gradualh' introduced by legal appointment into the National .Military and Naval Academies, and thus into the army and navy. There, under the Stars and -Striix's, the)- ha\e l^een nurtured in the love of countr\' and in

I'lG. 71

Marker oti Ric/iard Dowling Grave.

J6100&V? 36cn^ nuD Sau 3unn UMaiu ii'::

tcllowshi]) with their coniradcs tVoni the Norihcrii States, which was subsequcntl)- hrouoht to lii^ht l)ythc c'\c-iUs of the S|)anish AnuM"ican War. It came as a surprise t<» the people at hir^c that some ol the most heroic fiL^ui'^-s in the National service, both on land and on sc-a, were the sons ot" .Southern families, the descendants ol Confederate \-eterans. who had lou-ht in the Civil War of the Si.xties. AmonL; these was Lieut. Au-iistin. of New Orleans, who, in the Militar)- Acadenn-, foi-med a strong- affection for youii'^ (iurnew of Michij^an.

I he two men represented the exti'eme South and the extreme Xorth. j'hey were "chums" duriiiL; the entii-e coui'se ol four \ears at West Point, and that the\- mi-ht not be sejja- rated. together enteretl the Twenty fourth Infantry. It has been stated that when they went toi^cther to .SantiaL^'o, the\- aL^reed with each other tliat if one should fall, the other slvnild break the news to the lo\ed ones at home. It was so ordered that one shoLiKl not Ije taken and the otiier left. In the charge across the battle plain and u]) the heights of .San luan the two Iriends were both stricken to death. 1 he blood of Augustin trom tile warm sunny South and the blood of (birney from the cool breezes ol the far Xorth. mingled together upon the trojji- cal soil of Cuba. Ciurne)- lies sleei)ing undera lone tree on the crest of the elevated bank just beyond the P)loody IUmkI and near the sj)ot where he fell. His gra\e looks ilown upon the San juan gliding betwecMi its fringe of tro])ical trees. Lieut. Augustin was carried back from the liekl across the San \uAn, along the Aguadores Roatl. and so on from K\ Pozo to the Idrst Dixision Hospital by the headquarters of (len. Shafter. There he dic-d and thei(i he was buried, surrounded b\- a great number of his fellow-soldiers of \arious ranks, irost of whom are l)urie(l among the " I'nknown."

Fig. 72 Crave of Luul. Curney, on ihe crest of the second bank of the San Juan, near Bloody Bend.

.1Sloo^\: .1Bcu^ au^ San :tiian ipiam i-"'

Iftliis war has accomplished iiolhiiio- else, il has at least \vrouL;ht lor our coiintr\' an iiUcrhleiiuinLj^ ot the various sec- tions, Xorlh, South, West and luist in the common service and common sacrifice, and, alas, in the common death, ol some ot thv. choicest si)irits of the Army and .\a\y, in a common dexo- tion to llie honor of our common country and our common lla^'. May the hond thus sacredK' sealed in the blood ot our yonn^- heroes on the 1 attlefields of Cuba, Puerto Rico and Manila nexcr a^aiii be broken '

No. loo. Aii unknown <;rave, no mark thereon, is ])lac<«l on th(? edoe of tlu- river llat at the foot of the second bank, it is beneath the Ijank on which is Lieut. (iurne\'s urax-e. but a little to the cast thereof

\o. loi. '• Uaniel l.oner^an. Co. II, i ;th InfnUry. Kill<'(l July 1st, iSgS." d'his L^raxc is situat<-d about one hundred pace's east of Lieut, (iurnes's L;ra\e under a loiu- plum tree, and twelve paces north from the A^uadores River. A i)hoto graphic tMigravinL;' is oi\-en in Chap. 1, fig. i.

No. I02. Returning to th«' plain a liule to the northeast of the g-rave of Richard Dowling, Mr. Rhodes has located the grave of V. Roto. Private, Compaiu' A, i;,th I'nited .States Infuurw The otLicial list gives the name Lrederick Role (apparently). Killed b'ly ist, 1S9S.

\(). 103. " L. fi. Lewis, Lieut. Co. Ck odi Int. Killed in action |ul\- ist, iSgS." The grave: of this Ijright Noung ot'hcer is on the north side of the Aguadores Road, a short distance beyond the crossing. A growth of splendid trees rises between it and the .\guadoi-es Ri\cr close by. troni which came up the merry shouts of a compan\- of bathers ot the gth I . .S. \ olun- tcers. the onlv sounds that broke the deep silence. A space for the 'Tra\"e was cut into the wilderness (^t tropii-al shrubberx'.

126

/iDartial Graves

and loviiiL;- hands h;ul evidently prepared the sepulchre with such care as circumstances would permit ; and faithful friendship can do much to adorn the sepulchre of a soldier even amidst the hurry and the confusion following- a victorious batde. The o-rave is now almost embowered by the surrounding plants, the

Vu

Grave of 2d Lieut. Louis IL Leivis on the Aguadores, near /Uoody Bend.

road alone keeping open the view from the southeast, 'i he inscription has been punched into a i)iece ot zinc. The mound is supported near tlK- base by encircling rows of square bricks, but the (;arth extends a little beyond the bricks. The grave is on a slight slope and the head is elevated. Rustic stakes are

JBlooDv? Bcu^ an^ San 5uaii OMaiii

\2:

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I '; ■

'Hi.V ■'

J f^ iV:B ^'nT.j^ Cft L l\"H'^M.

placed at the i-orncrs, and llicse are siipjjortfd l)y two striiiL^s of barbed wire. (bii;. 7,^.1

Xo. 104. I'nkniiwn American Soldier. ( )ii a sid(^ road leadiiiL:' up tlu; slope from tlu; .\L;iiadores Road toward a brick \'ard is an unmarked ofrave.

Xo. 105. ••John Booth, private Co. L. 71st X. \'. \'ols." Some distance further east aloiiL; tlui Af^uadores Road and about midway i)etu(-{'n tin; i^raves of Lieut. Lewis and Col. W'ikotf, (jne sees on the soutli side ot th(; road the _L;ra\e of |()hn l)Ooth. It lies just undc-r the? hill slope on th<' llat space or Ijottom lainl ot the river road. It is a large s(piart: enclosure ot stones, most of which are (juite white, and several of these of i^'oodly size. ( )n one of the laro-e stones placed at the head is cut the name " L)Ooth," and the reo-imental number "71." The orave is tlat, with little elevation, so tliat there is no distinct mound. It is sur- rounded by the leaves and ten- drils ot a wild \•int^ which lu-re

festoons the earth and all the shrubbery. L makes a thick entano-lement ever\\vhere, and attords a' lodL^ment for hosts of mosquitoes that almost prevented one trom takinq^ notes and making- sketches. The crrave was thickly covered with this vine, which matted the entire surface ami almost hid the smaller

Sross on the grai'es of'yjolin l^ooth avJ //>/;. Frti'cr.

128

finartial Graves

stones in the fence. I had to tear away the vine and its ground tendrils in order to trace the outhne of the orrave, which would not have been noticed had not the cross caught my eye as we drove by. On the standartl of the rough wooden cross is inscribed : " May his soul rest in peace. Amen." On the cross piece are the name and regiment as above given. (See two engravings. Figs. 4, 5. Chap. I.)

I-IG. 75

Grave oj U'm. J. McIlTaine.

No. !o6. I'rivatc W'm. Preger. Co. A. 7 ist N. Y. Vols. Killed July i st, 1S9S. Mr. I). H. Rhodes informed me that two persons are buried in thct grave of John Booth on the banks of the Aguadores, a fact which had escaped my notice. The name as above was written on the Ixick of the cross on Booth's grave.

No. 107. C.XKXowx. — l)eyond the grave of I)O0th and on the right hand sich- of the road (S. \\.) there is an unmarked grave, placc^d against the vA\:^v. of the; hill, as are the three pre- cedintr ones.

Jl3loo^\■> JHcnC* an^ San 3iian ipiam

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No. loS. ••W. j. Mcllvainc. Co. 1). i ,nh I'. S. Int. Killed in battle |iily i st, 189S. Mrectcd by iiis sorrow inu; comratles.'-' AdvanciiiL^r alonor the Ai^aiadorcs Road toward Sil)one\'. and about inidwa)- Ix'tween tlie i,aave of liooth and Prefer and that of Col. W'ikoff and on the same side of the roatl is the i^rave of \Vm. |ohn Mcllvaint^ It is in a shaded retired sjjot at the base of the hill in which a space is cleared oft' for the grave. This is surrounded by a barbed wire fence strunL;' troni tour stakes, and also 1)\' an inner enclosure suspendetl h^oni a number of small smooth spool-like stocks (bii;. y^]. The cross on the edoe of the headboard is raised up by carvin^ and a carved scroll below the inscription bears the motto: " Recpiiescat in pace" llii;. 76). A number of cartridges arc inserted in the mound without any apparent design as to pattern. McIKaine Avas shot through the h(;ad while charging over the plain. He threw up his hands with the exclama- tion, " My God I " and all was over. lie was a citizen of Philadelphia. His l)od\-

1 1.1 1 1 • r »i 1 * I had boar J at the e^ra-.e of

was brouL-iit hom(! 1)\ his lather, who sent „. , ,, „ •

■^ - \\ III. I. Mclkaitie.

a sjx^cial messenger, a former comrade, to

Santiago. It was interred in Mt. Moriah Cemeter\-. Thiladel- phia, with military honors, a funeral escort ha\ing been sent from his regiment, the Thirteenth Infantr)-, th( n stationed at Governor's Island, in New York.

No. 109. "Col. Charles A. Wikotf. ii(\ V. .S. Infantry." This distinguished officer commanded ihe ;d Brigade, consist- ing of the 9th, 13th and 24th Infantry of the i st Division. Gen.

Fig. 76

130

/IDartial Graves

Kent's of tilt' 5tli Ann\- Corps. He was killed in the Hloody Bend on |iil\ i st. iSgS. while forniinL;- his men for the assault on San Juan Hill. 1 lis body was carried back alon^- the Agua- dores Road and laid bcMieath a tree, whence it was taken by INIaj. McCleary. of Gen. Kent's staff, and under his direction was buried on the left side of the road near the cross-roads, about 200 yards from the second crossing of the San Juan River, east branch. It was afterwards re-interred underneath two trees, on

the side of the road diagonally opposite the first place of burial in the anole of the crossin<j. At the original burial a chap- lain, whose name has not been learned, officiated, Maj. Mc Cleary and the luu'ial squad of soldiers being present. He was buried in his imiform as he fell, his body being wrapped in a shelter tent. The ])resent burial site is a beautiful antl sheltered one. A small marker is placed at the head of the mound with no inscription except his name and the number of the regiment in the U. S. Army, of which he was Colonel. A large triangular space, including the grave, is enclosed by a barbed wire fastened at two points to strong rustic stakes and at the; third to a tree. It is supported in part by another tree. Xo. 110. Turning back toward San Juan Hill, from the grave of Col. W'ikoff, along the Siboney Road toward the Agua- dores, one comes to the grave of Christensen Axel, Private, E Co. 1 6th U. S. Infantry. It is on the roadside.

Fk;. 77

Plan shounnii site of Col. lViko(f' s gravi

The original burial place is across the road.

,16loo^\: .iScuD au^ San 3uau iplam

181

No. iQi. luiiher along this road goiiiL;' northward is the grave of lulwartl J. Ross, 'I^roop (], 6th Cavalry. Killed at San jiian, luly ist. 1S9S. Capl. |. WCsi, of Troo]) ( i, writes that " While the troop was waiting on the hankot the .\giiadorc:s Creek to adwance. Ross was hit in tlie leg l»y a Imllet, and was carried a tew yards to the rear under sht^lter ot a hank, and soon after dicxl and was buried there, and a headboard put ui)at his gra\e." The body

)Ot

ol Mr. l\oss was re- ni()\-ed 1)\ Iriends to his home in Washington.

Xo. 112. I nknow II. Westward ot Ross's grave and on the same side of the road but nearer the bank of the ., .,.^^1 Aguadores, is an un- \\)/iii marked gra\'e, |:)robal)l\' of a soldier of the Cav- alry Division.

W^e are now follow- ing the line ot march ot the Cavalr\- Hixision along the .Siboney Road toward .Santiago, hi this section the cavalrymen were massed, lying in the jungle underneath the heavy bushes and woodetl growth ot the plain between the two branches of the San Juan Ri\-er. To their left a i)ortion of the intantry was massed, the remainder being oil the southern side of the Aguadores River.

Xo. 113. Leaving the grave of Cavalryman Ross and tord- ing the Aguadores River, we locate the grave of Lewis Reynolds, Private, C<^m[)any A, i st Lnited .States X'olunteer Ca\alry.

I'll). 78

l/caiUward at Col. W'tkoff" s i^rave.

■z ^

^

56loo^\^ 56cu^ an^ San 3uau UMain i-^"^

killed |iil\- isl. It is on ihc hank ot" ihc .\L;iia(l<)rcs, a liulc norlhcasi ( >!" ihc tnrdin;^-.

No. 114. ( )n the riyht sidr of die Sihoiicy Road, a litth; distance Ijcyond llic crossinL^, is a lar-c niound rontaininL;' di(' l)odies of five soldiers. ( )n the rude inark(,T whicli indicates the names of the inmates, appears the name ot Chaplain Switl. who (■\idcinl\- ofticiatcd at the Imrial of the men, and Idi the rec(jrd 1)} which their hodies ha\e been identified. Ihc hrst in the list is C". r>. Ilrown, Private, Company M. 71st Xiw \ ork Inlantrv.

No. 115. Millard 1". Perkins, wa-oncr Co. I"', ^)th C. S. Ca\'alr\'. died Iul\- 2d. 1S9S.

\o. 116. lames iJoyle. Prixate, .\ Co.. 1st Lnited States X'olunteer Caxalry. died July 2d. iSqS.

No. 117. lames L. l.an-le\-. Sadler, \\ Cn.. oih lnited .States Caxalry. died |ul\- 2d, 1 SoS.

Xo. iiS. John !•". Robinson, Priv.ite, rro()[) P.. 1 st I nitetl .States X'olimtcer Caxalry. Died July 2d, iSgS.

No. I H). I'nknown. Piirlher aloiiu; the road .ind on the northern side not far from the upper fork ot the San pian is an unmarked grave.

No. 120. Crossing the .SiPoiu-y Road and adxancin^- alonur the bed of a drv water course in the \er\- midst ot the bushy plain are lour L:"i';i\'es of men ol" thf loih Cnitcd .Stales Intantry. riiev are in a L^roup almost in a line due east trom the i^rave ot Lieut. Michie in the pkun bitore .San pian, and just west of the laroe orave containin^,^ Numbers i 14-1S. The plain earthen mounds are simpl\- mai'ked b\- penciled sticks and th<' records are as follows :

No. i2(\ Ca])tain 'rheoi)hilus W. Morrison. loth I nited States Intantry, killeil July ist, 1898.

134 nriartial Graves

\(). 12 1. St^rgeant ]\Iichacl O'lh'icn, Compan)- 1), i6th United States Infantry, killed July ist, 1898.

No, 122. Sero-eant loseph M. Haag, Comi:)any V, 1 6th U. S. Infantry, kilfed July i st. 189S.

No. 123. Harvey R. Ross, Private, Company E, i6th L'nit(-d .States Infantr)'. killed Jul)- 1st, 1S98. The marker bears the name of " Charles " Ross, l)ut there is no such person amony the killed of the i6th Inf , and the above, which is on the official list, is doubtless correct.

Chapter VI

On and Around Kettle Hill

w

HAT hallows ground where heroes sleep ?

'Tis not the sculptured piles you heap ! In dews that heavens far distant weep

Their turf may bloom. Or genii twine beneath the deep Their coral tomb ;

But strew his ashes to the wind

Whose sword or voice has served mankind- And is he dead whose glorious mind

Lifts thine on high ? To live in hearts we leave behind

Is not to die !

Is't death to fall for Freedom's right ?

He's dead alone that lacks her light, And murder sullies in Heaven's light

The sword he draws. What can alone ennoble fight ?

A noble cause !

Thomas Campukll.

On and Around Kettle Hill

|i 1!^ American troops advanced from thr sea to San- tiatro alone the Sibonev or Pozo Road. 1 his haves the city at the Cuartel Reina Mercedes, aiul i)assini^ the blockhouse called I'Ort C'anosa, where it forks to the northeast toward Cane\-, trends east by south, crosses the loHL,^ rido;e of San [uan, which it descends, and then winding- around the Pond, di\ercres southward and crosses the upper or northern branch of the San \\va\\ i\i\(r. Thence it bears south, crosses the lower braiich of the San bian, which i> known as the Ai^uadores River or Rio Seco, and trendiuL;- southeast, followino- the course of the latter stream, pursues its way through the lumpy valley to the coast mountains, over which it ascends and passes through the vale of Pas Guasimas to Sib- oney by the sea. About two miles and a half from Santiago it passes El Pozo, on whose height Grimes's battery was stationed during the battle of July ist. and further on passes the head- quarters of Gen. Shafter and the site of the hirst I )ivision lidd Hospital which, during llic battle, was in charge ot Major- Surgeon Wood. Near by are many graves and trenches, most of whose inmates are unknown. Before the road reaches Sib- oney it again crosses running water two or three times.

Near the })oint where this road descends the San Juan heights it forks to the south, and swings around the edge of th(^ plain to a fording near the junction ot the San Juan and

138 /IDartial Graves

Aguadores, now known as the lUoody Bend. Crossing here, it turns eastward and merges into the Aguadores Road for several hundred yards until it unites with the short cut or Siboney Road above described. Where it cuts across the plain it is fringed with high bushes and small trees, and is so worn below the level as to quite deserve the name our soldiers gave it — "The .Sunken Road."

The American troops advancing from the camp before Sevilla would reverse the course above outlined. Where the Siboney road forks and leads to the Bloody I)end, Kent's Division diverged into the Aguadores Road. On their left (to the south) was a somewhat precipitous elevation, a spur or foot hill from the further mountains, which descends to the roadside. On the right (north) is a heavy growth of trees and underbrush which fringes the Aguadores River only a few yards away. Most of the infantry of Kent's I)i\ision pressed along this road to the l)loody Bend, but some deployed to the right, fording the Aguadores River and occupying the plain in the angle between the river forks, which is covered with a dense entangle- ment of grass, bushes and wild vines. Here Capt. Morrison, Sergeants O'Pirien and Haag and Pri\ate Ross, all ot the Six- teenth U. S. Infantry, fell and are buried.

The Cavalry Division deployed to the right at the forks ol the road, and crossing the Aguadores River moved northward along the short cut. To the right and left was the tropical jungle over which, especially to the northwest, towered the bulging shafts and feathered tops of man)' royal palms. Before them to the north was the rounded knob of Kettle Hill (San luan Hill), rising ([uite precipitously, and looking down upon the northern Ijranch of the San juan River, which runs close to its base, both alono- the southern and eastern faces.

On an^ Bl•oun^ Hccttlc iMll

1 :!;»

While waitiiiL; alon^' the line ol this road, and (hiring' tlicir ad\ance, the ca\ ahAmcn were exposed to the tire ot tlie Span- ish troops and to di(; enhla(hn^" fire h'oin the Mockhouse and

Fig. So Jlc-^c to the ioutheas/ of Keltic //i/l, 'where the Cir,\ilrynnn lay.

140 /IDavttal Graves

the ride pits and the machine guns on San Juan Ridge (Fort San )uan). Their presence and range were made known more definitely by the baHoon of the Signal Corps, which was sent up from this point.

The execution done by the enemy is sadly attested by the numerous graves which here mark the line of march. With one excei)tion, a soldier of the Seventy-first New York Infantry, all the graves found on the eastern side of the road are of men from the Cavalry Division. The character of the country through which the cavalrymen moved as they approached Kettle 1 lill is represented in the photograph (Fig. 80) which was taken from the crest looking eastward. Further to the south, be- tween the river forks, the grass is higher and the trees more scrubby.

The graves of those who fell in battle July ist, as far as their distribution indicates, show something like the following line of assault : The Rough Riders struck Kettle Hill at the southeast corner, having advanced along the Siboney Road, crossed the San [uan River, and deployed to the right. Their ascent of the hill appears to have been a zigzag course along the eastern slope to about the middle, where they reached the top, and mo\ed across the level surface to the western edge overlooking the pond and the San Juan ridge. This is the line marked out by the graves of Troopers Norton, Logue and Swet- nani at the foot of the hill, of Corporal Hall a little way up the slope, and then of Green beyond that, and Hendricks on the crest, whik; Trooj)er .Santo lies about the middle of the table- like top.

On the left of the Rough Riders and partly intermingled with them, were the Third and First Regular Cavalry, as indi- cated by the gra\e (jf Cooley, of the Third, on the western crest,

On aH^ Broim^ Ikcttlc H.mU m

and b\- that of Corporal Pixton, of the I'irsl, on the soutlicrn edge. The column of the P'irst Cavalry must have stretched further to the left down die southern slope and alon-^ the road and the level at the southern foot of the hill, where the\- lost Privates Raw Cund and Cinder, who are l.uried at thai point, presumably where th('\' tell. Indeed, tin: L^raxe ot l'i-i\ale Jacol), near the Sunken Road on the IJattle IMain. and that of Maj. Force on the crest of San |uan RidL^c. wouKl suggest that detached j)arts or even the line of the Idrst Ca\alry may have touched diat of the Infantry well towai'd a point in ti-ont ot the blockhouse.

The Ninth and Tenth Caxalry of colored troops were aligned with or intermingled with the aboxc, or were in advance or in the rear of their columns. 1 his is indicated b\- the posi- tions of the gra\es of Col. 1 lamilloii. who commandetl the Ninth Regiment, and of Lieut. Smith, of the Teiuh. I'hese are both situated at the southeastern loot of the hill, to the west and southwest of the graves of the Rough Riders and imme- diately beneath the grave of C^»rporal I'ixlon, of tin- l-'irst Cavalr)-. It is remarkable thai there are no gra\es oi ealisted men from these two regiments in this \ icinit\-. since two ot the Ninth antl six of the Tenth are ofticialK' i-eporte^l killed. I have not been able to trace the jioinls at whicli they were buried. The same fact is mcasureabK' true ot other regiments engaged in storming Kettle I till. ( )t" iIk- thirteen men of the First Ca\alry killed, 1 know the gra\es of only se\en. ( )t the iwel\-e Rough Riders killed only nine graves are know n ( )t the three men killed in the Third Regiment the grave ol one is known. The four of the Sixth Regiment killed ai)parently fell in the road before the charge, for their graves are all there.

d'urniiig now tVoni this objective study ot the tield to the

142 /iDavtial (Braves

official reports aiul various narratives by eye witnesses and par- ticipants, we tlnd that in point of fact the accounts of the charge on Kettle Hill substantially corroborate this deduction made from the distribution of the martial graves. The hill was cov- ered chierty by Rough Riders and \inth Colored Regulars, with some of the First Regulars on the southern slope, where the hill is most precipitous, and a few men of other commands inter- mingled at various points in the charging line. In the confusion of the rush many lost their respective companies, and attached themselves to the nearest officer, especially if he seemed to be one who held his own men in hand and fousj^-ht them well.

The Tenth Calvary, which lost 50 per cent, of its officers in killed and wounded, and the First Cavalry which lost severely, especially in men killed, together with the Third and Sixth Cavalrynien, swept the southern foot of the hill, and charging along the road and over the plain through the pond, struck the San Kian Ridgfe to the rioht of the Infantry, and on

-'00 ^

the left of the Siboney Road. Col. Roosevelt went up Kettle 11 ill a-horseback until stopped by a wire fence, when he dis- mounted and led the charge to the crest a-foot.

When the blue colored hacienda, temporarily converted into a blockhouse, had been seized, and the regular Spaniards and guerrillas who he:ld it were dislodged, they fell back to their supports on the northern shoulder of the San Juan Ridge, the part which immediately faces Kettle Hill and lies north of the Siboney Road, b'rom the entrenchments on this height a fire was opened upon the American cavalrymen on Kettle Hill. .Several large iron kettles, used for boiling sugar, stood well out in the middle of the lev'el summit of the knoll, which were still in position when I first visited the place in the closing days of July. These kettles were used by our men as breastworks, and

On a^^ Brolln^ lUcttlc illill 143

from behind ihciii and troin the.' captured building's and other points of xantaj^c, iIka opcnctl fire upon the enenu' in th<- opposite; trenches and blockh()us(;s in supi)ort ot the Intantr\- of I lawkins' Ih'i^'ade, who were now across the i)lain and niountin^" the ritlL^e ribl)ed with Spanish rille pits.

As the L^allant looimcn sti'uck the crest, the horsemen ceased hrin^;' i^'st the\- should iniure their friends. Then form- ing; in line they cleared the le\el summit, and movetl down the western slope, which descends ])\- a rather long- decline to the |)lain, and with a wild wliirr and hurrah charged the ridge in their immediate IroiU, which had kei)t up a continuous fire upon them, lilack and wliite, Rough Riders antl Regulars, in bunchi-s and fragmentarN' columns, and in scattering squads, led b\- their company otfu-ers, won the Spanish trenches, and chased their occupants from the hilltops and around the northern shoulder of the riilg(; toward the grove of royal palms. The grave of Sergeant McCiartlin, of the Idrst Cavalry, api)ears to mark the extreme point which the Americans reached in this direction, a squad under Lieut. Berkley, of the First, having advanced that far. The Sergeant was killed, but the little group of horsemen held the position until it was tmalK' permanentK* occupied by the right ot the division.

Mr. Hamment, who toUowed the arm\' as a war corres|)on- dent. was hear this point between the two branches of the San juan and describes'^' a burial scene in v.hich he took part. The men who were killetl were being biu'ied as decently as circum- stances would allow. One instance cited was that of four Cubans carrying one ol our soldiers to the rear. I hey had borne him from the tiring line to a point where he was free tVom immediate dauL-'er. lie was badlv shot, havimjf si.\ or

*** Cannon and Camera,"" p. 191.

On au^ Bl•Olm^ Ikctllc HmU

n.

seven hiillci wounds in his IxxK'. Ihc Ciihans asked [he cor- respondent it lie hatl any \vatei-. 1 le had some in his cant(.'en, and as the\- placed the Htter down on ilie I'oad lie j)iit the nozzle of the canteen to the soldier's li|)s. IWit he was Ix-vond the help ot mortal. lit had alread) hreallied his last. '1 he pari\- took the dead soldier aside, hastil\- cIul; a L;ra\c, and ere tlie\- covered him with the earth, as there was no chaplain to admin- ister the last rights. Mr. 1 lamnn-nt took it upon himself to say devoutly. " I^^arth to earth, ashes to ashes'" coujjled with an earnest inward hojie that the hero had ^oiie to me(;t his ( lod as a hra\e man should. The Cubans were cpiite impressetl with this simple ceremon\-. and at its conclusion started back to the line to aid others. The writer adds that he toimd that din-iny the first antl second day's h^htino-. the Cubans did i^ood service in the aboxc niannei-. Hut one \entures little in conchidini^- that the o-rave of the soldier thus buried, if fouml at all. is amonij- those marked " I iiknowr.."

List of Dead and Description of Graves

Xo. 124. ()li\er 1). .\orton, Troo]) 11, ist X'ohinteer Cav- alr\-. On a le\el spot of ground near the foot of the hill is the L;rave ot Olixcr H. Norton, who was shot down at tlu- side of his brother and of Col. Roosevelt while charL^iiii^- the hill in ad\-anc(; ot the line. It is a simple cairn of rocks and tiles (Fig-. Si ), with a rude cross at the heatl bearing the inscription : "In Memory ot ( ). 15. Norton, Troop W. ist Caw l\ill(Ml in batde bil>' i^t., iS(;S.'" Abo\e the cairn, set in the bosom ot" the hill, is a tine brick arch embowered in trees, a part of the ruined su^ai' works. To the north stand the parallel brick walls ot a ruined building-. It would be difhcnh to find burial sites more picturescpie than this and that of the other RouL^h Riders

On aiiD X-lroun^ IKcttlc iMll

147

who tell ami now sleep on the eastern slope ol the hard-con- tested L,n-ound. A hi^h tuft of crrass i^tows at the Lj^rave's head ; the space inimediateh' siirroundini^- is otherwist; \ (M-dureh.'ss.

Xos. 125-126. Mr. Rhodes, subsequent to my \isit, determined that two other soldiers, both privates in the l-'irst Volunteer Cavalr\-, are buried in the same orave. Their names are David Loiaieand [ohn \V. Swetnam. both pri- vates in Trooj) B, to which Norton belonL;'ed. The)- "were probabh' amon^" the men ot this trooj) who at- tached themselves to Col. Roosevelt as he led his regiment uj) the slope.

Xo. 1 27. just above on the lower slope of the hill, and a little to the north is the i^rave of Cor- poral loel R. Hall, Irooi) B. 1st Vol. Cav. V. S. (1mm- ^2). It is a larg-e mound composed of stones and tiles intermini^led with the earth. It is sliaded by a tree that i^rows on the slope abo\e it. To the southwest close by is a brick arch, the oj^enino^ into the well of the ruined suorar mill on the eastern face of the hill. The inscription is neatl\- cut into a curved tile, which is placed at the heatl ami supported f)y a board (I'ii.;'. S2.\K The rrrass has overthrown the grave, and the wh -le surroundings unite to lorm a picturescjue view.

^^1

I- IC. 82.\

//A marker at the head of Kom^/i Kithr llalP s Graxr,

14S

/IDartial Graves

Xo. 128. '• H. C. (ireen, Troop E., ist \'ol. Cavalry." A few yards northeast of Hall's grave is the tomb of Private Henry C. Green of the Rough Riders ( Mlj". 84). It is a large rectan- gular mound, on the slope of the hill, of which the lower end has l)een raisc^d, making the surface almost level. P^or this pur- pose tiles and stones have been freely used. The inscription is cut upon a l)oard. and also on a curved tile laid in one corner of the mound (Fig. S;^).

Xo. 129. " Milo A. Hendricks. Troop |. ist U. S. \'ol. Cav." Ascending the hill to the summit on which the distinctly

marked sites of tents still re- main, and much of the debris of an abandoned camp, and walking a few yards to the north, one meets the grave of Rough Rider Hendricks, who fell July 1st. It is on the edge of the eastern slope on which are the graves of Hall and Green. Xear the head grows a small tree which has been topped, and the trunk has sprouted into a bush)' shelter. Low shrubbery has \\(tll over-covered the mounck It is shown in the photograph (fig. 84) along with the tomb of H. C. Green, and its locality is indicated l)y the human figure touching one of the corner posts. The mound is bordered with tiles and bricks and is enclosed b\' a wire fence. The name and inscrip- tion are scored on a curved tile fastened to the trunk of the young tree.

Xo. 130. WvA. .Santo. Troop [, ist V. S. X'olunteer Ca\-

Fic. S3

Ti7t' inarber at ^rm'e of H C. Grc',//, on

Kettle mil.

>3

mm-'i:*^

* -I

^

l.-)(l

nilartial Graves

airy. An orderly, detached for duty with Gen. Wood, a mem- ber of the RouL^h Riders, informed me that the above-named soldier is buried "one hundred feet southeast of the grave of Hendricks and ()i)i)()site to it." I could not find this grave, but make the insertion here for subsequent investigation. I believe it to be the grave " Xo. 62 A," marked "Unknown" by Mr. Rhodes in his notes, which is located as above described, and which he thinks contains more than one body.

sh'

Fic. 85 Cairn of Corporal IT///. ,7. Pi.xton, southern edge of Kettle Jlill.

No. 131. Crossing the summit to the ruins on its north- eastern edge and descending the declivity one sees an unmarked grave on the second knoll beyond the hill. It was designated by Mr. Rhodes, and is marked in his list " No. 90."

No. 132. On the western brow of the hill looking towards Santiago, is a grave marked " 1 )aniel D. Cooley, Troop K, 3d Cavalry, Killed July ist, ICS98." It is on the edge of the bluff directly east of the Pond, and overlooks the plain and the oj^posite heiglit of San |uan Ridge.

On all^ Bvoun^ IKcttlc Ihill i"''

No. 133. CircliiiL;- the edge ot" Kculc Hill well toward the southeastern edge, is a grave marked "Corporal \\ . A. I'axlon (or Pixton). Troop P.. isl Cavalry. Ki!lc<l in Paulc July i^l. 189S. Rest in Peace" (Fig. 85). It is near the vxh^c of the liill hard 1)\- a footpath that winds along the crest. The graves of Lieut. -Col. Hamilton and Lieut. Smith are just l)elo\v, near the foot of the hill. The mound is entirely covered with stones. and the inscription is on a Poar^l fastened to two ui)right stakes. No. 134. Ascending the hill, which is here rather steep. Py the pathway that leads over the southeastern slope, an unmarked grave- is found on the opposite side of the road. " 1 wonder it this may not Pe the grave of the " iroopc^r of th(- oth Cavalry so touchingly referred to Py Mr. P.onsall in the excerpt (pioted at the close of Chapter II '^

No. 135. Turning westward and walking along the road toward the pond, one meets the grave of Melvin Kay, Private, Company I. Idrst Lniteil .States Cavalry. Killed pily ist. It is on the side of the road toward Ketll.- 1 lill. a plain mound with a small marker to designate its inmaU'.

No. 130. L'^t across the road from Kay's grav(- are two graves containing men from the same regiment and Irom die same company. The nearest to the road is that of Adam ( iuntl. Private, 1 Company. I'irst United States Cavalry, who died Ldy I St. 1898. The inscription is on a i)lain marker.

No. 137. Side by side with C.und's grave is that of Roland L. Linder, Private. I Compan\-, I'irst Lnited States Cavalry, wdio died July ist, 1S9S. The grave is enclosed with barbed wire- stretched ujicm stak(_'s.

No. 138. ( )n the nonh( rn side of the road, under the southeastern slojx- of Kettle 1 lill, .ooking toward the .San Juan River, are the craves of Lieut. -Col. James M. Hamilton and

"^

Qn a^^ B^oun^ lUcttlc iMll i •"••'{

1st. Lieut. Will. II. .Smith (I'ii;'. S6). Tlu-}- arc in one barbed- wire enclosure, ciL^lUcni Icet lon^' by leu k-ct wide .\ mass of shrubber\- makes a g'reen partition b(t\\<cn tin." two, and the tropical veoetati(Hi runs riot around them. The mounds are nested in the l)osom of tht; hill in. a recess worn b\' erosion or e.xcavateel b}- man. C"ol. I lamilton's j^rave is bordered by and almost covered with stones. The original marker at the head has been reinlorc(;d by a tin sheet mounted on a board box-lid, into which has been punched the simple inscription. • Lic-ut, Col. J. M. Hamilton, 9th l^. .S. Cavalry" (see Chap. II, hi-- S). This able and gallant offictn" was in command of the Ninth (colored) Regular Cavalry and was killed while leading his regiment in the charge which swept Kettle I lill. and carried the Cavalry Division forward across pond and plain to the northern heights beyond.

No. 139. " 1st Lieut. W. II. Smith, loth Caxalry. |uly i st, 1898." Lieut. .Smith's gra\e is not parallel with Col. I lamilton's. although in the same enclosure, but faces more to the south- east. It is also covered with stones, Init in a less pronounced manner. The inscription is placed on the l)ack of the head- board, on a tin sheet, and is pimched in apparentU' with a nail. The artificer miscalculated his space, and the name is in part doubled around upon the side of the mounting board. The San juan winds between its hedgelike banks but a li tie distance away, and between it and the grave is a well-beaten trail to the river.

The San Juan Soldiers' Cemetery

On the river level, just at the southwestern loot ot Kettle Hill, is an enclosed cemetery which contains twenty gra\ cs. It shows great care in decently interring ;he bodies ol the soldiers therein, and api)roaches more nearly the ideal of a held ceme-

•^

Oil anC^ Bl•olm^ Ikcttlc Ibill

155

tci')' than an\- asscnihlaL^c ot graxcs on Cuban halllctickls. The fence is stronL;' and secure ; the graves are all marked but one. Some ol them, as may be seen by the \i(nvs, ha\r been decoratetl with a loving- sentiment which shows how strong is the bond of soldierly comradeshij). Whoever was the insj)iring sjiir-t in the j)re|)aration ot" this cemetery, deserve high credit. Vhr ciulosurc is drawn almost east and west, within a recess ol the hill, which rises aboxe it on lh(* north. .Southward is a well- beaten road or militarx' trail which leads to and crosses the northern branch ot the .San juan, which is a tew rods distant and (lowing eastward <ind northerU' curves aroinid the foot of the hill. A large tree stands a few yards east ot the enclosure and casts its shadow upon the end ne.xt to it. ( )f the graves in the cemetery thirteen are of men of the 9th Massa- chusetts X'olunteers ; lour of the 20th U. S. hi Ian try : two of the loth Cavalr\-. and one unmarked. As far as the markings show only Lieut. .Shipp, of the loth Ca\alry, serving on (len. Wood's staff, died in battle. The list v>f inscrii)tions tollows, tVom which and the chart, l-'ig. SS. the burial places of the soldiers describ;ed can be located u\)nu the engra\ed photographs.

No. 141. There is no inscription upon this gra\e. but Lieut. R(?eves identifies it as ajii^arently that of 1st Sergt. Walker Kalp. Co. AL, oth Massachusetts.

Fic. SS /V(i>i of /'iiiia/s ill the S,iii Jikih L',iiutti\ .

^

V

c

•^

:5

Co

On aiiD Bvoim^ lUcitlc Ihill i'"

Ko. 142. "Walter (lilniiin, CC l'. c^lh Mass. \«>1. Int. Died Alio-. 1st, 1898."

No. 144. "Hospital Steward 11. 1\. iM-ciiicr. c^th .Mass. U. S. \'. Died Alio-. 18, i8g8."

No. 145. '• Trivatc William .\danis, Cn. F. 2r)th \' . S. inf. Died Aui^-. 8th. 1808."

No. ]4(). " I'rivate A. D. Loiidw Co. 1'". (20th) l". .S int". Died Aul;-. 12th, 1898."

No. 147. "Private ]. M. MiXainara, Co. K. (^th Mass. \'()1. Inf. Au-c 21 years. Died Aiii.^^ i), 1808."

No. 148. "In Memory of Pri. J. D. .Moriarity. Died An-. 20, 1898. R. I. P. Co. E. gth Mass."

No. 149. "I. II. S. Private M. I". O'Malley. Di<-d .\u-. 20, T898. R. I. P. Co. K. oth Mass.'"

No. 150. "Private Perry I''.. Cordon, Co. C. 20th I . S. Inf. Died Au^". 31st. 1898."

No. 151. The vacant grave f)f Major Patrick J. C.rady. (;lh Mass. \'ols. removed to the I'. -S. 1 le died July ;,olh. 1S98.

No. 152. "Henry .Sullivan Pvt. Co. C. 9th Mass. \'ol. Died Jidy 2;,d, 1898. Age 2O years. Santiago de Cul.a."

No. 15;,. "Geo. Preston, Shot July 2;,. 18c, 8. Troo]) D. loth Cavalry r. S." llis name is not on m\ copy ot oUici.il list.

No. 154. " Pri\ate Wm. Saunders, Co. P). gth Mass. \ ol. W. I. B. He remembered the J/a/;/i\ No. ;.2;,g."" I have no clue to the letters and numliers on this inscription, the onl\- one I saw which exhihits the slightest trace of the national indigna- tion expressed in the welPknown motto thereon quoted.

No. 155. •' ist Lieutenant William K. SW\\)\}. loth Cavalry. Killed July ist, 1898." Lieut. Shipp was on the Staff of (ien. Wood, commanding the Seconal Caxalry P.rigade.

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No. 156. " Private M. |. Desnioiid, lOinijain' I., (ah Massa- chusetts Voluntc'CM- Infantry. Uicd .\iimist slh, 1S9S. A^e, 43 years."

No. 157. I iimarkcd L;ra\(' ot I iiknown .\iiicri(."aii Soldier.

No. 158. Vacant grave of Major Michael J. ()"Connc:r, 9th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, who died Aul;. 6th, iSgS. His body was removed to the I nited .States.

No. 159. " R. I. P. l'rivat(! R. Mellin, C"()nii)an\- 1, <;lh Massachusetts X'nlunteer Infantry. Died .\uL;ust jlh, 1S9S."

Now and then an incident occurs which shows that sonu- ot the cavalrymen wounded or killed in the jungle between the rixcr forks were never found by comrades and were never buried. .\ frientl who visited the battlefields in March ( ICS99, informed me that one of his party who had been exploring this section a horse- back discovered a skeleton which, judging from scant iragments of the uniform, was that of an American soldier. Mr. Lewis appears to have had a like experience, which he has graphi- calh' described.'^'

.A brown man, lithe, sturdy, antl clad only in a pair of tattered overalls, was slashing awa\- with his machete' al a jungle of wire grass confronting him. .SuddenK' hv. stopped and ga/ed in consternation at an ol)ject huddled in a tangle ot weeds. it was the skeleton of a man, the bones bleached to a grayish hue. A short distance from the skull was a stained camj)aign hat with rusted swords jMuned to the front. Over the swords was a fragment of the figure " i,'" indicating that ihe lallen soldier belonged either to the h'irsl Regular Ca\alry or to the Rough Riders. Pieces of tattered brown khaki cloth were scattered about, and near one of the fc:et was a battered cantet-n.

The Cuban gave a shout, and presently another man.

■ Ilemv Ilani-on Lewis, Mttiiseys Magazine, March, 1S99.

160 /iDartial Graves

evidently a farm laborer, came pushing and cutting- his way through the jungle. He. too, paused aghast, but only for a moment : then he laughed grimly, and pointing downward said : " It is an Americano, juan. He was a soldier in the great fight. There were man\' of them, and they dropped all around like ag"a\e leaves in a strong wind I remember that day ver)' well. It was just h\e months ago, and I had been in the Cuban army almost a year. It was just about here — no, a little further on where the trail di\ides, 1 think — that we had the first battle. Madre de Dios ! It rained bullets that hour. The Americanos fought like tigers, and they laughed and joketl as if it was a fiesta, l^r-r-r ! In a few minutes the grass and the weeds and some ot the bushes were fiat as if beaten down with the machete. And there were bodies and blood and guns and fine clothing scattered all about. For Dios. that was only the other day — less than a half year — and now look at it !''

Chapter VI

The Firinir Line Around Cane\'

A

Soldier of the Legion lay dying in Algiers, There was lack of woman's nursing, there

was dearth of woman's tears, Ikit a comrade stood beside him, while his

life-blood ebb'd away, And bent, with pitying glances, to hear what

he might say. The dying soldier falter'd as he took that

comrade's hand. And he said, " I never more shall see my

own, my native land; Take a message and :< token to some dis- tant friends of mine. For I was born at Bingen — at Bingen on

the Rhine.

"Tell my brothers and companions, when

they meet and crowd around To hear my mournftil story in the pleasant

vine\ard ground, That we fought the battle bravely, and

when the day was done Full many a corpse lay ghastly pale beneath

the setting sun. And 'midst the dead and dying were some

grown old in wars, The death-wound on their gallant breasts,

the last of many scars ; But some were young, and suddenly beheld

life's morn decline, And one had come from Bingen; fair TMngen

on the Rhine.

CiiARi OTTE Norton.

The Firing Line Around Caney

11-^ haltK: of Caney was toiiL^ht by the Second Divis- ion of th ; I'ifth Army Cori^s, comminded by Major- (icncral l.awlon. The liriiL^ades of his division were as follows: Tlu' l-'irst ilrlL^adc, '.mdrr (ien. Chaffee, consisted of the Twelfth, Sexenth and Sexcnleenth United States Infantry. 1 he Second Brigade, Cen. Ludlow, was com- posed of the Eighth and Twent\-second I'nited .States infantry and the Second Massachusetts \'olunteers. The Third P)rigade was composed of the h\)urth and Twenty-fifth I'nited States Infantry under Col. Miles. 'I'he unattached brigade- ot Cen. Bates arrived on the field iust in time to join in the tmal assault.

On the clay preceding the battles of |iily rst, (]vl^. baw- ton's division occupied the e.xtreme right of the .\merican line, and was encamped on a dr)'. sandy plateau in tin- neighborhood of Se villa, a plantation marked 1)\ a Spanish blockhouse. The troops lay on both sides ot the road leading towartls .Santiago. Lawton's U-ft touched th(! right of (ien. W header's cavalry di\ision, which extended eastward tor about half a mile to the right of ( ien. Kent's tiivision. whicli included also Lieut. Parker's four Catling guns together with tour batteries of light artillery, composed of four guns each.

* Apparently the jjlan of attack was to swing tln^ army around to the northwest of .Santiago, and occupy th<' toothills

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Zbc Jfivtiui Xmc iUouu^ Cauc\? !<>"»

of ihc Sierra Mattstra aiul the Cohn- Mcniiuaiiis. ihus cutliiiL; olT the city from all re-enforcements and sui)i)lies 1)\- the roads and rail\va\- leadin- into the interior, whih.- th(^ lleet. nnder l\ear Achniral Sampson, prevented approach Iroin the sea. In this nio\enient l.awton was to occupy the ri^ht, marchinL;' to the north and then \v(;sr. " L;()bl']inL;' up " <n route the little town of Cane\- with its small force of live hundred and forty (hlcnd- ers. In the meantime the cavalr\ di\ision in the centre antl Kent's division on th(; l<;ft were to move torwartl toward the fortified San Juan Hills, while Gen. Duffield. with his Michi- L^an volunteers, made a demonstration against AL^uadores on the seaside, to the southeast of Santia_ij^o. It was, ot course, intended that the moxement of Gen. Duffield should deceive the enem\- as to the actual point of attack, ami that (ien. Law- ton's division, having;- routed the enem\- from Caney, should join fr(jm the northwest in the common investment ol the Spanish defences. An attack on San Juan Heights was ajipar- ently not included in the \)hin of that da\'s operations.

In accordance with this phm (ien. l.awton started die .Sec- ond Division early on the morning of July i st. lie took with him a company of Cubans to act as scouts, the hulk ot ( le-n. Ciarcia's army having been sent into the hills to the northwest to retard or prevent the approach of Gen. Lscario's ct)lumn which was marching to re-enforce the Spaniards in .Santiago Citw It would seem that it had not occurred to the .\meritan chieftains that tk,e opposition at Caney would be serious. .\s it turned out, the little band of Spaniards under Gen. \ ara del R.ey matle ( ne of the most remarkal)le defences in military records, and succeeded in holdinj. back an entire division ot .American regulars who, without unchn- \anity, ma\- be reo-arded as amc^ng the best trooi)s in the world, trom an earl\-

■<

Z\K jrinuii line Bvoun^ Cancv* i'"

hour in the mornin*; iiiuil hah-pasl three; or four o'clock ni the afternoon.

The L^allant Spanish commander and thf jj^reater portion ol his soldiers were killed or wounded, and they succeeded in kill- ing or woundino- a number of their foes ecjual to their entire force, and in preventin^• Lawton's division h-oiii takm- any part in the battle of San juan. It is no wonder that this act com- manded the admiration of the American soldiers, and produced an endre revolution in their feelinos as to the soldieriy qualities of their enemies. Thus, when in due time the Spanish authori ties wished to convt^y the remains of ( ien. 1 )el Key to his native land, the military escort was a battalion of the I'iith I nited States Regular Infantry, who accompanied the remains, with all the honors of war. to the landing })lace in .Santiago.

The road fro n Sevilla t) Caney runs northwartl from the main road from Siboney to El Pozo and Santiago, and keeping close to the foot hills enters an open highway al)out a mile irom the village. Caney lies in the northeastern angle of the lumi)y upland valley which has heretofore been described. It is (piite out of the route which the- army would naturally have taken in its direct advance upon .Santiago. One who stands b>- the ruined stone fort on IT \'iso height and notes the situation, can hardly refrain from thinking that the- attack on Cane\ was needless. One or two regiments i)laced in the open to the northwest and southwest of the town, would have completely cut off the five hundred men in and around the place from any connection with their main army and base of supplies before Santiago. Had (ien. Wara del Rey ventured a sorUe. the result of a battle in the oi)en would have given at least equal chances for an ecjual number of American soldiers to defeat the Si)an- iards. b^rom almost any standi)oint the great loss of life and

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Zbc Jfiuiiui Xiiic Blo^m^ Cancv i''!>

limb which resulted tVoin the attack iijx)!! Caiiey seems a (|ues- tionable sacrifice. Moreover, had a IjriL^ade been Iclt to watch Cane\'. while the bulk of Lawton's division pushetl on the road to Santiago (a fairly good one as compared with the Sibuney trail), and struck the northern flank of the Spanish defences at San luan early in the morninor, there would have l^een no long waiting under lire at the liloody I)end and the tongue ot land Ix'vond it, and there would have been a diflerent story to tell ot the losses of that day. It is doubtful if the .Spaniards would have attempted or could have made a serious stand at San Juan widi Lawton assailing their right, and in that case they must have fallen back to thc-ir inner defences.

The valley surrounding the village is broken by a number of isolated knolls and ridges sent out from the foot hills ot the Sierra Maestra range, which encompasses the town on the east and north. A short tlistance from the village on the southeast there rises, about a hundred feet high, a conical hill known as Id \'iso. This is crowned by an antiquated stone fort which tormcd the central point of the Spanish defences. The slopes of the hills approaching it were protected by ritle pits and by wire entanglements, 'bhe latter were placed at \arious points throughout the plain and at all approaches to the village. \\\\\v pits were dug ui)on the adjacent heights and the town itself was a fortified camj). The fronts of the porches ot houses around the plaza and elsewhere were built up with rock and cobble stones breast high, and the recess left by the projecting tower of the old Church on the northeast of the pla/.a was treated in the same manner, thus converting the sanctuary into a military fortress. On th(i north, west and soi thwest were several block- houses which were also centres of detensi\e works and were connected by trenches and runways. In addition to this. s(piares

17n

nnartial Graves

and caps of sheet-tin and zinc were put up at various points where an approachino- enemy would be Hkely to come into view along the several roads leading into the town, thus marking the range for the commanding officers, and enabling them accu- rateh- and with fatal effect to direct the fire of their troops.

Wl

I'lG. 94 A/zwr/tiin ftring Uiu\ coii/iiina/ioii of tvVtc Fig. gj.

Oil the whole it must be allowed that, as against an attack ()[ infantry only, the Spaniards showed great skill in the arrange- ment of their defensive works. But it may be said with equal certainty that thc-se could not have withstood for an hour the well directed fire of an adequate artillery attack. An old

Zbc jfivinii Xinc Bvoim^ Cancv i"i

Spanish soldier who look \ydvi in ihc chiy"s tiL;iuii\L;', cxprt-ssc-tl to thi; \vrii< r ilic astonislimcnt that was fell amoiiL:- Spanish ofhcers aiul men thai ihc Ann ricai^s wcrr willinL^- to sacrihce their hves In- a threct assank u[)on the Spanish works while, as the soldier expresseil it, "they (the Americans) could have routed us out with llieir arliller\- like a llock ot |)arlritlL;es." The works wcm utterly untenaMe by any other torni ot attack than that whicl the Americans so oMi-in^K' ottered to the L;allant men who had skillhilly and thoronL;hl\' prepared tor the same.

Aljout a mile and a (piartcr (2400 yards) trom Cane\- to the southwest. Captain AlKii Capron's hatter)- had been stationed on one of the toot hills of the mountains on the nii^ht of )une 30th, haxinL:' mo\ed out with (ien. Chaffee's brigade at three p. m. AsearKas live o'clock on tlie morninL^- ot jul\- i st Chaffee began his advance tVom the night's bi\-ouac on a knoll a mile and a half southeast of the village. Th<' .Seventh Regi- ment Regulars swung around the east following a trail known as the Rode (or 1-^1 Rodeo) and attacked from the northeast. The .Seventeenth Regiment was to pass l^eyond the Seventli and by a wider sweep ai)i)roach the town trom tin; northwest. \n the meanwhiU' the Tweltth Regiment was to moxc westward and engage; the enemy, taking i)osition on the ridges and knolls in the valle)- eastward of the .Stone bort.

The severe losses sustained b\- this brigade in the i)osiii()ns aliove outlined are sutViciently iiulicated b\- the graves that mark the line of their ad\ance. In the field northwest of the height of Alto Coronal, which commands the stone fort and the town, forty-three graves of men of the Twf Ifth. .Seventh and Seven- teenth regiments lie side by sitle in what is still known among the inhabitants of Canev as "the American cemetery." Grn.

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Ludlow's brigade <>n ihc Icti ol the dixisioii had taken position between the viUage and Santiago : and across the Sanii;igo Road the TwtMny-second hitanlr\- had won a jiosition on a hill that commanded the road Irom Caney towards Santiago. COl. Miles's brigatle (the b'ourth and rwentx-fifth bilantryi was on the southern line ot circunnallation, whither it had been sum moned h'om its reser\'e position at tlie 1 )iieureau mansion lo support Ludlow's attack on the south side of the town.

Capt. Capron's battery began firing about halt-|)ast sexcn o'clock in tlie nK.rning, but tor some reason ceased until later in the daw about i ^o p. m., when it once more began to l'la\' U])on the lort and succeetled in breaking greatgajjsin the stone work. About 3 p. m. the Twelfth Infantr\- led the charge uj) the eastern sloi)e of the hill through the wire entangltMiients. o\(r I'llle i)its, and planted the American llag up<'n the stone fori. Ihe first person to enter tlu! tort according to Capt. Arthur Lee, the P)ritish military attache, was [ames Creelman. a war correspondent, who was woimded in an efiort to seize the Spanish l]ag. Another correspondent. Casj)ar Whitney, was not tar behind Mr. Creelman.

Ihe location ot the gra\es on the batthtield surrounding Cane\- indicat(,'s with sul)stantial accuracy tin- line ol attack by the various regiments ot the Secontl I)i\ision ot tlie bitth Arnu" Corps. Ihe lu'st to appear on the route ot Chaltees brigade whiih led the advance ot the di\-i>ion arc those ot !\\an, ot die 17th Regiment, and " .Mc K", which ar»- located a half a mile or more eastward trom Lane\'. (.Sec Map. I'ig 07, 203-204.) The next gra\-e is that of r.ratten, of the 12th (No. 202). which is on the Rode, about eight hundred x.u'ds east ot the village. Then tollow. a cou|)le ot hundred \ards nearer Canev. the ijraN-es of I.ieut. Churchiran. of the 12th. and of

Lhc jru'iiiii Xinc iU•olnl^ Canc\? i""'

Corporal Aver and l'ri\aic KcrriL^an, (»l ihc 7th iXos. IQ9-201). Still tiirthcr aloiiL: llic I'oad, alioiil one hiiiidrcd and fillx' yartls from Idcut. Churchman's wra\c, and on the other side ol the little stream that here runs down h'om the Sierra, is the L;ra\"e of Natlianicl Isler. of the 7th keo-iment ; and then a little bexond this to the' north is the Amcriean cemet<-r\ with its forty- three graves of soldiers all from ihc three rcL^imeiUs ot ( ien. Chaffee's command. Thus the monunu ntal record of martial Q-raves indicates that the line ot acKance of this bri^'ade was alon^- an arc JDeoinnin^- on the southeast of the: line of circum- \allation, and sweeping- around the eastern circumference to a point in the northeast.

Passim^ to the southwarel ot the stone fort one conies ujion the grave ot Lieut. McCorkle (see Maj), 210-217) and se\en men of the 25th Infantrw 'Idle position is nearU south of the stone tort. \orlhwestwardl\- from this group ot the 25111 Infantry are ti\e graves of the 4th Regulars (.\os. '20^-20()) on a line almost east of the stone fort ; and to the southeast, a couple ot hundrexl yards, is the gra\c of .Sergeant Kirbx" (No. 218), also of the I'Ourih. Col. MiK-s's ;^d Urigade is thus li-acecl by the record ot tlie graxcs in its attack tVoni the south an<l southwest ot El \ iso.

.Still further south of the graws of the 4th and 251!! Intaiitr\-, and about a mile ti'om Caiiey, is a grouj) ot mounds containing a numljerof men of the 2d Massachusetts, and one or more, perhaps, of the 22d United .States Infantry ( Xos. 2i9-22g). Crossing the Santiago Road from this point and moving north- ward is found a grouj) of three gra\-es. of which one at least. Private .Sutler, and perhaps the others are of the 22(1 Infantry (Nos. 230-2^2). Northwest ot this grou[). in a line almost due west of the Stone bOrt and soutliwestwardl\- from Cane\'. just

BLOCK H0U5ES

(A) FT. RIO

(B) FZ CEMENTARIO iC)FTYZqUIERDO (DJFTMTADERO t) FT ASIA

Map shoK'iiv^ approxiin ,

Fk;. 97

6'.V tltc local ion of gri\

,n thf firing /in,' around Caney.

176

XTbe Jfirino Xinc Broun^ Cancv

under the shadow of a orove of cocoaiiul trees, is a lai'o-e mound containing- seven men of the 2 2(1 and Sih Reo^ular Infantry (Xos. 233-240) Thus, we ha\c located ])\' the burial sites the line of movement and attack of Gen. Ludlow's l)riL;ade as being- on the extreme south, and s\vii-iging- around to the southwest and west of the Stone h\)rt. This distribution of the martial graves of the slain would indicate that the American In-ing line was drawn ciround Cane\- in the form of a \ast horse- shoe, with jjerhaps a narrow opening towards the n-iountains on the northwest, and a consider- able gap on the southwest.

It ma)' interest readers who are disposed to study the value (){ such records as this book con- tains for detern-iining the actual movements ot tht; various organi- zations engaged in the battle of Caney, to compare the above statement, made from n-i)- records of graves lound upon the held, with the several reports of the commanding officers of Lawton's division. I \-enture to rej)ro- duce (Fig. 98) a map which shows the position of the \arioiis brigades as they are given by Lieut. -Col. Miley.'-- It will be seen that the monumental record as al)ove established corresponds with the written reports and with this semi-official chart. Thus, indubitable evidence is presented of the accuracy of accc^unts gi\cn by commanding officers of the movements of their troops, and one is able to notice with a reasonable

* John D. Miley, " In Culji with Sliafter." 12

Ik;. 9.S Aiiuriian line of in-'cstiiicnl arounu CiUicv.

Zbc Jftriiui Xiuc Bl•olm^ Caucv 17;»

decree of ccrtaiiU}- 1))' ihc ])i'()i)()riii»n;ilc losses, iIk; active j)arts taken l)y the several bri^^ades and regiments.

The position of Gen. Rates in Col. Miley's map is shown as closin^if up a i^ap in the firing- line; to the southeast of the stone fort on I'd \'iso, thus eompletint^- the circle of inxcslmeiu. This hrii^ade was composc^d of the Ihii'd and I'wi ntleih In ie<l States Infantry. When I first observed that Miley had located it in the above position I was disposed to think it an error. Hut on lookino" up the facts I found the explanation. Gen. Hates and his brigade had been assij^ned todul\-al .Sibonex- and aloiiL;' the adjacent shore to i)rotect the landing- of supplies and ammu- nition. He was ordered up to the neiL^diborhood of Shaffer's headquarters, but not in time to take part in the forward move- ments either ui)()n Cane)' or the San |iian hills. When the unexpected resistance mc;t 1)\- Gen. Lawton was reported to Gen. Shafter, he at once forwarded Bates" Brigade to reinforce Lawton He appears to have arrived upon the held about 2.45 p. m., just before the final charge w^as ordered. The part he took in the action is lacking in details in the- piiblishetl accounts, and most of the war-books fail e\cn to mention his j:>resence.

'1 here is just one item in the mortuarx' records of tlu- battle- field, however, which shows that his brigade was thei'e and in about the position indicated by Col. Milew Among the soldiers buried in a large trench about a mile south of the Stone lort is the name of Albert Jindra. Third Cnited .States Infantry (which was in Bates' Brigade), who appears on the official re])ort as ha\ing died July 2d. 1S9S. As he was buried on the fiekl with those wdio iell In action, it seems probable that he received a mortal wound while in battle, although, of course, it may be that he died from other causes after the fii-ht. At all events, the

Zbc jriiiiiii Xtuc Broun^ Caiicv

\s\

place of intcniuMU (jiiile accords with .Milc\'s statcincnt. as it is not far from the position which the left of Ikitcs' lirii^ade occuijied.

M)- \isit to Cane)' was unfortunately marred by rain, so that the photoL^raphcr who accompanifd me with a held camera was much hampered in .L^cttin^ \iews. Those obtained in the intervals between the showers were marred b\' the mist in th(.' air. The stone fortress of Caney on Kl \'iso is seated upon an isolated valle\', L;irt al)out on the southern, eastern and northern sides by mountain ran^'es and isolated spurs. It is commanded on the north by a height known as Alto Coro- nal, trom which the view has been taken. Durino" the assault upon the fortress the- place was gradually invested and at- tacked from all points. Nearly the entire hrintj line as seen from El \'iso at -^^4:^l^it> . ilfe the Stone Vovi and from .\lto Coronal. '^^'*<:-l'

is shown in the series oi photographic

cuts taken under m)' direction by a stick markers at the graves of Spanish-Cuban photographer.

The rain not onK' marretl the viev/s, but made the search after graves unusualK ditticult. \\ e were compelled to march the entire line of circumvalh tion trudgmg through the rain, wading in mud, and wet by drippings trom the rank vegetation. Fortimately. we received through the courtesy of the \illage Alcalde two local guides who were ot great service in directing us to the sleeping jjlaces ot oiu' heroes.

On the northeast of the village at the distance of about one-fourth of a mile, just over the slope of the commanding height Alto Coronal, is what m.iy be called and is called by the

Fig. ioi

soldiers in American Ceine-

Iciv, Caney.

Z\K Jfirinii Xiuc Ilvouu^ Cai\c\? i^'J

villagers the American C"cincl(T\ • II lies to the cast ol tlic road, and on die mai;L;in ol a garden ot melons, whose rank vines luid o\ erspread the surface and were scndinij;- out their tendrils ami were spreading- their leaves toward and even over th(^ heads of the oraves. The mounds lace west ; there an; forty-three in all, the first two, headinqr the column toward the south, being the gra\e of 2d Lieut. Thomas A. W'ansboro and ist Lieut. Walter I\L Dickinson (Fig. 100). These are the only two in the; group that are marked with names. The others are laid side 1)\- side in a long row with two sticks tlirust into th<- head (Lig. loi). ( )n one of these two sticks is penciled a number corresponding with its position in the line. Ihus, counting Lieut. Wansboro's gra\e as No. i and Lieut. Dickin- son's No. 2, the; next gra\'e has on the second and smaller stick the number " 3 " (iMg. loi ). So on throughout the entire series. The two sticks are placed at the foot of ever\ mound, at least at the points opposite the heads of the officers' graves. Perhai)s the officers were l)uried with lh<-ir heads toward the garden, and the men with heatls towanl the road. ( )r a mistake ma\- have been made 1)\ those who marked the graves or set up the head-sticks. This orderl\- numbering suggestetl that some one had made a systematic record of the interred soldiers, ami had pkued the numbers on the grax'es to correspond with numbers recorded, and thus raised the hop(.' that the unnamed gra\ es might be identilied.

Ne.\t the grave of Lieut. Dickinson, which is the sc;cond in the row. is erected a finger-board or post se\en or eight feet high, on which is cut " 12 Inf." anil in the corner ot the board the hgure " 9." Opposite No. 25 of the series is another simi- lar post on which is inscribed "21 Div 3d I^rig. 7th Int." 1 inferred that the graves included between the tu'st post and the

1S4 /IDaitial Graves

second contain soldiers of the i2di Infantry U. S. Army, while those between the second post and the end contain men of the 7th V. S. Infantry. However, an examination of the official report of the soldiers killed and buried at this point did not sup- port the inference. On Captain Howell's list twent)--three names of enlisted men from the yth Regiment follow the name of Lieut. Dickinson which, including- Lieut. W'ansboro, make twenty-four froni that regiment. Seven names of the same regiment follow, but not in consecutive order, being intermin- gled with six names of the 12th Infantry and five of the 17th. Officers and men, the cemetery includes thirty-one of the 7th Regular Infantry, six of the 12th and six of the 17th. At least three others of the 7th were killed, probably before the column reached the Alto Coronal, making thirty-three, an enormous death rate for the number of men engaged.

Xo. 155. The first grave of the series is that of 2d Lieut. Thomas A. W^ansboro, of the 7th Infantry, who was killed in action Jul)' i st. The mound is bordered somewhat irregularly with stones, and a rude cross at the head bears the inscription on the inner face of the cross-piece (Fig. 103). The foot of the grave, as probably of all the others, is toward the thickly hedged bank of the road from which it is separated by about 18 inches. The thick foliage overhangs the heads of all the graves. The following tribute was paid by a British officer. Capt. Arthur H. Lee, to this gallant young soldier :

" Close in front of me, a slight and boyish lieutenant com- pelled my attention by his persistent and reckless gallantry. Whenever a man was hit Ik; would dart to his assistance regard- less of the fire his exposure inevitably drew. Suddenly he sprang to his feet gazing intently into the village ; but what he saw we never knew, for he was instantly shot through the heart

Zbc Jfirino '^i'^c Bl•oun^ Cancv

1.^.')

and U:\\ over hackward clulchiiv^- at the air. I lollowcd t lie men who carried him to the road and asked them his name.

'••.Seconil Lieutenant W'ansboro, sir. of the- .Se\c:nth Infantry, and \()U will never see his better, lie foui^dit like a little ti^er.'

"A few eoii\iilsi\e oasj)s. and the poor l>o\' was dead, and as we laid him in a shady spot by the side ot the road, the .Ser- i^eant re\ erently drew a handkerchief over his face and said :

" ' Goodd)ye. Lieutenant, you were a bra\e little officer, and \'ou dit;d like a true soldi(-r.' " '•"

\o. 150. The next L;ra\(' is inscribed: "Lieut. W . ^L Dickinson, 17th Infantry, killed in action. July ist, 1S9S." Lieut. Dickinson's o-rave is bordered with larL;c bricks, set on edL;e. A single brick is laid length- wise near the toot. The head is marked by a marble stone bearing' the above in- scription, placed b)' relatives or friends. Two small coleus plants are in front of the headstont- on either side ot the mound. Like the ^raxe of Lieut. Wansboro. the heatl of thv- mound is toward the Jiielon garden. The owner of this tield is Nicanor Perei"a, who, I was intormetl, is in San Dominsj;o.

The supposition that the unnamed praxes in the American Cemetery at Cane\- miL^ht bt: identified b\ the mimbers upon the wooden sticks placeel thereon proved to \)C well-L;round(,"d.

* I'apt. Artliur II. Lee, R. A., British Military .Vttacln.-, in Sttibutr's M?^'n:inc for C»cto- ber, 1898, "The Regulars at El Caney."

. A-vv/ANSBORO

LIEUT yn.. T^eF.

KTlLcLd J w > ij 1 . ^i a

Fig. 103 Marker at I.ietil. Wansboro' s Grave.

18() ni>artial Graves

Capt. Howell, of the 7th Infantry, furnished to the Adjutant General of the Army. August 13, 1898, a list of names of the soldiers who had been killed and buried at the above spot. The list was incomplete as to many of the Christian names of the dead and in several cases imperfect. But from an official list received by the courtesy of Gen. Ludington, of the Quarter- master's Department. I have been able to complete the list of Captain Howell, and to identify all the names furnished by him except three. These are " F. Riney, Corporal, I, 7th United States Infantry." and " R. A. Jones, Private. B, 7th United Infantry" and "I. Amter, Sergeant, F Company. 7th United States Infantry." These names do not appear on the official list. It is possible that they may be disguised by incorrect spelling, but I can find on that list no names of the men of the three regiments represented in the cemetery, who were killed on the ist of July, that seem to apply to

the above.

Some other names thus disguised I identified with reason- able certainty. For example : " Geiney, Private. F Company. I 2th United States Infantry," does not appear upon the official list ; but the name of Patrick Gearin, of the same company and regiment, who died at the same date, does appear. Again, the

name of " Conoley, Private, D, 7th United States

Infantry." does not appear upon the official list. But the name of " Con. Crowley" (No. 173), of the same company and regi- ment, who died July 1st. does appear. I have therefore sub- stituted the latter names for the former. No. 190 of my list

which appears in Capt. I lowell's report as " McB

I have considered to be " John McBride, D Company, i7lh United States Infantry." whose name is on the official list as havine been killed lulv ist. Another example is the name of

Z\K Jfiriuii Xiuc Brolm^ Canc\? I'^r

"Marshall ()'I)()\\<I, rri\atc. A, 7th L'niltd Slates IiifaiUry," which does not api)car on the otticial list. lUit the name of "John R. O'Dowd" of the same comj)any and regiment and date of death does aj^pear, and 1 have therefore entered that name upon m\' list, NO. 162.

ConeerninL^ the three additional names upon Caj)t. I lowell's report, it ma\ he said that the) are probabh' correct. At h^ast. there ou^lit to Ije three names in addition to those identified as on the .Xdjiitant-General's list, in order to make up the numher ot graves observed 1)\- me in llu- cemeterw IncludinL; l.ieuts. Dickinson and W'ansboro, I counted forty-three, and the num- bers upon the sticks marking- the Li;-raves of enlisted men ran^^ed from No. 3 to No. 4:;. bicludiuL,^ Capl. 1 lowelTs three names, the list is complete as indicated by me. ( )mittinL;' them, tlvre are three graves lacking. I am not able to reconcile the tiis- crepancy, or furnish the lacking nanu-s. liut it is probable that Capt. I iowell, or some officer or man ot the three regiments represented in this bd Cane)' gra\c\ard, will be able to do so_ Nor can I be confident that the names as the)' appear in the following list are in the same order as the numbers u|)on the sticks, proceeding from Xo. 3 to 43. as abo\e indicated. 1 believe that Mr. Rhotles, in his work of disinterring the i-emains ot these soldiers, has |jroceeded upon tile supi)osilion that the order runs as in Capt. Howell's n-port. and this is not improb- able. At all events, the friends of the dead may confidentl)' rely upon that gentleman doing th.e best that can j)ossibl)- be done to secure e.xact ideiititication ol the dead. 1 have attach<'d in i)arenthesis the number of excr)- gra\ c, as in the above state- ment, to the numbered name of m\- own series as it ap|)ears below. That the)- are identical, howe\ r, must be regarded as at present on!)' h)pothelical.

188 /iDartial Graves

\o. 157. (3) Robert Dudley Davis, Private. G Company, 7th L'nited States Infantry. Died JuK" i st, 1898.

No. 158. 14) John A. Clear)', Private, G Company, 7th l'nited States Infantry. Died luly ist, 1898.

Xo. 159. (5) lohn \\\ Lon^-, Private, G Compan)-, 7th Ignited States Infantry. Died Jiih' ist, 1898.

Xo. 1 6c. (6) William V. Crocker, Private, A Company, 7th l'nited States Infantry. Died [uly ist, 1898.

Xo. 161. (7) John W.Jones, Quartermaster Sergeant, E Comi)any, 7th United States Infantry. Died |uly ist, 1898.

Xo. 162. (8) John R. O'Dowd, Private, A Company, 7th United States Infantry. Died July 1st, 1898.

Xo. 163. (9) Arthur C. McAllister, Private, I Company, 7th United States Infantry. Died July 1st. 1898.

Xo. 164. (10) Patrick f. Shea, Corporal, A Company, 7th United States Infantry. Died July 1st.

Xo. 165. (11) Frank E. Wert, Musician, 7th United States Infantr\-. Died July 1st. 1898.

Xo. 166. (12) P'rederick Timannus. Private, E Company, 7th United States Infantry. Died |uly 1st, 1898.

Xo. 167. (13) Harry Clark, Private, A Compan)-, 7th United .States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 168. (14) ¥. Riney, Corporal, I Company, 7th United .States Infantry. Died July 1st. 1898. (Xoton the Adjutant- General's list.)

No. 169. (15) Daniel Conway. Corporal, C Company, 7th l'nited .States Infantry. Died July 1st, 1898,

Xo. 170. (16) P'rancis Hulme, Private, C Company, 7th United States Infantry. P)ied July 1st, 1898.

No. 171. (17) John W. Slaven, Private, G Company, 7th United .States Infantr)-. Dic-d |uly ist, 1898.

Xo. 172. (iS) William 11. liaKhc l'rival<-. C Company. 7th I'liitccl Slates liilaiUrN. Died July i-st. i8gS.

Xo. 173. ( ic)) Con. Crowley. Private. D Conipaiu, 7ih United States Inlantry. Hied July i st. 1S9S.

Xo. 174. (2(^1 I. .\nuer, Serjeant. 1' Company, 7th I nited States Infantry. I )ietl July ist, iSgS. Xot on the official list above referred to.

Xo. 175. (21) lulward Seymour White, Private. C Com- pany, 7th United States Infantry. Died juK ist. 1S9S.

Xo. 176. (22) August Sanber^-. Private. I^ Company. 7lh United States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 177. (23) lames M. Dermoody, Private (!*). G Com- l)any, 7th United States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 178. (24) Jesse M. llunt. Corporal, 1) Comiiany, 7ih I'nited States Infantry. Died July isl, 1898.

No. 179. (25) Patrick McGraw, Private. I) Company, 7th United States Infantry. Died July ist. 1898.

Xo. 180. (26) Raimund Miller. Sergeant, b' Company. 12th United States Infantry. Di<'d July 1st. 1898.

Xo. 181. (27) Walter Prown, Private. A Company, 17th United States Infantry. Died July ist. 1898.

Xo. 182. (28) Leonartl Weber. Private. G Company. 17th United States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

No. 183. (29) John Dahl. Serg-eant, Ci Company. 12th United States Infantry. Dietl July ist, 1898.

No. 184. (30) John Maguire. Private. G Comi)any, 7th United States Infantry. Diecl Jul\ ist. 1898.

Xo. 185. (31) Christian I lees, Corporal, b^ Company, i 7lh United States Infantry. Died JuK' ist. i8q8.

Xo. 186. (32) .\dolphiis C. Scott, Private, b" Company. I 2th United Slates Infantry. Die<l July 1st. 1898.

ii»o /IDavtial Graves

Xo. 187. (33) ^-Gc Carson, Private, B Company, 7th I'nited States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 188. (34) Albert H. (iray, Private, B Company, 7th I'nited States Infantry. I )ied fiily ist, 1898.

Xo. 189. {;i,^) Daniel Maher, Private, I) Company. 7th I nited States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 190. (36) John McBride, Private, E Company, 17th United States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 191. {^ty) R. A. Jones, Private, B Company, 7th United States Infantry. (Xot on the Adjutant-General's list.)

Xo. 192. (38) George Shields, Private, H Company, 7th L' nited States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 193. (39) Silas T. Wilson, Sergeant, F" Company, 12th Ignited States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 194. (40) William T. Fuson, Private, A Company, 17th United States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 195. (41) Patrick (iearin, P^, 12th United States

States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 196. (42) Philip Lehr, Private, C Company, 12th I'nited States Infantry. Died July ist, 1898.

Xo. 197. (43) Frederick W. Dwyer, Private, B Company, 7th I'nited States Infantry. Died July 1st, 1898.

Xo. 198. " Xathaniel S. Isler, private, H Co., 7th Inf., died July ist, 1898." The guide led us southwardly and east- wardly along a rocky, sunken trail, which he named the " Rode." On the right of this road, as one moves from the town, and about ten feet from the track, is a single grave. It is on the edge of a field four hundred yards or more from the village, and is ele\ated alcove the road. The fort bears south- west. Three large brown bowlders mark the head and help to support a rustic stake on which the name "X. ISLER" is

Zbc Jfirino %inc Bvouu^ Canc\:

ii>i

dimly written in pencil, antl is ditlicult to decipher. | ust l)c) ontl the toot ot the orave is planted a post as a sort of ^iiitle-l)()anl, on the liewn tace ol which at the to]) is the iii->( rijiiii m • :;d Brigade. 2d Division, 7th Inf." (Id:.;-. 104.) A small hushh-t grows between the mound and this guitle-post.

'V/?t^.

-^''■iM;^,

V'.. ^ Kic;. 104

Grare of XtUhaiticl S. Isler, ~th i '. S. Iiifanlry, luar Caney.

No. igg. Lieutenant Clark Churchman, .Second Lieu- tenant Ignited .States Infantry. Died July 2d, iS()S.

A (juarter of a mile ( ast of Cane\' and a short distance south of the winding, rock\- trail, the Rode, with ih<' fort hear- ing southwest between thrte and four hundi-cd \ards distant, in an open held, surrountled b\- a bed of short, soft grass, is the

192 /iDartial Graves

o-rave of Lieut. Churchman, of the 12th Ignited States Infantry. It is a plain earthen mound, with a stick to mark the head, lust beyond tliis, to the east, is erected a guidedjoard whicli stands about ti\e feet high, and on this is inscribed the name and record. There is a clump of bushes close by to the east, and westward!)- the field slopes gently clown toward the village.

This gallant )oung officer graduated at West Point with the Class of A. 1). 1898, and joined the Twelfth Regiment at Tampa, Florida, May 21st of the same year. He was ill with malarial fever when Lawton's division started on its march toward Caney, but insisted on accompanying his regiment. On the morninor of the battle he was so sick that the surgeon ureed him to remain in the hospital. But he entered the fight and led his platoon imtil two o'clock in the afternoon, directing its fire, as stated by the Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the regi- ment, " in a cool and gallant manner." He had just given his platoon the range of the fort, which was about three hundreci and fifty yards distant, and had directed them in the firing of two volleys. He stood surveying the enem)' through his field glasses with the utmost composure while the Mauser bullets rained around him. Havinsf ascertained the ranoe to his satis- faction, he had uttered the order "Aim !" and before he could complete the order "Fire!" was struck with a bullet and fell mortally wounded.

.Shortly before his death, Lieut. Churchman handed to one of his fcllow-ofticers, 1^'irst Lieut. Wdlson Ldine, a fragment of soiled and crumpled j)aper, on which was written the words, "It buried here let grave be distinctly marked,"' and signed with his name and rank (See Chap. II, Pig. 15). That was all. Put the silent message exj^resses his longing to sleep the last

Z\?c jririno Xiuc Xlvoln\^ Cancv

lit:;

sleep in the dear home laiui : liis tlioii-lutul rc-ard t<.r lowd ones whose sorrow woukl l)c allc\ iat.-d hy the sad salislaction of recovering- the body of their son and -iNiniL^- it due fiincnd

^ ^-K")

•\ft/.;a'"'*:?:iir'^(i; .f;;,,.

Fk;. 105 Gra7'es of Lieul. Clai k C/iiin/,,,i„,i, CorpomlAyn- ,n,d Prirate Kerrigan, ;/,•<;;• C<7»ey.

honors : and his confidence thai Ids kindred or his comrades woukl surely search for him on the distant hattletields of Cuba. Noble young soldirr ' His dyin- \v< -ds have voiced the feel- ing of every iallen hero, and have insi)ired the writer of these

104 /iDartial Graves

lines to persevere in fulhllino- that duty to the dead and to their loviniT friends to whicli he was assigned by the highest author- ity in the nation.

Lieut. Churchman was the only son and only cliild of Col. Caleb Churcliman, a \eteran of the Civil War. Mrs. Church- man, the young man's mother, sent a message to me in Cuba, requesting that I would search for the grave of their son. On my return I was able to satisfy the an.xiety of these bereaved j^arents, and give them a drawing of their son's grave and specihc directions as to where his body could be found. Sub- sequently a relative was sent to Santiago, the remains were disinterred, and on their arrival in the L'nited States were taken to West Point, where they were buried with most impressive ceremonies in the cemetery of the Military Academy where repose all that is mortal of many heroes of other conflicts for the honor of our country and its flag.

The young Lieutenant, who had left the Academy but a few months before to enter upon his brief career as an officer of the arm)', was known to nearly all the professors and under- graduates of the institution. He was loved and admired for his manly and Christian character by all his associates and instructors. The obsequies, therefore, awakened unusual inter- est and excited the tenderest feeling. The sword and b(.;lt of the young officer lay upon the casket. The Post fiag was at half mast and all academic duties were suspended during the service, (jathered in the historic chapel were the superintendent, professors, officers on duty at the Post, their families, and the entire corps of cadets. The Chaplain of the Military Academy was assisted in the service by a young clergyman who had been a classmate of Lieut. Churchman in Trinity College, Hartford. While the cadet choir sang the closing hymn the casket was

Lhc Jfirimi Xmc XU•oll^^ Caiicv

l!t.j

'oiiu, aiul so

l)()riu-(l()\\n lhc aisle upon the shoulders of (■'\<^\n soldiers. An

t-'scort Ironi the detachineiu of Regulars was drawn np in tront

of the Chapel, and as the casket was placed upon a caisson,

the Academy hand played "Nearer. My God. to 'Ihee." 'Ihen

the i)rocession nio\cd to the sound of the funeral march.

l)assetl the I'attle Monument, and 'i"roi)h\-

out the north road to the cemeter\-, where

th(.' youn-' hero was left to sleep side by side

with other \()uthl\il heroes of Caney and San

juan. Ihetcirewell shots were fired above the

"spot where the hero was l)uried,"' and the

notes of " I.i-hts out I '" blown b\- tlu; bugler.

reverlx-rated anion-- the hills of the Hudson

hiL;hlands.

In a lar-c siiiL^le -ra\c to the northeast of Lieut. Chuichman"s are buried two men (.See ¥\<^ 105). 'I heir names are inscribed upon the side of a rustic stake hammered securely into the ground at the head of the mound (see big. 106). 1 he inscriptions are as follows :

" Corp. Chas. 1.. .\yer, Co. A, 7ih C S. Inf

Prvt. K. Kerrigan. Co. 15, 7th int.'

l"ir.. 106

(■need some difficult\- in delineating'- c- ■ ,

» o/v* tnarker nf the

I e.Xjx

the last surname, but decided it to be as al)OVe. .cv/rr </ Corporal .\(). lOtO Cr)|-|)or:d (Ivirh-c \ \^•/.1- r\. .iyer ait,i Private

K'rrri'-oti.

200. Corporal Charles .\. .\\er. Co. A. 7th C. .S. bifantry. died lul\- ist. iS(,S.

Xo. 201. I'rivate i;. Kerri-an. Co. IS. 7th l. .s. Infantry. Died bib' 1st. iSgS. '1 his name is not on my co|)\- of the official list, and I fmd no name that could be considered its e(pii\alent.

Xo. 202. I'rvt. Clarence C. Dratten. Co. I'.. 12th Inf V . S.

liiO

/iDartial Graves

Army. Died lul\' i st. 189S. The grave of Private Bratten is a lone mouiul in the edge of a field about eighteen teet from the road, a little east of south

of the fort. It is a simple earthen mound with a tuft of tall grass at the foot and a rustic stake at the head, on which is the in- scription. Pjeyond the grave is erected a tall fingerboard about 6 ft. high, on the cross- piece ot whicli is recc^rded : "Prvt. C. C. Bratten, Co. II 1 2th Inf. 12." A path along the edge ot the field passes l^\' the foot of the orave.

a(Mj.\

It-

"«• A

Fig. 107 Grave </ C. C. Rralteii 121J1 U. S, Infa)itrv, near Cancy

Lhc Jfinuii Xiuc Ilroun^ Caucv i""

Tiirnini;- out of the Ivoili- track into a trail that K.-ads toward the northeast on the ri^ht hand side of the roatl are located two j^raves. The soldiers who sleep within them apjx.'ar to ha\e been the tirst tatalities in the fighting around C'aney. and it is probable that the\' were in the advance column ot Gen. Lawton's dixision as it moved forward to the attack. ( )nr gra\ <• is marked "Ryan, (i, 7th Inf." The marker ui»on the other grave has nothing discernable but the letters " Mck.' 1 he point at which these men are buried is about one thousand yards northeast of the village of El Caney and almost in a line eastward from the American Cemetery,

No. 203. .Samuel |. I\\an, Trixate. G Comi)any. 7th I'nited States Infantry. I )ied July 2d, iSgS. The full name, with company connection and date ot death. ha\ e been taken h-om the official records. It would ajipear that Ryan receixcd a mortal wound on this occason and died in the temporar\- tield hospital on the tollowing day.

Xo. 204. ■• McK ." (iod only knows the rest.

We jxtss ne,w to the southward of the fort, and to the westward of the mountain creek that incloses it widiin its lorks. The village is due north about lour hundred yards distant. Here are buried in one large grave, near two large mango trees, five soldiers of the Fourth infantry. The held in which their grave is located is known, after a Cuban custom to desig- nate plantations b\' some title, by the name oi " Santa Teresa de Jesus," as our guide informed us, and is owned b\- ' Lawy<'r Plana," of Santiago de Cuba. The mound is nine teet scpicU'e, and is walled about b\ rocks, three of the corners being marked bv a pile of stones with a large rock as the centre. On the southwest corner is erectt^d a i)yramid of stones over three feet high, from whose apex rises a board on which are recorded the

I^i

Zbc Jfivinii Xinc Xll•Olm^ Cancv

1!II»

lARTIFN ANDERSON, PRVT. H.T. GRUB' PRVT. N.H. KELLY PRVT. AH H05FlEL(j

^,^ MEMBER6 0F CO.c;

-^^kJm AND

names of those iiUen-rd within tlv toinli. I hi- names are also recorck-(l on a eiir\c(l tile wliiih is leaned aL^ainst the stones on one side. A path throiiL^h the held passes aloiiL^one sid<- ot the grave, which is IriiiL^cd li\' phiincd grasses and low shriil)S. The fort hears to the northeast, and the ^nue is luit a short distance southeast of the road Ix-tween Santiaoo and (_'ane\-. (h\^-. loS.)

Xo. 205. Artihcer Nele Anderson, Com- ]iany C, 4th I aiitetl States Infantrx. Killed Jiil\- i, 1898.

No. 206. Private Henry T. Ciruby, C(Mn- pany C, 25th I'nited States hifantr\'. Killed Jnl\- I, 1898.

Xo. 207. Private Her. H. Kelley, Company C, 25th United States Infantrx'. Killed July i,

1898.

Xo. 208. Private

Alhert Hossfield. Company C, 25th I'nited .States Infantry.

Killed Jul\- 1, 1898.

Xo. 209. Musician 1". S. ^'. (or j.) Walters. Company (".,

4t]i United States Infantrx'. Killed JuK' i. 1808. This nam«-

does not appear upon the copy ot the otticial list in m\-

possession.

Another interestiiiL;' .^rouj) of '^rax'es is tound in a south-

westerlv tlirection froni the above, and directh' south ot tlie

-==V^M,U5F ST. WALTERS

'nJI cog 4'" m.

mll£ 0 ''l4'/32 JULY |St' i698

•it'll! ni"^\'j'^

111.. ICi)

IhadboarJ at the grave of Fourth Infantrymen, Coney.

2(»(» /iDautial Graves

town, perhaps a (juartcr of a mile. It is on a plantation known as Santa Thomas, the property of Don Angel Choven of Santiao-o de Cuba. The oraves are on the edoe of the field with the heads toward the trail, between which and the field is a natural hedge of trees and shrubs.

Xo. 2IO. The grave of Lieut. H. L. McCorkle, 25th U. S. Infantry, is an earthen mound marked originally by a headboard supported by a heap of bowlders (Fig. iii). A cross formed of stones rests upon the breast (Fig. i 10). The grave had subsequently been surrounded by an iron enclosure, of the sort that one sees in the windows of Cuban houses, as a protection

against the outside world. My own views ot this group failed in development, and instead of giving my pencil sketch I reproduce a view bought in a photographer's .. „.. ..., ^. shop in Santiago (Fig. 112).

Fig. 110 ,,,, .11

,, , , Ihis shows the grave in a

Cross of stones on Lieut. AIcLorkle s ^•■roTe.

different sort of fence from that which surrounded it when seen by me. The boardlike enclosures seen on each side were w^anting, and in their place was an iron fence extending along each side the entire length. A tall iron frame with figured work stood at the head, and a similar one at the foot, thus wholly surrounding the mound, leaving the original headboard intact but outside the frame.

Nos. 21 1-2 I 7. Seven soldiers of the Twenty-fifth Infantry are buried in one grave at the side of their young officer. The four regular regiments composed of colored citizens, engaged in th(; \arious actions before Santiago, accpiitted themselves with steadiness, skill and valor that won from all, even the most

Zbc Jfuniii} Xiiic HioimC> Caiicv

prejiulicccl, the wariiK^st cncomiiinis. At Las Giiasiinas the Tenth Cavah-y joined with the 1-irst Regiment of Cavah'v (white) in the llank nioxcincnt that supported so (tHecti\cly lh<! Roug'h Riders, the I'irst XOhniteer Cavah-y. In the charge <tn San Juan hills the same regiment (Tenth), together with the Nhith Cavalry and Twenty-fourth Infantry, both composetl of colored troops, mounted the huUet-swejJt slo])es side 1)\- side with their white comrades, the ver\' llowcr oi the reguhir arm\-. At Caney the Twenty-fifth Infantry fought with equal valor and distinc- tion, and on the final charge, which won the h)rt, joined with the'Twellth Infantry which letl the assault. The seven soldiers who sleep at the side of Lieut. McCorkle on Santa Thomas plantation are the silent witnesses of tin; patriotism, manli- ness and courage of their race.

Their grav(; is a larg^e |)lain mound, ha\ing at the head two boards side by sitUt on which tin- names are inscribc^d. These are

supported in plac<' by several bowlders. A tall stick rises from the mound l)efore tlu; headboards, i)robably the original marker, and a shorter stick is thrust into the foot. (See Fig. 112.) Two yoimg trees grow just back of the headboards of the two graves from which sections of the bark have been hewed, and within the clean Hat spaces have been placed on one tree the name ol Lieut. McCorkle, and on the other th(' names of his men, above which is the i)hrase •' 25th Ink. Roll ot Honor." (See Fig. iM.) The record on the heailboards was

Fic. 1 1 1

IliiiiiboiHii ,it I.ieiit. Mi Corkle i ;-ri/;r.

"<.

s

^

Zbc Jfiiiuii Xiuc XU•olm^ Caucv -'<••{

probably made after that on the tabU-t had been carved, and is more accurate. I'hc- lisi lollows.

No. 211. C'oi'i'oral iMnjamiii Cousins. Coinpaiu II. 25th United States bilaiUiy, killed July 1, 1S9S.

Xo. 212. I'rixale l'"r(-nch I'aync-. Compan\- 1), 25tli I'niled States IntaiUry. killed July 1, 1S9S.

Xo. 213. l'ri\ate i'oiu llowe, Compan\- I), 25th I'nited States Intantr\-. killed July 1, 1S9S.

Xo. 214. l'ri\ale lohn !'>. Phelps, Company P, 25th I'nited States Intantr)-, killed July 1. 1 SgS.

Xo. 215. l'ri\ale |()hn W. .Steele, Coinpan)' 1 ). 25th Cnit<'d States bitaiUrx, killed Jul\- 1, 1S9S.

Xo. 216. I'rixate .\aron Leftwitch, Company (i, 25th United States hitantry. killed Jul\- 1, 1S9S.

No. 217. Private .Mberl Strother, Compaiu' II, 25lh I'nited States Inlantr), killed July 1. 1 S9S.

No. 21S. ( )\er a winding' trail leading- into the road to Santiago in a southerl\- direction from Caney, and about a mile therefrom, our -uicU; led us to the grave of Sergt. 1'. Kirl)\-. Co. \\ 4th r. S. Infanlrw Iln; mound is edged with stones, a large bowlder is placed at the; foot and a headboard sui)poried by bowlders bears the inscri[)tion : "I. U.S. Sergt. P. Kirby. Co. V. V. S. A. Killed July 1, iS9S.'" I'lv record of the rc-gi- meiU is somewhat in doubt on my notes, but appears to be the "4th " Infantrw dhe grave is on a slight blutf above the road, ami is almost under the shadow of three fme cocoanut trees. It is on the "-San .\ndrea " plantation, belonging to Mr. Pancho Godet (Fig. 114).

iM'om the grave of Sergeant l\irb\- one i)asses southerly through a cluster of shrubs and young trees along the edge of the Sunken Roatl, and through a cocoanut grove into an ojx-n

1" K.. II

Tree-tablet commemorative of members of the 33th U. S. Jnjanlry killed at Caney.

field. I Icrc is a lilllc icmcicry <>n lh<- caslern side ol the main road leading to Santiago, and ahoiil a mile Iroin Caney. ll is on the xers^e oT a man^cj _L;ro\-e and is composed chietly ol men of the Second Massachusetts X'oliinteer Infantry. 'rh»re are two lar^-e mounds conlainiuL; enlisted men anil two L;ra\<s ol officers. (Id:^. 117.)

IHS'I i2*m

te'^v^iyWJ&^Jai^^!^- V'-''--^?*^*- • • .••■^^*■■■■■•

lie. 114

Grn7C pf Seigeiint Kirly, ^ih i'. S.

fnf'iinfry.

No. 219. I he lar^c mound near- est the road evidently contains several bodies, but as there is no mark ol any sort bv which to distini^uish the names ol those who sleep within, one can only conjecture their names 1)\- an e.xamination of the Adjutant neMieral's list after eliminating^ all the men ol the Second Ih-i^^ade who are reported as ha\inL.'' been killed on lulv 1st and who are not otJK rwise accounted tor.

Xos. 220-227. dhe larLie mountl just east of the above contains eit^^it lK-)dies. The only mark upon it was a small stick cut from a tree, about fourteen inches long and two inches

20B

nnavtial Graves

thick. PVom one side the bark had been cut away, and several names, most of which would be indistinguishable by an ordi- nary observer, were written upon the hewed surface in pencil.

2d Mass »S: 3d A II PACKARD RICllMOXD

BROOKS E

F E Moody K

J M alone B

C-

- jindra B 3d Reg-.

Chas. Dugas Co D 2d Mass

M j Warner Co B 22d

Fic. 115

Interpretation of inscription en the

marker, Fig. ii6.

Fic;. 116 JJrtr,vn from the marker on a large mound on Caney bat- tlefield. To sho-o difficulty 0/ deciphering names.

"S\v. Rhodes brought this stick home witli him, after having erected a headboard, in order to make out the names by the aid of official reports. From it 1 have made a drawing (Fig.

"Cbc jrinuii Xinc Bl•oun^ Caiicx? 2(i7

I i6) which iini)crffctl\' rcpi'ocUn'cs the rude and inaiTrd pciu il \\]'j; cxidciuly made 1)\ an unpi-attiicd hamh It will show, at least, something ol the ditlicult)' which attended the work of decij:)ht'rinL; inscriptions and desij^matinL,;' the cjraves on thcst; fields. I also print side hy side with iIk- cut il'i.L;'. 1151 the names L:i\'<'ii ni<" I'V Mr. Rhodes as his interpretation of the scroll. In the roll wliich lollows I !^i\(' the full names as! Uavc. restored them from the official list in the War 1 )epartment. hrom this list oiie name is wanting' which appears upon the -Stick (and it is the- most distinc-t of all) that of M. |. Warner, !> Company, jjd Tnited States Infmtrw

Probal)l\- it will he impossibk; to identify indi\ idualK' the names within this mountl. The e.xistence of some system of marking, and ])erhaps a little more pains and inlelliL.;"enc(; and less haste on the part ol the hospital corps or hurial i)arty, would have enableel us to distini^uish e\-er\- person antl restore the remains to friends in .\merica. .\s it is. the only satisfac- tion permitted is the knowh-d^e that the remains of some one ot the cML^ht hero(;s who slept side 1)\- side within this laule grave, represent the friend who died in the cause of liberty and humanity in front of the Spanish fort on El \'iso at Caney. However, it may justly be remembered in this case that after the battle (len Lawton's Division, undi'r imp(iMli\ c o]-ders, was hurried forward as rapidly as possible to reinforce the remainder of the Fifth Army Corps in front of ,Santiai.;o. and to take its place to the northwest in the line of iinestment on the right of the Cavalr\- I )i\ ision.

Xo. 220. Private Arthur II. P.ickard. Company C, 2d Mass. \'ol. Inf, killed ful\' i. iS()S.

No. 221. l'ri\at(; ( ieorge A. Riclimond. Comj)any (1. 2d Mass. \'()1. Inf, killed July i, 189S.

208

/IDartial Graves

\o. 2 22. Private George A. Brooks. Company E, 2d Mass. Vol. Inf.. killed July i, 1898.

No. 223. Private P'rank E. Moody. Company K, 2d Mass. Vol. Inf.. killed July 1, 1898.

No. 224. Private John J. Malone. Company P), 2d Mass. Vol. Inf., killed July i, 189S.

l-'ic. 1 17

Graves of Lietits. Bernard ami Field, and 7'arioiis soldiers of the 2d Massaclnisetts Voltmieers,

knoTvn and unknown, al Cancy. Lieut. Bernard's grave is nearest the fronl.

No. 225. Private Albert Jindra, Company B, 3d U. S. Inf., killed July i. 1898.

No. 226, Private Anatole Duoas. Co. D. 2d Mass. \'ol. Inf., killed July i. 1898. On the marker this name appears to be Charles Dugas. liut as no such name appears on the official list of killed, and as the above name is there given, I have assumed that this is the correct record.

No. 227. Private M. J. Warner, Company P), 2 2d U. S.

Zbc jfinna %\nc Uvcwn^^ Cancv

I'll".!

Inf., killed lul\- I, 1 898. This name appears iiol to have been reiK)rt(Hl lo the Adjutant General's office, at least it is not upon the othcial list in my i)ossession.

No. 228. lust south of th(;sc two lar_Li[<' mounds iwi- the U^raves of two officers. The one nearest the road is that ol First Lieutenant Charles II. iMeld. L Company. 2d Massachu- setts X'olunteer Infantr)-, who was killed July i. 1898. The Lj-ra\e is oirdled ahout with stone antl is neatly marked with .1 cross headboard bearing- an inscription which designates the inmate.

No. 229. The grave ne.xt to Lieutenant iMeld on the east is that of Second Lieut. John 1. Bernard of the 6th I'niletl .Stales Infiiilry, killed Iul\' 1st. i8()S. It is surrounded with stones, and a s(|uare bit ot a bo.x cover sup- ported upon two sticks bears the inscription. This assigns Lieut. Bernard to the L^ourth InfaiUr\-, but his name appears upon the otticial list as belonging to the Si.xth Infantr\-.

.Southward of Caney. just off the main road, are three graves, only one of which could be identitietl. They were made in front of a house which had been completeh- destro\etI for the sake of the tlry wood ol the interior. .\ heap of tiles marks its site. In th" transit to and fro to get the wood, the crosses and marks which the guides informed me had been on the graves were removed. I macUr a search among the rubbish and at last found a broken tile on which was an inscrii)tion. TIk' piece exactly litted into a broken section fixed in the soil at the head of one ot the graves, which was thus identifietl is that of Private Sutter, Co. 1'. 22d Infiutrv ( I'iL:-. 1181. The ••raves had almost lost their

J- 1.. 11-

TiU marker at I'ri 7a te Sutter's gra-.f.

210

/IDavtial Graves

characteristic form, but the shoht depression in the ground sufficiently designated them. I had them all bordered with roofing tiles from the ruins, so as to restore the semblance of graves, and fixed Sutter's marker in place, so that identification for permanent designation might be possible (Fig. 119).

Xo. 230. Gustavus v.. Sutter, private. E Co.. 22d U. S. Infantry. Killed July ist, 1898.

Xo. 231-232. Unknown American Soldiers. Xos. 2^,^240. Moving northward from the last-named (i-roup of graves along the Santiago Road toward Caney, one

comes to a plantation of thirteen cocoa- nut trees which extend in a westerly direction about two hundred yards from the road. At the end of the cocoanut grove and some three hundred yards southward of the village, is a large mound which contains seven men from the 8th and 2 2d United States Infantry regiments. Their names, however, are *^ not recorded and can only be obtained

Didgravi of graves of Private • ^ ^ r i J r 1

Suiter {230) and comrades, tentatively by a caretui study ot the ^^"^O'- official reports. It is possible, however,

that the officers or men of these tw^o regiments have informa- tion which would supply the deficiency. Immediately in front of the grave are two mango trees. This mound appears to mark the extreme northwestern line of attack, and would indicate that the left of Gen. Ludlow's brigade extended to this point. It is probable that it extended further around and joined w ith the right of Gen. Chaffee's brigade. But as far as the record of the graves indicates, an opening was left in the line of circumvallation at tliis northeastern angle.

( RuiWS OP	House ]
tzt	231		230
^-^"-i	r"*
9 S	8	s	n s
« 3	1	3	8 i
t ^	d	@	S S
1 * ' i	8 9 »	4 S	s *
«— '	"«^	ff	■«>«.«»'*
1 Road	ToS	ANTIBGO

Zbc Jfivino tine Bl*olm^ Cancx"'

211

III tlic list (»!" martial L;ra\es Hear \i\ Cancy arc two which were oxcrlookcil until too late to record in their pnjper con- nection. I hey are on the way to San .Mii^uei, west of" the xiilaL^e. They lie in low ground near the road and on the south side thereof.

Xo. ^^j. The first gn-a\c is that of Louis Korarnik i Ko^ay- nik) of Hattery V, 4th Artiller\, who died lul\- ist, iS(,S. Ihe tlate indicates that he may ha\e died of wounds receiveil in the battle ot July 1st. His ^n-ave is about four hundred yards, as Mr. Rhodes estimates, west of Cane\' ( biL;". 120.)

.\o. :;3S. The second grave is one hundred \-ards nearer Caney than Kocarnik's, and is that of bri\.ite- M. T. Corbin, Troop C. I'nited .States Cavalry, who died luly 6 (?), 1 89S. Mis nauK' is not in m\- copy of the official list. I'he dat(' indicates that he probably dieil ot sickness.

Xo. 241. .\t a ])oint southwartl of Caney and to the northeast of the grave of Sergeant Kirby ( Xo. 21S) and a little distance east- erly ot the road to Santiago is the grave of Lieutenant Nicolas L^ranca, an officer of the Cuban contingent assigned to Gen. Lawton for duty as scouts and guides. It is near a point where several trails meet, and is marked b\- a sli-ht mound, scarcely mortt than a little patch of yellow earth. Ihis officer was killed at the l)altle of Caney while ser\ing with the American army. The grave was entirely hidden b\- a littk; copse ot shrubbery, and the guitle who showed it had to push the bushes aside to give us a glimpse of his compatriot's gra\e (see Chap. Xi.

Xo. 242. Lhis number mark; the grave of Rai»hael Oiiintana, of Caney. It is in the middle of the road leading to

Fii;. 120

212

/lOarttal Graves

the American cemetery and is near it (M^". 121). Ihis untor- tiinatt? man was sliot 1)\- order of Gen. \'ara del Rey in the act ot escapino- to join the American army. He was taken by a squad of Spanish officers to the si)ot al)ove indicated, was shot to death, and left lyino- where he fell in the road. When the American soldiers ad\-anced to this point, they found the remains, which were much decomposed, and gave them decent burial. (See further in Chapter X.)

All accounts agree that the compau)' of Cubans assigned to duty with die Second Dixision did good service ; and

there is equal unani- •>. 4:P' ^-% I ni 1 1 )^ in the state-

ments that those who accompanied the col- unins attacking San |uan were demoral- ized by the losses from artillery shells at El Pozo and were of no value in action. An incidental proof of the service wrought bv the Canev condngent is furnished by Mr. Henry H. Lewis. On Sunday, while on a visit to Cane)-, he happened into the old stone church on the plaza which had served the .Sjjaniards as a fort on th(? istot July. The weather-stained building bore many marks of conflict; but nati\-e hands had patched up the doors, and there was evidence of new tiling here and there in the roof. He noticed several women in black who were leading little children, disappear inside the church, and followed just as a bell overhead tolled drearily.

Hie interior was scantily furnished and not over clean.

""■JiLLU^

l-'lG. 121

Grave of Raphael Qiihi/aiia, iwai- Caney.

s^

Si

s.

-1^ fmartial Graves

The altar showed signs of neglect; but there was a priest present and a number of natives, and in the aisle, midway from the door, resting upon a wooden bier, was a coltin. As Mr. Lewis watched, the padre produced a small book and prepared to read. The light was dim, and he stepped over to where a bright shaft of sunlight shot diagonally across the church from a broken-edged hole in the wall close to the ceiling, evidently made by a shot from Capron's batter)'. Then he resumed his service in a sonorous voice. Presently a Cuban, apparently one of the better class, slipped over to where the foreign visitor stood, and asked respectfully :

"You are an American, senor?"

On receiving assent, he continued, with a jerk of his right thumb toward the coffin : " Jesus Montero. there, was in the great battle, senor ! He was a scout with your General Chaffee, and he was wounded by a Mauser bullet from the block house on the hill. He died last night !'"==

* Henry Harrisan Lewis: ALmsey' Magazine, March 1S99, p S60.

Chapter VllI

At Las Guasimas

w

HERE is the grave of Sir Arthur O'Kel-

lyn ? Where may the grave of that good man

be?— By the side of a spring, on the breast of

Helvellyn, Under the twigs of a young birch tree ! The oak that in summer was sweet to hear, And rustled its leaves in the fall of the

year, And whistled and roar'd in the winter alone, Is gone, — and tlic birch in its stead is

grown, — The knight's bones are dust, And his good sword rust ; — His soul is with the saints, I trust.

Samuel Taifok Coleridck.

"Make way for Liberty '. he cried. Make way for Liberty, and died.

J AM i:s ^ I ()NT( i( )M KKY .

The Field of Las Guasimas

11'^ battle of Las (luasiinas was fought 1)\' llic Second IJri^ade of Maj.-G<-n. Wheeler's division ot dis- mounted cavalry on the day followini^- its landinL^- at l)ai(]uiri. The expedition conveying;- the hilth Army Corjjs arrived in Santia^^^o on the 20th of June, 1 S(;S, ahoiit noon. After a conference between (ien. Shafter, Admiral Sampson and tlie Cuban General Garcia, a i)lan for landing- was ao-reed upon. .At some point west of Sanliai^o a leint was to be made to dixcrl and confuse the attention ot the .Sj)aniards. while the navy should bei^in on th(' morning; "t juiut 2 2(1 die strategic bombardment of Daicjuiri. A^uadores. .Siboney and Cabanas. In the meantime the e.xpedition was to land at Daiquiri, dhis plan was substantially carried out.

The Idfth Army Cori)s embraced two divisions ol InlaiUry commanded l:)y Generals 1. b'ord Kent and I I. W. Lawton and a dixision of dismounted cavalry actini;- as infantr)- commanded by Gen. Joseph Wheeler. There was also a battalion of li.L^ht artillery consistim^ of batteries K and K ol tin- bu'st I nited .States Artillery, and batteri(\s .\ ami V of the Second .\rlillery. There was a train of .siege artillery comjiosed ot batteries (i and 1 I which, howexer. was not landed. The tr(M)ps began to disembark on lun<; 22tl. and b\- the afternoon of the 2;^tl the w(^rk was completed through the acdve co-operation of th(; navy. The landing was practically unopposed b\- th(' Span-

■^ 2

iards. a result due to the ettcct of the iia\al lj()inl)arclnuMU. to their uncertaintx- as to tlie American plans, and, jXM'haiis, in part also to the demonstration ot the C"iil)an contingent under Gen. Castillo.

(ien. Lawton's diN'ision was the first to diseml)ark, and he was followed 1)\- the ca\alr\- dixision. Lawton immediately- pushed his men westwaril and surprised the Spanish shore-i^uard at sunrise-, and his trooi)s had the satisfaction of eatiiiL^ the breakfast which the enemy had ahandoned in hot haste. Part of Gen. ^'ou^L;■s hri^ade left the ships on the eveninLj' ol th<- 2 2(1, and the rt'Uiainder L;"()t ashore on the morning of the 2;^el. On the afternoon of the same day the brigade moved w('stward in order to find good cami)ing ground antl water ; and att<r a march of sexcn or eight miles. o\er a hilK' trail of jinigle matted with wild \iiu;s, at nightfdl reached Siboney, where Gen. Wheeler had his headtpiarters. As the desirable camping eround in the neiehborhood of Sibone\- was occupied 1)\ other troops, Gvn. ^'oung recpiested jxa-mission to ad\ance in iht! morning and dislodge a force of Spaniards said t(^ b«- in the neighborhood occupying good elevated ground, and secure their position for camping purposes. =•'

Gen. Wheeler states that he rode rapidi\- to the bout to make })ersonal surve\- of the field, and found the enemy in a strong i)osition some three miles be\ ond .Sibonex-. ( .en. L as- tillo's Cubans had already engaged the enemy on the 2;:,i\. hav- ing been sent to reconnoiter.v Ihe lighting thus begun was by a battalion of one hnndre(l and twent\- scouts under bieut.-Col. Aguierre about two miles northwest of Siboney. and was con- tinued until the Spaniards fell back to their entrenchments.

* Report of the President's War Investigating Con. mission. f " Wheeler's S.inii.igo Cam] aij^n.'' pp. K), 241.

'220 nnartial Gvav^cs

Gen. Wheeler saw seven injured Cubans, one wounded severely, others slightly, and he reports that two were killed.'''

It was the popular belief in the United States immediately after the enoagement at Las Guasimas, that our troops had been ambuscaded. But the official report shows that the plan of battle was carefully considered and arranged by Gen. W heeler in conference with Gen. Young and Col. Wood, His own account of the the plan of action t is that Col. Wood, with the First Volunteer Cavalry, was to march by a left-hand or westerly road, while the Motchkiss guns and the two squad- rons of the First and Tenth Cavalry were to march on what is called the main Santiago Road. The dynamite gun, which was momentarily expected, was to join the expedition, and Gen. Castillo was also to march with the command accompanied by two hundred Cubans. Neither the Cubans nor the dyna- mite gun arrived upon the field in time to take part in the fightino-.

The reconnoitering expedition on the day preceding had indicated that the enemy was in a strongly intrenched position on elevated ground, and drawn up in line of battle command- ing both roads of approach from Siboney towards Santiago. Gen. Young's brigade was composed of the First and Tenth United States Cavalry, and the regiment of Rough Riders under Col. Leonard Wood, in all nine hundred and twenty-four men, of whom more than half belonged to the Rough Riders, According to the plan agreed upon Col. Wood, with eight troops oi his regiment, was to take the left of the attacking line, while the two regular regiments, with four troops each, took the rio'ht.

A road, or so-called road, and a rough mountain trail led

*" Wheeler's Santiago Campaign,'" p. 241. t //'., p. 16.

from llif landiiiL; jjlacc al Sihoiu-y ()\<t the coast liills to a -ap in lh<ii- western wall, whence they descend into the \ailcy ol the San Juan in h-ont of Santia,<(o (Majj. I-'ii^. 124). 'l"he ri-ht jiand track ascends throuLih a little notch in tlu: hills to a small upland \allc\ which is densely c-oNcrcd with lr<)|»i<al tn-fs and shruhs. ICverywhcre al)o\-e the l)ush\- foliage; tower lhe|)lunied heads of tht; royal i)alnis," and the landscape- was hrilliant with flamboyant trees-J- at that season of the year ^low in-- with scarlet blossoms. This valley road unites w ith the left hand trail about a

^jm^'.

Fig. 123

A Sfiinish u>iir fiitnui^lfiuriif

inilr before reachiu- Sexilla. and the two tracks urv. at no |K.int more than a mile and a half apart. Near the junction ol the roads the entire valley is overlooked by the hii^h hills which shoot out as si)urs from the Sierra Maestra ^b)untains. I he centre of these hills is a i)recipitous rid.;e. which prctjects from the range like a huoe nose : or in more military i)hrase is in the form of an obtuse angle with th • salient towards Sibnn<-y.

* Oreodo.xia regia. t Probably C.Tsalpinia pulcherrima.

•2-2-2 riDartial Graves

( )n the military crest, and amonL; the rocks of tliis ridge, and on the llanking- hills the Spaniards had made their entrench- ments, and had constructed riHe pits and stone barricades. Two i^Lins were mounted upon the ramparts, which commanded both approaches to Santiago from the sea, and the rifle pits were occupied by Si)anish regulars armed with Mauser riHes and smokeless powder. The breastworks were flanked by block- houses, the approaches obstructed by wire fences and entangle- ments, and an ad\'anc(; j^arty oi Spaniards was thrown out in front of the entrenchments and in the thick brush at th(,' head of the valley, their extreme right resting upon an abandoned aguardiente distillery converted into a blockhouse.

The column ot United States Regulars under the imme- diate command of Ov.n. \ oung marched at 5.45 a. m., taking the valley road to th(; fight. At 7.30 a. m. the troops were massed in an open glade, and Capt. Mills, ot Gen. Wheeler's staff, with a i)atrol of two men advanced and discovered the enemy located as the Culjan scouts had determined, at a point known as Las Guasimas, pr(jbabl\' the site ot a plantation called from a common Cuban tre(', the guasima, that abounds in the immediate vicinity. The Hotchkiss battery of mountain guns, which accompanied the right column, was j^laced in position in concealnient about nine hundred Nards from the- enemy, and Bell's scpiatlron of white regulars were deplo)'ecl with Xorvell's sfpiadrf)n of colored troops in support. On disccjvering the enemy, Gen. Young =^' sent a Cuban guide to warn Col. Wood, and knowing that his column had a more: ditticult route and would recpiire a longer time to reach the position, he delayed the attack in order that both llanks might go into action simul- taneously. At this time (icn. Wheeler arrived, and having

* Official report to Maj.-(jen. Wheeler.

ai)pr{)\ctl \'()iiiil; s ciisposiiicii ot l\\r iroops Icll to him th<- coii- (liKt of the att.iir.

Alioiil ciL^hl o'clock till- attack was ordcrcJ, the ti.L;Ht beoriniiin^' with the on(;-|)()iin(,l 1 lotchkiss i;uiis. '1 h<- Spaniards rcspoiulcd at once, firing- here, as th<-y did at San jiian. li\' volleys executed in almost i)ciiect time, as if iL;i\en on parade. The ijiToimd over which the column ad\anccd was a thick junt^de of tropical growth i)lantetl with wire fences, unseen until encountered. lmmecHat<d\- in front of ( Icn. \ onus's Icit rose the entrenched j^^'cipitous heights of the ridge. Headway was so difficult that advance- and suj)port became merged and moved forward und<r a continuous xolleydlring, suppltMiiented by that of two rapiil tiring guns.'^"

W'r turn now to the left wing, d'hc Rough I\id<-rs left the seacoasi at 5.40 a. m. and began to climb the steep liill which overlooks Siboney, up which leads the mountain trail to San- tiago. Many of the men, footsore and wear)- from their march of the preceding tla\', most of them being more at home a-horseback than atoot, found the pass up the hill Ncry hard to travel. Sonu; dropped their blanket-rolls, and some tell out ot line, with tlie result that the regiment went into action with less th<in tiv(.' hundretl uk n.-r It seemed necessary thus to torce the march in order that C"ol. WOod might get his command iiUo action siiuultaneously with the Regulars. As it wa^-. the latter struck the enemy before the Rough Rich-rs hail got into position. On reaching the top of the table land or mesa, an advanct? guard was thrown out and e\<-r\- precaution taken against sur- prise, as it was known that the enemy was just ahead in torce. I'he character of the countr\ is such that reconnoitering was

* Official repoit of (it-n. S. 1!. M. Youn>j.

t Col. Roosevelt, 'The Rough Riders,'" Strihntr's Magazine, M.iicli, 1S99.

22-^ miartial Graves

difficult, as the dense growth of underbrush renders rapid movement of flanking parties well-nigh impossible.

The table land is diversified with glades or rounded hills, which give good vantage ground tor distant views. Col. Roosevelt notes the beauty of the tropical forests, and speaks of the bird notes that filled the trees, the cooing of doves, '^' and the call of the great brush cuckoo. f The latter notes, however, as the Americans approached the Spanish lines, ceased to come from the birds whistling in the trees, and proceeded from the lips of Spanish guerillas, who imitated bird calls with great success and had arranged a series of signals therefrom.

At 7.10 a. m. the videttes discovered signs of the enemy. The command was halted and the troops deployed to the right and left in open skirmish order, and were directed to advance carefully. Almost immediately the firing began, and its extent on both flanks indicated heavy opposing force. Two additional troops were deployed on the right and left, leaving three troops in reserve. It soon appeared that the Spanish lines were over- lapping the Americans on both lianks, and two of the reserve troops were deployed, one on the right and one on the left, thus equalizing the length of the opposing lines. The firing- had now become heavy, much of it at short range, and it was at this time that Captain Capron and Sergeant Hamilton Fish, who were in advance, were killed. A small blockhouse on the left was captured and the enemy driven from position.

Meantime the Spaniards had taken a new position about one thousand )'ards in length, and not mor(* than three hundred yards in front of the Rough Riders. Their firing \vas severe, and here many officers and men were wounded. But the advance was continued in good order, and the Spanish line was

* Zenaida zenaida. f Saurothera merlini.

III.. 124.

Sketch Map slunviiig fi'-'i of biiltlc of Las Guasitinis and location of gia-.es of the faiUn. 15 2iS

--6 nrxartial Graves

steadily forced back. A heavy fire from the ridee on the rioht enfiladed the American line. The Spaniards were in small rock forts along- the entire length of the ridg-e, and were supported by two guns. Col. Wood having cleared his right Hank paid some attention to the enemy on the ridge, upon which he cen- trtxl the tire of two troops. This, in connection with the assault made by the regular cavalry, compelled the evacuation of this end of the works, which the Spaniards soon abandoned along the entire length of the ridge and the fianking hills. Masses of the enemy were seen to retreat rapidly, carrying litters of wounded men. At this time Col. Wood moved out his detached troops to the left to take the right of the Spanish line in fiank. I his movement was successfully accomplished, and as soon as the troops gained position, the order was given, " Cease firing and advance." The men moved forward within three hundred yards ot the enemy and opened a heavy fire under which the Spaniards broke and retreated rapidly. Col. Wood advanced to their abandoned position and halted, and established connec- tion on his right with the regular troops who had successfully carried the ridge before them. Thus, the Americans were in complete possession of the entire Spanish posidon while the Spaniards were in full retreat toward Santiago.

General Wheeler's official report of the losses is as follows : First United States Volunteer Infantry, five hundred strong, eight killed, thirty-four wounded, a loss of 8.4 per cent. First Regular Cavalry, two hundred and forty-four strong, seven killed, eight wounded, a loss of 6. i per cent. Tenth Regular Cavalry, two hundred strong, one killed, ten wounded ; a loss of 5-5 pGi" cent. It thus apjjears that in proportion to the num- ber engaged the loss in killed of the First Regular Cavalry (white) was nearly twice as great as that of the Rough Riders

TLbc JFicl^ ot XiU^ Oua-?ima5 -'-7

and more than scxcn times as ^^rcat as that of tlic Tciuh Cav- alry. I lie [)r()ii()rti()n ot wounded anions; the I\oiiL;h Ixidcrs was greater than in the other two regiments cngai^t-d. The loss in killed of the scjuadron of the ienth Regiment was much less than in the others : hut ilic i)roportion of wounded was<^reaier than that of lh(; hirst C"a\-.ih-\-.

1 here is some ditluuhy in asccrtainiiiij;- correctly the num- ber of Spanish troops en^aeed in the battle of Las Guasimas and also the loss sustained. Lieutenant lose Miiller \- 'I"ejerio'=' yives the lollowinL; account: "C)n the 221! of lune l)ai(iuiri aiul Sii)()ne\- were bombarded b\- the American ships. At the same time the soldiers of the encm\- ajjpearcd at the former place. As the force ij^uardin^ it could not cope with the shi|)s, it retreated to Firmeza, a welbfortitled |)osition l\in,L^ somewhat to tile northeast ol .Sibonew There ('icneral Rubin received orders to proceed with his cohnnn and with the wliole force in the mineral rcqion to the heights of Sexilla before daybreak, where they were to take positions in three echelons, the toi-(Miiost one, under Commandei- AKani/, tormed ot the three companies ot Puerto Rico and one mobihzed compaiu'. (hi the 2 :,^\ this echelon alone checked the enemy's advance in the morning- and again in the evening, the echelon having been re-enforced by one compan\' from San l^'ernando. half engineers, and two guns. When the; battle was o\ci' the torc(;s withdrew to their tornier positions, the echelon remaining on the same site. " 1 his account, ol course, reters to the skirmishing with the Cuban contingent on the; da\ preceding the IjattU; in which live com- panies are said to lia\e been engaged, or belwc^en hve and six hundred men.

At daybreak on the 24th (Lieut. Miiller continues) the

* " Batllfs and Capitulations of Santingo de Cut a," p. ".

228 /IDavtial Grave?

echelon was re-enforced b\' two companies from 1 alavero, and not only resisted a strong- attack of the enemy, but also forced the latter to retreat. These two additional companies would make the Spanish force about ei^ht hundred. In spite of their advantage, the "victors" received orders to withdraw, being- moved thereto l)y the alleged fact that the Americans were approaching Castle Morro by rail, thus involving danger of being taken on both flanks and surrounded. The Spanish official report of the fight declares that the Americans were repulsed, losing many men, and that the loss on the Spanish side was only seven dead, with two officers and two privates seriously and one officer and two privates slightl)' wounded.

Gen. Wheeler"-' reports a conversation with Gen. Toral on tlu,' l)attle of June 24th at Las Guasimas. The Spanish com- manded" said that less than two thousand of the Spanish troops were en^aoed, explainino-, "You thought we had more men because our line was so long." Toral also said that up to the evening of June 24th, the entire Spanish loss was two hundred and sixty-five men, about two hundred and fifty feeing the casual- ties at Las (iuasimas. It was j)erhaps on the ground of this state- ment that Gen. Wheeler, in his farewell address to the Cavalry Division issued at Camp W^ikofff includes among the achieve- ments of his gallant troops that they marched on foot fourteen miles, and earl)- in the morning of lune 24th attacked and defeated double their number of regular Sj)anish soldiers under Lieut. -Gen. Linares. It was reported by the Cuban scouts that the Spanish Commander-in-chief was present at the Guasimas engageuKMit ; but this is in doubt. At all events it is maiiifest that at the least ('stimatc-, the Si)aniarcls had a force ecjual to and probably doubh^ that of the Americans, well entrenched in a

■-■'■" The Santiago C'amiaign,'' p, l_:;4. f //>/,/., p. 22().

Che jficl^ ot XcU^ OiKii:>iinao --••

comniaiulin^- posiiion. ami proNided wiili arliilcry aiul Mauser rifles. L'ntler ordinaiA- ciri-unistanccs this should hav<: made il impossible for Cien. \'oun- s ln-i^adc lo dri\c ihem troui iheir xantai^c ground. 1 lad ihis point, commanding the pass to Santiago, been dctendcd as stubbornly as Cancy, the conse- cpKMices to the American army would have been very serious.

Perhaps we ma\- accejit ( ien. loral's statements of ihe Spanish losses as 250 in all killed and woundi-d ; although commanding officers, as the writer hai)i)ens to know, are not likely to carry such deiails in du-ir memories with accuracy. The American burial parlies speak of having found at least f )rt\- or fifty Spanish dead upon the field. This is a matter ot small conse([uence, however, the imi)ortant point being that the commanding position was won and tlie enemy compelled to retreat. UndoubtedU, the success at Las Guasimas did much to raise the spirits of the American soldiers, and strengthen their confidence in their ability successfully to dislodge the Spaniards from the entrenchments around Santiago. In a cor- responding degree, as afterward ai)peared, the Spanish trooi)S were disheartenetl by their first experience ot American methoils and American \alor. ( )f most \alue was the tact that the enemy was dislodged from a strong position which abso- Ititely commanded the American ajiproach to Santiago, before he had time to make it imi)regnal)le. as h«- m.iy well have intended to do. In falling back io the less defensible position on the San luan 1 tills he probal)ly made the .American victory easic-r and less costl\-. flowexer. this is not the opinion held by many of the officers of the I^fth Corps, particularly just after the battle.

There has been much army gossip, if one may use the phrase, over the action at Las Gua.^imas. and opinions have

230 /IDartial Graves

reached throuo-h a wide ranoe of diveroence as to the merits of the affair from a technical standpoint. No difference could obtain as to the courage and devotion to duty shown by the rank and file on the battle line. The story goes that Gen. Lawton was highly indignant that inasmuch as the front of the line had been assigned to him on the advance into the enemy's countr\'. Gen. Wheeler should have pushed ahead and, so to speak, "jumped his claim." It was currently believed and declared that he had strongly expressed to the venerable chief of the Cavalry Division the opinion that all the men lost in the fight were slain in disobedience of orders, were needlessly and wTongfully sacrificed, and their killing was little better than military murder. Whether this be true or not, certainly there was a decided feeling for a while, especially in ofiicial circles, that the fight was premature ; that it seriously disarranged Gen. Shafter's plans for the investment of .Santiago, and did more harm than good. It is certain that Gen. Shafter on June 25th, the day following the battle, expressed to Gen. Wheeler his pleasure over the result of the Las Guasimas engagement, but directed him " not to try any forward moxements until further orders."'^' On the morning of June 30th (ien. Shafter called a con- ference of the division commanders in order to communicate to them his plans. Many believed that there was a close connec- tion between the action of Gen. Wheeler in the Las Guasimas affair, and the fact that at this conference Gen. .Sumner, a brigade commander, was called instead of the cavalry chief himself, who was not informed of the conference. The reason assigned at the time and given by Lieut. -Col. Miley is that Gen. Wheeler was sick in his tent with fever, and his surgeon had advised against informing him of tht? proposed battle the next day.f

* Miley " In C"ul)a with Sliafler," p. 89. f Miley, Ihiii, p. 102.

Z\K jrlcl^ ot Xa£-> Gi\.UMma£->

231

lU)wc:vcr, (an. WUrvUv'^ naiiK^xsas not en ihc sick n-port. and the next dav on luarin- the noise ^f ilic cn-a-cmrnt at San liian. he ni'oi,ni..l, piish.-.l m th.- troni. and l.<-lorc one o'clock in thcattL'rn.M.n, l.i.ut. C<.1 Mil. y says, assum.-d com- mand of his division, which Sumner had tou-ht with (hstin cruish.'d success. Thcrc seems to kc a .liscrrpancy kctween Cok Mih^y's statement and Cen. Wheeler's account of his part in the moi-nine's movements. - it would seem from the latter that Wheeler was in command much sooner than one o'clock in

the afternoon.

Some have found a furthc-r indication oi the prc-valin.L^ feeling against the hasty advance of the cavalrymen at Guasimas^ in the fact that the dynamit<- -un which ( .<-n. Wheeler ordered up and which he ha.l confidently exp<'cte.l. and whose non-arrival greatly disappointed himv was hel.l hack by an oftu-er of Ccn. I.awton's slatf, presumakly m ord<-r lo pi-event the cavalry division fn.m krin.L^in- "U a pr.-matuiv engagement. Still further, it is held a^ indicative of the current fetdimr that after the batde (ien. N'oung was repoi't'-d to have said t'o (ien. Wheeler: "If 1 had l.-t this battle ami l.ve.l throu-h it, vou xNould have had my resignation." Il seems a forced interpretation of this remark, supposing it had been made, to infer that (ien. Young cpiite understood that the chances taken in pushing forward his brigade and .-ngagmg the enemy on June :4th. were of such a character that they cuUl only be justified bv an unciuestioned success.

Many incidents have luM-n told to illustrat.' the character and conduct of our troops on this occasion, and other incidents, even more interesting and c haracteristic. could be told it one

*.'Mvst.lf cflkers devoted themselves U. the cavalry divisioti which in forming that n.on.ing iLlheen ten^rorarily under the control of '^cn. S. S. Sumner. "-Wheeled Sant.aR.. Campaign," p. 43- t >'''■"''. P- '"•

232 /IDavtial Graves

could tincl the persons who know them. Some have drifted into the public prints, and appeared in magazines and books, a few of which I venture to condense or to quote, not because they exhibit the highest standard of valor and endurance, but because they have become knowai to me, and really are typical of the general behavior of the American soldier, not only in the fight at Las Guasimas but in all the engagements of the Spanish-American War.

" Give me your gun a minute!" said Capt. Capron just after Sergeant Fish had received his death wound. His troop seemed to be fighting against terrible odds, and he evidently wished to support the men by an example of untliniching cour- age on his own part. Sergeant Bell handed his commander his own piece and Capt. Capron, kneeling down, deliberately aimed and fired two shots in quick succession. At each discharge a S|)aniard was seen to fall. Sergeant Bell, in the meantime, picked up a rifie which a dead comrade had dropped, and kneel- ing beside his Captain joined in the firing. In a few moments Capt, Capron fell mortally wounded. He gave Bell a parting message to his wife and one to his father. "Good-bye," he said, as cheerfully as though he w^ere bidding him " good-night," and was borne away dying. They buried him at Siboney by the sea'-' (Fig. 125, p. 20).

Mr. Richard Harding Davis who was present as a war cor- respondent, but took a gallant part in the fighting, describes the death of Capt. Capron in the arms of one of the brave sur- geons of the recriment.t ()i"» the narrow trail over which the Rough Riders had advanced he saw Capt. Capron wath his body propped against Surgeon Church's knee, and with his head

* Charles Morris, " The War willi Sj)ain."'

t" The Culian and l'ort(j Kican Campai<;n," p. 155-

fallen on his shoulder. C"ai)r()n was al\\a\s a haiuls(.)nu,-. sol- dierly lookin- man ; sonic said thai he was lh<- most soldierly lookin- of any of die xoimil; offucrs in the army, and death had oi\eii him a ijreat iliL-nitx- and nobleness. 1 le was only twenty- eig-ht years old. the a^e when life has but w(-ll beoun. yet he restetl his head on the surL^con's shoulder lik(! a man who knew he was already throu-h with il, and that, lliou-h lh<-y mi-hi l)eck and mend at his body, he had received his final orders. Mis breast and dioulders were bare, and as tlu; suri^eon cut the tunic from him the si-htof his ^reat chest, and the skin as white as a .L^irl's, and the black optMi wound against it, made the yel- low stripes and the brass insignia of rank seem siranL^'ely mean anil tawdry.

iMfty yards farther on. arountl a turn in the trail, behind a rock, a bo\- was h'in.L^' with a l)ullet wound betwetMi his eyes. 1 lis chest was hc^avin^- with short, hoarse noises due to some muscular action, f )r he was entirtdy divMl. Mr. 1 >avis lilted him and gave him some water, but it would not pass through his fi.xed teeth. In the pocket of his blouse was a New Testament with the nauK' " b'ielder Dawson, Mo.".=-- scribl)led in it m pen- cil. While the correspondent was writing it down for ideiititi- cation. a boy as young as the dead approached h'om the- trail.

'• It is no use," he said ; "the surgeon has seen him. lb- says he is just the same as dead. He is my bunkie. \\ e only met two weeks ago at San Antonio ; but li<- and ir.e got to b<- such good friends. Hut there's nothing I can do now'" He threw himself down on the rock besitle his "Ininkie." who was still breathing with that hoarse rattle, and Mr. ^)avis left them, the one who had been spared looking down helplessly with the tears creei)ing across his cheeks.

*TiUlen W. I ).-\\vson is the n.nnic on llie otlicial list.

234 nilartial Graves

Col. Roosevelt =^= speaks of the manner of Sergt. Russell's death. Bein^' out of touch with one of the wuigs of the bat- talion which he was commanding, he sent Sergt. Russell, a New Yorker, with Troopers Greenway and Rowland, into the valley to discover the locality of the wing. In obeying the conuuand the three men were exposed to a severe tire, and Russell was killed. He was a Sergeant in G Troop, but had been a Colonel on the Staff of the Governor of his State.

The other two men returned and reported the position of the missing troops and resumed their places on the firing line. After a while Col. Roosevelt noticed blood oozing from the side of one of them named Rowland, and discovered that he had been shot, although seeming to take no notice of the fact. The Avound was only a slight one ! he said. But as a rib had been broken, he was ordered to the hospital in the rear. After some grumbling he went, but fifteen minutes later was back on the firing line, saying he could not find the hospital. Among the wounded who afterward w^alked to the temporary hospital at Siboney was this trooper Rowland. There the doctors exam- ined him, and decreed that his wound was so serious that he must go back to the States. After nightfall Rowland escaped through the hospital windows and made his way back to camp with his rifie and pack, although every movement must have caused him great pain. After such an exhibition of grit, his officers concluded that he was entitled to sta)^ with "the boys." He never left them for a day, and again distinguishetl himself in the fight at San Juan.

Harry Heffner, of (i drooj^, was mortally woimded through the hips, and fell without uttering a sound. Two ot his companions dragged him bcliind a tree, where he propped

* " 1 he Koul;1i Riders," S(ri/»tdi\s, Marcli, 1899.

himself up aiul asktd lo \h- L^ixcn his laiUccn aiul his rillc. which I'ol. Roosevrh handed lo him. lie lh<-n ai^aiii l)CL;an to shoot, and conliniic(l loachn^- and tiring; until the liiK- mo\cd tbrwartl and left him alone, dyini^- in the j^iouniy shade. When his comrades found him. after the I'li^ht, lie was dead.

The death of Sert^eant I lamilion hish. which was so widely and keenK' regretted 1)\- his conntr\mcn. as one ot the sad- dest incidents of the war is touchin_L;l\- reterred to hy Mr. Richard 1 lai'din- I )avis. i h- was we-ll in ad\ane<- ol the farthest |)oiiU to which Ca])ron's troop had moved Ix-iore it had deployed to the left. 1 le was rumiinu; forward leelin- contident that he must he close upon our men when he saw. lar in advance, the hodx' of a ser^-eant blocking; the trail and stretched at hill l(,-nL;th across it. Its position was a hundred yards in acKance ot" that of any others : it was ai)parentl\- the hotly ol the th'st man killed. .\li<r dc, iih ih-- hodies ot some m«-n seem to shrink almost instantly within themseKcs : the\ bc-comc- limp and shapeh^ss. and their uniforms han^- upon them strangely. I'tit this man, who was a .^iant in Hie, remained a oiant in death. 1 lis \cr\- attitude was one ot attack. 1 li^ lists were clinched, his jaw set, and his eyes, which were still open, seemed tkxed with resoKc. lie was dead, but he was not defeated. "(iod i^ives," was the motto on the watch taken from his blouse: and (iod could not haxc L;i\-en him a nobler end; to die, in die f)retVont of the first fii^i.t ot the war. quickly. painlessK', with a bullet throuu^h lh<- h<'art, with his rei^iment behind him and lacing the enemic-s ol his countrw^^'

One of the military heroes of the medical staff" has been so oraphic.dlv described in the action at Las Ciuasimas by Mr. Richard llardin-- Davis that 1 venture to tpiote his lani^uai^e :

* " Ihe Cuban and I'orto Kicati Caniiiai^ii.' " p. iju.

2.>H fiDartial Graves

" When (i Troop passed on across the trail to the left I stopped at the place where the column had first halted. It had been converted into a dressing station, and the wounded of G Troop were left there in the care of the hospital stewards. A tall youno- man with a red cross on his arm was just coming- back up the trail. His head was bent, and by some surgeon's trick he was advancing rapidl\- with great strides, and at the same time carrying a wounded man much lieavier than himself across liis shoulders. As I stepped out of the trail he raised his head and smiled and nodded, and left me wondering where I had seen him before, smiling in the same cheery, confident way and moving in the same position. I knew it could not have been under the same conditions, and yet he was certainly associated with another time of excitement and rush and heat. And then I remembered him ! He had been covered with blood and dirt and perspiration as he was now, only then he wore a canvas jacket, and the man he carried on his shoulders was trying to hold him back from a whitewashed line. I recognized the young doctor with the blood bathing his breeches as " Bob" Churchy of Princeton. That was only one of four badly wounded men he carried on his shoulders that day over a halt-mile of trail that stretched from the firing-line back to the dressing station under an unceasing tire. As the senior surgeon was absent he had chief responsibility that day for all the w^ounded, and that so few of them died is greatly due to this young man who went down into the firing-line and pulled them from it, and bore them out ot danger. '•'

A touching incident happened at\er the tight in the impro- vised open-air hospital where the wounded were lying. They did not groan and tht-y made no complaint, but tried to help

* "The Cuban and I'oito Rican ('anijjaigns," p. 151.

Zbc J^Ki^ of %.v:^ C•>\\^vuu^€^ -'■>'

one anollitT. ( )nc ot tht-m l)C!^;iii to hum " M\' LOiiiUry. " 1 is ot I lice," and one li\' one the others j()iiic(l in the choi'iis. whicli swelled out in tlu: tlark woods where the \ ictoi's la\- in the caiiip beside their ck^ad.

Col. Roosexelt pays a hi^^h li-ihutc to the coarai^c oi Kiehard Hardin^' l)a\is, the son ot 1.. Tlai-hc 1 >a\ is. cdiior ot the PhiladclpJiia Lcdocr. It was he who L^axc the Roiij^h Riders the tlrst opportunitx' to shoot hack with cttcii. lie l)eha\(.'d jjrecisely like the officers. Ix-ini; on the «xlrcnic Iront ot' the line and taking- v\v\-\ opportunity to siud\- with L^dasses the L^rountl where tile Spaniards were supposed to be. Roose- velt had tried volle\- liiiiiL; as a feeler tor th,e .Si)anish jjosition without success, and was studying- the jiuiL^le-covered mountain with his L^lasses, when 1 )a\is suddenly exciainu-il :

" There the\- ari', Colonel ' Look o\ci- ihere. 1 can see their hats near that glade." lie pointed across the. valle\- to the regiment's right.

Roosevelt gave; a scpiad of his sharpshooters the range of the fire, and in a little while had the satisfaction of seeing the Spaniards spring out of cover and run to another conceal- ment. Soon the entire hne began (piick tnang. evidently with good eftect, for the Sj^aniards retreated to the left into the jungle.

Along \\ith the above we ma\- mention tin- heroism ot Edward Marshall, a correspondent of the AVre )'ork yournaL which commanck^d the nation's attention at the tiiiK?. He was shot througli the sj)ine. a painful woiuid, which was su|)posccl to be fatal. lie made no complaint, and during his jx-riods of consciousness, dictated the stor\ of the fight. The annals of letters furnish kw incidents v)f lldelity to dul\- more striking than this, ami the country was glad to learn that this

-238 /iDautial (3ravc5

gallant writer was not left to sleep beneath the royal palms of Cul)a. but sufficiently recovered from his wound to return home.

Mr. lohn b^ox. who served as a war correspondent during the war. sent home a graphic story of the scenes following the fight and the burial of the dead. He climbed the bank of a little creek and stopped, with a start, in the road on the other side. To the right on a sloping bank lay eight gray shapes muffled from head to foot. He thought of the men he had seen asleep on the deck of the transport at dawn. Only, these were rigid, and he would have known that all of them were in their last sleep but one, who lay with his left knee bent and upright, his left elbow thrust from the l)lanket, and his hand on his heart. He slept like a child.

Beyond was the camp of the regulars who had taken part in the fight. On one side stood Gen. Young, who himself had aimed a Hotchkiss gun, during the acdon, covered with grime and sweat, and with the passion of battle not quite gone from his eyes. Across the road soldiers were digging one long grave. Half a mile further, on the top of the fortified ridge and on a grassy, sunlit knoll was the camp of the Riders, just beyond the riile pits from wdiich they had driven the Spaniards. Under a tree, to the right, lay another row of muffled shapes. A quarter of a mile away was the hospital toward which the writer walked with Col. Wood. The path, narrow, thickly shaded, and dappled with sunshine, ran along the ridge through th(' battlefield, and was pretty, peaceful and romantic. Here and there the tall grass at the wayside was pressed fiat where a wounded man had lain. In one place the grass was matted and dark red ; nearby was a blood-stained hat marked with the initials " E. L.,"' probably belonging to P^dward Leggett, of Troop A. Here was the spot where Hamilton Fish fell, the

Z\K Jficl^ of Xiii? Guat^lmat^

2im

first \iclini ot the \\^\\[ : there hnuc ndiiiiil^ Capron was killed. A pcissin^- soldiei' liared his lelt arm and showed three places between his wrist and elbow where the skin had been blistered Iw three separate bullets as he lay in front of (^i])ron alter the

I-I.i. I 2'.

The grai'e of Rough Riders at Lns C nasi mas. From Scribucr's Migazinc, Copyright, 1S99, Chas. Scribner's Sons.

240 nnartial (Braves

latter fell. Farther on lay a dead Spaniard with covered face. A buzzard flapped from the tree above him. Beyond was the open-air hospital, where were two more rioid human fig-ures, and where the wounded lay.

That nii^ht there was a clear sky, a (|uarter-moon and an enveloping- mist of stars, but little sleep for any, and but rest- less, battle-haunted sleep for all. Next morning followed the burial. Capt. Capron was carried back to the coast and buried at Siboney. The other fallen heroes were placed side by side in one broad trench with their feet to the east. In the bottom ot the grave was laid a layer of long, thick, green leaves of guinea grass, and over the brave fellows were piled plumes of the royal palm as long as the grave. At the head of the trench stood Chaplain Brown ; around it were the comrades of the dead ; along the road straggled a band of patient, ragged Cubans ; and approaching from Santiago a band of starving wonien and children for whom the soldiers gave their lives. " Nearer, my Ciod, to Thee," sang the soldiers.'-' And the tragedy of Las Guasimas was done.

Col. Roosevelt's account of the obsequies is brief but very touchinof : " Next mornin<j- we buried seven dead Rouo:h Riders in a grave on the summit of the trail, Chaplain Brown reading the solemn burial service of the Episcopalians, while the men stood around witli barc^d heads and joined in singing " Rock of Ages." \^ast numbers of vultures were wheeling round and round in great circles through the blue sky overhead. There could be no more honorable burial than that of these men in a common grave — Indian and cowboy, miner, packer and college athlete — the man of unknown ancestry from the lonely Western plains, and the man who carried on his watch the crests of the

* Jlarpcr's Weekly, July 30, IcSqS.

Zbc J^icl^ ot %as Omv^mae -'^i

I laiiiillons ;iik1 the l-'ishcs, one in iIk; \v;i\' they had ind (K-atli. just as tliirinL^- lite lhc\' had l)ccn oik- in lin-ii' dai'iiiL; and liirir l())-ak_\-.'"'==

List of Killed at Las Guasimas.

Gen. \\ hcch-r. in his "Santiago Canipaiu;!!, " reports in full the names ot those who wei'e killed in the engagement cjf fune 24. 1S9S. at Guasimas. Several errors ap|)ear in this report, whicli are corrected in the tollowmL; list. I he name ot Corporal Ale.\and(;r Slemere should he Corporal Alexander Llennoc. I he name ot Pri\ate W illiam I". lr\ine should he William f. Krwin. .Serjeant Mar\in Russell, shouKl be Marcus I). Russell. l'ri\ate Stark, on Gen. W heeler's list, is Stork on the official list.

Xo. 24^;. I*ri\ate Jesse K. Stork, IVoop A. i st rnileil States Ca\alry. Hied [une 24th, 1S9S.

No. 244. rri\ate ( )tto Krupp, I'roop I). 1st I'nited States Caxalry. Hied June 24th, iSgS. I am not |)Ositive as to tlie order ot the numhei's ot I'rixates .Stork and Riaipp, Xos. 24; and 244 belong- to diese two nuMi, but the proper assi^iiment thereof on the mound 1 am not able to determine, and ha\e given the order as 1 Ix-liexc ii to be.

Xo. 245. Corporal William 1.. White. rroo[) 11, loth I'nited States Cavalry. 1 )ied lune 24th, l,V^S.

No. 246. Private Ciustav A. Kolbe, Troop K. 1 st I'nited States Cavalry. Died June 24th, iSc^S.

No. 247. I'rixate Peter H. Di.x. Troop K. i st I'nited .States Ca\alry. Died bi'ie 24th, 1S9S.

No. 248. Prixate [ack Berlin. Troop K. 1st I'nited .States Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

* Scribner s Mm^iitiiu, March, iSoo, p. 276. 16 -^ . ^^. 1 /

242 /iDartial Graces

Xo, 249. Private Emil ])jork, Troop K, ist United States Cavalry. Died [une 24th, 1S9S.

No, 250. Corporal Alexander Llennoc. Troop K, ist United States Cavalry. Died fune 24th, 189S.

No. 251. Private Edmond Prunil, Battery F, 2d United States Artillery. He ^vas not in the battle but died luly 15th. 1898.

No. 252. Captain Allyn K. Capron, Troop L, ist United States X'olunteer Cavalry. Died [une 24th, 1898. Capt. Capron was buried at Siboney and thence removed to the United States.

No. 253. Private Edward Leggett (or Liggett), Troop A, 1st United States V^olunteer Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

No. 254. Corporal George H. Dougherty (or Doherty), Troop A, ist United States V^olunteer Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

No. 255. Private William J, Erwin, Troop F, ist United States Volunteer Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

No. 256. Sergeant Marcus D. Russell, Troop G, ist United States Volunteer Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

No. 257. I'rivate Harry H^effner, Troop G, ist United .States V^olunteer Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

No. 258. Sergeant Hamilton Pish, jr.. Troop L, ist United States \\)lunteer Cavalry.' Died June 24th. 1898.

No. 259. Private Tilden \V. Dawson, Troop L, ist United States Volunteer Cavalry. Died June 24th, 1898.

Chapter IX The Fallen Heroes of the Hospital

X she went at the door, and gazing from end

to end, " Many and h)\v are the pallets, but each is the

place of a friend. " Up she pass'd through the wards, and stood

at a young man's bed ; Bloody the band on his brow, and li\ id the

droop of his head. "Art thou a Lombard, my brother? Happy art

thou," she cried, And smiled like Italy on him : he dream'd in

her face and died.

■3f TT Vf * * *

On she pass'd to a Frenchman, his arm carried

off by a ball : Kneeling, * * " < > more than my brother i

how shall I thank thee for all ? "Each of the heroes around us has fought for

his land and line, But thou hast fought for a stranger, in hate of

a wrong not thine. " Happy are all free peoples, too strong to be

dispossess'd : But blessed are those among nations who dare

to be strong for the rest I "

Elizabeth Barrett P>ro\vxing.

The Fallen Heroes of the Hospital

111 a

X iii'litar\- life tli<- diilx of cariii)^- for lh«' sick ami wouiuiccl is cuiiiniiilctl to snrL^^coiis. ol uhoin three nia\ 1)6 assigned to r\rvy rcL^inicnt. A bri^i^ade surL^t'cii has chai'L^c <''! the general h()S|)iial service )riL;ade ; a di\ ision surij^eon directs like service for a division, and a surgeon-chief, attached to the staff of the com- manding gcnci-al, has oversight o\ all. A vast amount of clerical work, in the matlrr ot rc(]uisiii()ns. i-cports. etc.. is con- nected vilh these various departments, all ol which is ir.ore or less necessary in order to keep an accurate- knowledge ol sujjply and demand, and to k(M'p trace of the various j)arties treated. of the sick, wounded and dead.

In connection with the surgeon's work is an organization known as a hospital corps, of enlisted men trained for their particular dutw who are under the immediate charge ol non commissioned ofticers known as hospital stewards and assistant stewards. Some of these, especially in the regular service, are men of experience and efficiency: hut the vast amount ot additional work suddenly thrown upon the Medical l)ei)artment at the outbreak of the Spanish war necessitated the dralling of men without experience in nursing. .Some ot these brought willing hearts to th(; work, and became hel])ful : others were worst; than worthless.

( )n tlie eve of battle a situation is chosen lor a general

245

ii4()

/iDartial Graves

hospital, for a division or for a corps, as far back from the firing Vmtt as is necessary to protect both the workers and the wounded from injury by passing bullets. The laws of war, respected by all civilized nations, exempt surgeons, chajjlains and the hospital corps from designed assault. To insure this protection they are all designated l)y a red cross badge upon the left arm. and much confusion has resulted in public prints and in popular opinion from the fact that this honored badge is also worn by

Fig. 128 Fir,. 129

Tv]^'-. 128 — A street in General Field Hospital, Fifth ylrniy Corfs, Santiago. Fi£. i2g — Hospital steicarcPs office.

voluntary red cross societies. Surgeons and hospital corps men are detailed to follow the troops to the firing line, keeping close enough, with first aid dressings and with litters, to carry the wounded from the field to a convenient sheltered spot, v/here they may receive temporary care. This is an emergency hospital, or dressing station. At .San luan the wounded were taken from the plain to a point on the ri\er near Hloody Bend, and were laid \\\)c,n the soft soil of the sheltered bank with their

Utct close to the \vat(;r. a coiiiparatix cK' cool phuf, iiieasuralily protected troni ll\inL; bullets, 'ri-niporary dressinfrs and aiil haviiiL,'' been adininistered by tlie surgeons in the field anil their helpers, the patients were carried still further back to the Divisional or General Hospital to recei\e more careful and di'tailed ireatnient.

Litter-men and other red-cross men, including- surL^eons and chaplains, in the abo\e nametl service, are necessaril\- e.\j)osed to danger, and it is not an uncommon thiiiL,^ for them to fall in the discharge of duty. .\o blame is attached, under sucli circumstances, tor the death of these non lombalants. as it is impossible tor the best iiUentioncd em ni\', bent solely upon putting out ot action those in the fighting ranks, to j)revent missiles discharged at ai^jiroaching lines from falling among those who ha\c come within hring distance up(»n their work of helpfulness. Nevertheless, the charge has been frenpiently made, and with such dehniteness of statement as to entitle it to consideration, that sharpshooters stationed in trees in tlu- rear and on the llanks ot the American lines did not scruple to pick oft surgeons, hospital workers, and e\-en the wounded larried by thtmi. ( )n the other hantl. Lieut. -Col. Mile\-, an aid of ( ieii. Shatter, who took a gallant antl conspicuous part in the .San juan battles, intimates that these j)ersons were struck by spent or tlying bulle-is,'-- and sa\s that no .Sjjanish sharpshooters were tound in trees. One would like to believe this to ])v. the true explanation ot tacts that scM-m wvy suspicious. At least one part ot LOl. Mile\'s statement is clearlv erroneous, tor C'ol. Roosevelt, in his otticial re|)ort ot ihe .San luan battle, declares that tlu^ guerillas in trees, dressed in green unitorms, dev«)ted themselves especialK' to shooting singeons, hospital assistants.

*•' With Sh.Tfter in Cuba,"" p. u;.

248 /IDavtial Graves

the wounded in litters, and even burial parties. He sent out a detail of sharpshooters to the rear of the comniand, who killed thirteen. He saw two of these ouerillas shot out of trees by his own men.

One can readily conceive that during- an engagement hos- pital workers must be not only brave but busy men. A moment ma\- be a matter of life or death with a wounded man. Our regular soldiers are taught the simplest methods of caring for the wounded, and are provided with " first-aid " dressings. This admirable precaution was the means of saving many lives. Every soldier was thus converted into a hospital w^orker, and the slightly wounded could minister to their owai wants and assist in saving- the lives of their comrades. Next to this, as has been stated, the surgeons in the field give the first relief, and send the wounded back to the hospital tent or to the hos- pital station in the immediate rear of the firing line. This is done as rapidly as possible, chiefly by litter bearers, although any sort of conveyance available is used. To the w^ounded are attached tags of paper backed with cloth and of various degrees of significance, to explain the urgency of the case. Some ot the wounded can walk or hobble or crawl to the stations, but nearly all are carried on stretchers. Some are supported by their comrades, but as a rule this is foi-bidden, as the fighdng men in a battU? have but out- duty, to move forward in obedience to orders, leaving the kindly work of caring for the hurt and the fallen to those who are especially detailed, equipped and fitted for the service.

A hospital tent is simply a large wall tent and is a small canvas house. A permanent field hospital consists of a number of such tents arrang(*d in regular row^s so as to form streets. The central tent or a i)art thereof is occupied as an office, and

jfallcu Ihcvoct? ot tbc fl?oi?;Mtal

111!)

there are set up the shcKcs or hoxes contaiiiiiiL^ necessary clniL;s, inslruineiUs and other inc(lical .qjpHaiKcs and conveni- ences. Tents must also be pro\ idcd tor the hospital stewards and their assistants, and for the men of the. hospital corps, as well as storai^^e tents and cookini;- tents A lar^e h()s])ital assumes tlu; proi)ortions ot a can\as \ill;iL;e. and with its niniu^rous workers and complicated material inxoUcs l.iri^e responsibility iind labor. Under ordinary circumstancc-s lh<-re is a vast amount ot red tape and rc(|uisition work which recpiires the offices ot a good clerk rather than that of a skillful physician. There is no doubt that din-ing the war the efficiency of the medical service was frecpicntU' hin- dered by perfunctory aiul needless requisitionism.

It is the dut\- of tlic hos- pital authorities to keep an accurate register ot the nanies, dates of admission, diseases and dt^scriptions ot all persons admitted to tlie wards, and ot the nanv. rank. disease and date of death of every one who tlies within th(; hospital. On the battletield everything is. of course, ot a temi)orar\- nature, and the surgeons and men of the hosjjital corps do the best the\- can imder the tr\ing conditions. l)Ut the CioNcrnment makes such ample provision tor service under such emergencies, that the lack of workers, and of medicine and material is the result of almost uni)ardonable

In; 130 Ilospitji of the Fifth Iiiiinunes, on th<: Hay, Sinliago.

2^)0

/IDartial Graves

incompetency or neglect of duty on the part of some one in authorit)'.

When the cots and medical supplies for the Fifth Army Corps arrived on the U. S. S. Resolute, July 25th, 1898, a move- ment was immediately organized by Surgeon Chief Havard to transfer the sick to hospitals in more eligible locations. The principal one of these new organizations was the General Field Hospital. After the calentura exodus of the Fifth Corps, which

began shortly thereafter, these hospitals remained to receive the sick who were not able to be moved. From time to time the convalescents were sent home, and the importance of the hos- pitals gradually diminished. Just previous to my departure on the transport Segiiranca, September 1 6th, the last of these was broken up, and all the sick soldiers, not provided for in regimental hos- pitals, w^ere removed to quarters in the Spanish Military Hospital ; which had been left vacant by the repatriation of the Spanish prisoners of war. Thus the scat- tered remnants of the invalids and of the hospital workers of the gallant b'ifth Corps were assembled under the root and within the walls that had lately sheltered their foes.

The First Division Hospital

It seems proper to begin the records of the Fallen Heroes of our hosi)itals with that of the First Division Hospital, which

Fig. 131 Field Hospital o_f I-iflh U. S. Jiifaiihy befote occupying the Reina Mcnedcs Barracks.

Jfallcn Ixn-oci? ot tbc H.^o^pital '-'')i

fio^ured so conspiiiiniisK' in the sad allci'iiialh ot ihc halilcs ol Iul\' 1st. h will 1)L' r('incii"i!)(;rc(l with niiiiL;l<tl IccliiiLis ot L^rali- tiicU; and horror l)\' many otticcrs aiul nu.-ii ot the \aliaiu Idllh Ariiu' Corps. It has hern {hv subject ot tre(iiK-nt ck.-scriiJtion in the reports ot war toiTcspoiulcnts and in recently pul)lished books. It was under the charge <>t M.ijor .SurL^coii Wood, ol the Rei^ular AriiU'. He chose a site on the south side ot the road from Sibon w' to San fuan, about midway ot the two places, and on the north bank of the AL^uadores, a mountain stream which supplied the water necessary tor hospital service, it was betwt^en three and tour hundrcnl yards tVom Maj.-(".<-n. .Shatter's head(piart('rs, which were on the south side ot the road, and was thus directly under the eye of the Commander-in chief until th(^ (lav of surrender. To this point most of the wountled at .San luan and Cane\" were brought in course ot lime, and thence wer(; iranst'erred to the general hospital established in the neighborhood of Siboney. whence they were placed upon hos- pital ships or transports, as soon as their condition would permit, and taken to the United States.

While in .Santiago I spoke to Major Wood about the absence of markers over so man\- graves of the dead in the I'irst Dixision Hospita.. and expressed my regret that so little pains had been tak(?n to secure identification. He replied that sur- geons ami the hosjjital corps were so o\-<M'whelmv.-d with the \()lume of service so suddenly ihi-own upon them, so great and unexpected, that it was more than they could accomplish to give ade(]uate care to the wounded, which was the chief tlut\- ot the hour. 1 here is no question, either, of the lack of adecjuate assistance tor the wounded, or of the heroic hdelit\- of the held helpers at hand. Nevertheless, it seemed, and it still strems to me, that one man mi-ht have been detaiU-d to the dutv ol finding

252 /iDavtial Graves

out the names of those who died in the hospital, and of attach- ing- to the body a suitable tag or tablet and placing a simple marker at the head of the dead. Such a precaution would have secured the identity of the remains. Here again we see how needful it is that some system should be adopted in the Medical Department, in conjunction with the Ouartermaster's Depart- ment, b\- which this duty shall not be neglected even under the most trying and confused conditions. It is a shocking and most discreditable fact that out of sixty or seventy burials in this field cemetery only eight are so marked as to insure identification, and even several of these are open to doubt. The list here follows :

Xo. 260. Lieut. Joseph N. Augustine, Jr., 24th United States Infantry. Died July i, 1898. See Chapter Y, p. 122, for further reference to this gallant young officer in connection with his bosom friend, Lieut. Gurney. The grave was much sunken when seen in September, and the grass and weeds had grown high around it, as all the other graves. An iron-framed marker formed the headboard, on which were inscribed the name and regiment.

Xo. 261. Private Henry J. Scheid, Company F, 71st New York X'olunteer Infantry. Died July 3, 1898.

Xo. 262. Capt. James Fornance, 13th United States Infantry. Died fuly i, 1898. Capt. Fornance was in command of I'' Company, Thirteenth Infantry. He was mortally wounded in the charge upon Fort San Juan, July ist, and was taken back to the Division Hospital, where he died in thirty-six hours. The Rev. \\ J. Hart, Post Chaplain of the United States Army, with the Third Infantr)-, in the field during the battle, wrote me that Capt. Fornance was buried on July 3d, about 2 p. m., with nine other soldiers in one trench. A board, with

jfallcn txu-oci^ ot the H^oiH^ital

2')3

the Captain's naiiK- i^^c^il i<(l ihcrcon, was pland in the loni- nion nionnd dircilK oxer wlicrc h<- lay, al the south civl thcrcol. ( )n Siin<la\-, |iil\- -ilh, there were twcntN'-lnnr in-rsuns buried in anotlu-r trench, aiiion^ iheni Acting Assistant SurL;<'<>n llarr\- W . I >antV)rth, of Milwaukei-. Wisconsin, attached to the Ninth C"a\ah-\-, and 1 .ieut.

R,-ul.en S. d\,nnan. Ac- ^^^- ^ ri^^j^^!'

cordin- to Chaplain Hart. ■^^^^, ,;<>/:-T/." '- ^' ,

there wcu'e at least lit'ty ^ ^ ^^^^^'.'^'^ -'^' -'^^- ^ ' i:>'i men bin-ied at this spot '"'^f^-^S^'l when he left the Ijospilal, '4^'-;^

|t,lv ^th. and nianv -oW/'MLt JHAuGUSTlN others were Innietl -^ '-:.-; /Tl f-^^l * .. . . ^ .

24

there later on. in

Septeniherditde more ^~'^'

than two mondis afttn- j-''«|£/.'5^*i>/ ■■ .;-

the battle, the -rass .^.T^^jS^if^r^

and weeds had e rown r> ^;^ ' '.'Ikf^'^i^'J^ so hi>'h on and around ,. ■ -i'fe J jtnh^^ the cemeler\- site ■ ,!^^^W»P!,

''P-

that a

s(|uad had to be ., 'S'ii*<^/c&i,l^^^ em^aoed to hew ' '■-^^''-'i^.^i^^^^^s^'^-. away th(- -rowth ^''^'■^7^'^'' w ilh machetes, in ' ' -'-

order to distin-

^iiish the L^raves

at all. M a j o r

1 lai'nsi m subsc-

cpiently visited the i^^rave of Capt. I'ornance and had it rounded

up. an.d renewed the markin-. which probably accounts tor the

Ciaveof Lieut. Jci. N. Augustine.

254

/iDai'tial Graves

GEN. SNAFTERo HEaDQUA:RTER5.

0>c

fact that Mr. Rhodes, when \isitin_i^- the spot to set up headboards, found the rrrave as shown in the chart=-= (Fig- i33)' separated from the common trench as thous^h its inmate had been buried apart.

No. 263. Private Daniel ]\IcIntosh. Company D, 8th United States Infantry. Died July 2, IcSqS.

Xo. 264. Second Lieut. Reuben S. Turman, 6th United States Infantry. Died July 4, 1898. Lieut. Turman received

his death wound in the charee across the P)attle Plain, jul\' I St, in which his reg-iment took such a conspicuous part.

No. 265. A large grave, containing many unknown dead.

No. 266. A large grave, containing many unknown dead and the two following soldiers : Corporal Dennis War- tie, Company F, loth

Cemeto'v of the First Dk\'sioit Ilosf^itiil.

L'nited States Infantry, died July 4th, and Charles P\ Swartz, pri\ate, Comj^any B, ist United States Cavalry, died July 9. 1898.

Nos. 267-271. These are all large graves, every one con- tainiuL'" manv unknown dead.

* Mo:-t of the cliaits of soldiers' burial places in the following chapter are reproduced from the rough plans made by_Mr. Rhodes, redrawn in the ( Hiarlermaster's Department, and fur» nished me by the courtesy of Cen. r.udington. The numbers have been conformed to my own series.

Jfallcn fl^croci? ot the lv>i?;iital

2;).^

Xo. 272. l'ri\atc l-rcdcrick 1'.. latt. Coinpain- C, 2(1 Massachusetts X'oluntccr Infantrw I )ii(l |ul)- i.|. i SgS.

Xc). 27;,. A lafL^c i^ravc. containiiiL;- many unknown dcail.

U will thus be seen that most of those Iniried in the ahove hospital must be classed amonj^- the "unknown."' 'Hkti.' appear to be sixty or sexenty in all. It is possible. thouL^h I have no defuiite evidence of the tact, that some of the Cuban soldiers who were killed in the neiij^hborhood of tlu.- American battery on El Pozo Hill are buried in this place,-, and may b(^ among the unknown dead. Ihit the probabilit\- is that most of these are American soldiers who. in the prcvailiuL;' hurr\- and conlusion. wvvc hastily buried and no maik |)laced upon their

Second Cemetery of the First Division Hospital

During- the latter part ol the summer and until our sick were removed to the vacated Spanish Military 1 lospital, ih<- lirst Division Hospital, which had been removed from its original loca- tion near Gen. Shatter's headcpiartcrs, was placetl at a sitt- known as Sueno, northeast of Santiago. This h()S|)ital, after the e.xode ot the b'itth Corps, was in charge of Major Ikuiister as Surgeon Chief, one ot the most gallant and competent of the regular arm\- surgeons. Here, as with the dead from the .Second Infantry, he took particular pains to mark the gra es caretiilly. From the hospital tents near the roadsitle, a path led northward down a gentle declivity to the little oval |)atch o\ gray earth amid the tro])ical greenerw In-yond in the vallcx" towered main' ro\al i)alms, antl still tnrtlicr norih the mountains swelled toward the hori/on clad in luxuriant verdure. The tollowing is the list of those who sleep in that be; utilul spot :

256

/IDartial Graves

No. 274. John Jenkins, Privt. Co. K, 9th U. S. Cavalry, died Sept. 3d. 1S9S.

No. 275. Jos. I. Black, Private. Co. K. 71st N. Y. \'ol. Inf. Died Sept. 2d, 1898.

No. 276. P^rank M. Covert, private, Co. H, 16th LI. S. Int. Died Sept. 2d, 1898.

No. 277. Richard Jones, laborer (colored), Charleston, S. C, Squad 17. The Captain of the Squad was M. J. Christopher, attached to First Division.

No. 278. Serot. William H. True, Co. C, 9th U. S. Inf.

Died Sept. ist, 1898.

No. 279. Corp. Jno. C. Good, Co. E, 1 6th U. S. Inf. Died Aug-. 31st, 1898.

No. 280. Clarence Lewis, Co. P, 2d Reg-. Inf. U. S. Died Aug. 30, 1898. No. 281. Richard Mar- tens, Private, Co. G, 71st N. Y. Vol. Inf. Died Aug. 28, 1898. No. 282. Corporal lohn Howitt, Co. C, 71st N. Y. \ ol.

Died Aug. 25th, 1898. No. 283. Private Chas. S. Ross, Co. I, ist L^ S. Cavalry. Died Aug. i8th, 1898.

The cemetery of the Pield Hospital of the Second Regi- ment L'nited States Infantry is situated on the heights between Santiago and the San juan hills, a little north of the Caney Road. It was pointed out by Brigade Surgeon Major William B. Banister, who had been in special charge of the Second Regi- ment as attending surgeon during its service in the field, and

Fig. 134 Plan of Ct'iiie/eiy, Bci U. S. Infantry.

Inf

Jfallcu lun-oc-^ ot the ll^otHHtal

257

ill hospilal duties iniiiicclialcK' therealtcr. l-"ruiii the Laiiey Ivoad, a little heyoiul the first cuKcrt, a path leads iij) the hill to this ^roiip of urrav^es. rhe\' are in a little hasiii on the slopt- ot the hill, just below tlie inilitar)' crest ot the height on wliich is a line of entrenchments occui)ied 1)\' the I\oiil;1i Riders. The headqtiarters of (ien. Lawton were just north ot this hnryin.L;' ground. The space occupied is lortx' ti\-e leet lon;^ 1)\- ten teet wiile. 1 he ijnu'es are all marked, and are in the order ot th(^

\\r.. iy^ Vu;. 136

Ci-metay of Fie I J lh>spita\ 2d ('. S. InJ.nilry.

following: niimliers proceedin;^- trom north to south. I he li^t is ojven in the torm ot the inscriptions upon the headli)ards:

Xo. 284. •• l'\t. John A. Curtin, Co. C :(nh V . ^. Inf Died Aug. 15th, i8g8." The recortls show that h<- died in the First Division Hospital, Aiii^-. 15th. i8q8.

Xo. 285. "-Coriil. 1. lla\cs, Co. C 2nd Inf 1 )ied .\u-. 4th. 1898." Corporal James Hayes.

Xo. 286. " Pvt. Thos. Detrick, Co I 2nd Inf Died Aui^.

258

nuavtial Graves

4th, 1898, Santiago de Cuba." This name is not upon my official list.

No. 287. "John Chase, Pvt. 2nd Inf. Died July 30th, 1898. Santiago de Cuba." John H. Chase, Co. E, 2d U. S. Infantry.

No. 288. " W. R. Peacock, Pvt. Co. E, 2nd Inf. Died July 22nd, 1898, Santiago de Cuba." W'm. R. Peacock.

No. 289. " G. Lewenhock, Pvt. Co. E, 2nd Inf Died July 23d. 1898. Santiago de Cuba," Gerrit Leeuwenhock.

No. 290. "David McCafferty, Pvt. Co. E., 2d U. S. Inf. Died July 29th, 1898."

Entrenchments

E

22. PACE5 LONG

SLOPE

Caney road about 200 yds.

Fic. 137 Chart of Cemetery oj Field Hospital, jd I \ S. Infantry.

No. 291. "Pvt. Jno. F. Minnis, Co. A, 2d U. S. Inf Died July 30th, 1898. Santiago de Cuba." Surgeon Banister informed me that this man died suddenly of heart failure while being supported by a comrade on the way from the sink.

No. 292. "Pvt. Nelson M. Jewell, Died Aug. ist, 1898. Co. A. 2nd r. S. Inf"

No. 293. " Corp. E. E. Koch, Co. A., 20th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. 6th, 1898."

Jfallcn H.'^cioci^ ot tbc 1I?0i?pital

•_'■.•►

Xo. 294. " I'ri-' t. C'has. II. Illakc, Co. C, (or (1) rnd W S. Int. Died Aul;. iilli. iSc^S." rri\alc IMakc's name I fomul 111)011 th(; records ot tlic lirsl l)i\ision 1 lospilal as liaxiiiL; (li<-d Aul;'. I ith, i89<S.

Xo. 295. "foe C. (orO.) P^i^bert, I'rixate, Co. 1\ 2iid l'. S. Inf. Died Aug. i6th, '9<S. Rest in Peace."

ri^iffi^iJ,

« ♦^

W'

Vtc. 13S Graz'cs of Prh^alcs Smilli mid Clans-., nth i'. S. Inf,iu!ry, in a Spanish Irouh.

\\\ a trciuh al)(Uil ico v;n\ls troin the cemetery <'i lli<" Second IiitaiUr\- two men ol the Teiuh Intantry arc; buried in the same L;ra\c ( )ne name is marked upon the headlioard and another on the rude pinewood toot l)(\'ird. < )n eidier si(h- of the space occupied 1)\' llie mound is thrown del^risot \arious sorts, tin cans, etc. (Fiii'. 13S.)

Xo. 296. " I-'.. Smith. Co. \\ loih Inf." Prix ate I!rnest

•j(;(>

/iDavtial Grave:

Smiih died in the l-'irst Division Hospital August 12, 1898, and was buried with Private Chtusz on the same day.

No. 297. "W. H. Clausz. Co. A, lothlnf." According to the records Private W'm. H. Chuisz died in the First Division Hospital Auq-ust t2, 1898.

In a southwesterly direction from the cemetery of the Sec- ond Regiment of Infantry is a group of graves composed with one exception of the Thirty-fourth Regiment of Michigan \^olun-

teers. It lies about one hundred yards to the northeast of the Caney Road, and the graves are along the trail issuing trom that road and winding toward the northwest among the encamp- ments of the various regiments as they were stationed shortly after the battle and preceding the surren- der. The spot marks

lie. 139 Char: of soldiers' gru-res in the field norlheasl of Saii/iai^-o. {Aft :r plan in the Quartermaster s Department, IVash- in<;toi.)

the vicinity of the Meld Hospital of the Thirty-fourth Michigan. The list of deceased is as follows :

No. 298. Private George Lind, Co. D. 34th Mich. \^)1. Inf.

Died August 3, 1898.

No. 299. Private Albert J. Chapman, Co. D, 34th Mich. Vol. Inf. Died August 3, 1898.

No. 300. Private John A. McDondd, Co. D, 34th Mich. Vol. Inf. Di<-(1 luly 31. 1898.

Jfallcn 1!?croci? of tbc U^oiH^tal -'''i

No. 301. IVivatc l-raiuis j. \'i\ian, Co. 1), ;,4th Midi. \'()1. Inf. Died July 31. i SgS.

\<). 3(12. l'ri\alc William J. Doian. Co. 1 ), 3 iih Miih. \'()1. Int". 1 )icHl July 29, iS(,,S.

Xo. 30^. Pri\at(; Rinaldo K. Shord. Co. 11, 3.}th Mirli. \'()1. Inf. Died July 29. 1S9S.

Xo. 304. rrixatc Cdiarlcs CU-'iiinicns. Co. 11, 34lh Mich. \ol. inf. Uicd July 20. i^q'l.

Xo. 305. Sergt. John Oliver, Co. 1{. 34lh Mich. \'ol. Inf. 1 )icd .\iii_;ust 2, 1 898.

Xo. 306. Privat(; Thomas K. licnncr, Co. II, 34th Mich. \'ol. Inf. Dictl August 2, 1S9S.

Xo. 307. Private C. Boldi, Co. C. loth U. S. IiilaiUry. Xot on my co[)\' ot the otticial list oi deaths.

No. 30S. ()\(M- llic hill ahoiil three hundred yards due north from the grave of l'ri\ates C lausz and .Smith is a single grave on a slope marked : " {erome 1"". (iitlord. Died Aug. 2. 1898." He was a i)rivate and a musician. 1 he 1 )ucareau mansion bears east a little north theretrom.

X(i. 309. North of the cemetery of the 34th .Michigan and to the left of the winding road above referred to is the solitar\- grave of lames M. I laney, i)rivate, Co. \\ 6th U. S. Inf., who died in the I'irst 1 )i\ision 1 lospiial .Xu-ust 16. (14) 1898. It is near the entrenchment occupied by the 74'di Xew ^ ork Infantry near the crest ot the ritlge.

Xo. 310. bi a northwesterly direction from the gra\c ot Haney are two graves on the crest occupied by the li:;ht battery. The first is that of Sergeant William 1 \ .S. N oung. Co. \C 71st X. V. Vo\. Inf.. Died Jul\ 29. 1898.

Xo. 311. Private William \\. Cbevers. Co. I. 71st X. N. \' bif., 1 )ied Aug. 1st, 1898.

262 /IDartial Graves

No. 312. Gus. Grahn. Co. L, 7i.st N. Y. Vol. Inf. Died July 29th, 1S98. A solitary grave lying northward of the last two named.

Xo. 313. Westward of the last named grave near a point where the trails intersect is a group of four graves. They are on the ridge near the location of the light battery and the camp of Col. Theaker's Regiment. The position is near and a little east of the railroad to Cuabitas. The first grave is that of Private Albert Bergunde, Co. G, i6th U. S. Inf. Died July 26th, 1S98.

Xo. 314. Private Edwin T. Bennett, Co. B. i6th U. S. Inf. Died July i, 1898.

Xo. 315. Jno. A. Mendig, Co. K, 16th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. 1 2th, 1898. This is supposed to be the location of this soldier's grave, but the matter is in some doubt.

Xo. 316. Private Sanford G. Powell. Co. B. 16th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. 14th. 1898.

Xos. 317-319. Unknown American soldiers. Xear and on the northwest side of the Sabinilla Railroad, and north of the ridge and entrenchments occupied b)- Gen. Theaker as head- quarters on July 12, 1898, are three unmarked graves.

Passino- alon^r the road to Cuabitas, and turnine to the left, two groups of graves are found on and near the ridges whereon the field battery and the iM'igade of Gen. ChaHee were encamped. The first group of three is within the curved line of entrenchments close by the battery, and is composed of men of the Twelfth United States Infantry.

Xo. 320. Private James S. Stallings, Co. B, 12th V. S. Inf. Died July 30th, 1898.

Xo. 321. Pvt. Alfred Webster, Co. A, 12th U. S. Inf. Died July 20th, 1898.

jfallcn 1Fxn-oc3 of tbc Hx^HMtnl

lm;:;

Xo. 322. (_). M. StT-t. Jolin W. r.lair. X. C. S. 12th T. S. Inf. jiih- 22(1. iS(,S.

Xortluvcst ot this group and still lUdrcr tlu- hcatl(iuarl<Ts of (i(Mi. Chaffee at the almve date are the uraxcs of thre(* men of the 17111 r. S. Infantr)-. They arc situated on the hill underneath a tree with the heads of the graves toward the trunk. There are no crosses or headboards placed at the graves, but the inscriptions which designate the fallen icomrades haw- been carved upon the white space lonned li\ chipping out

I'lG. 140

Chart of burials in the field north of Santiago. {Aftn- plan in Qiia>terniasler''s Department. )

sections of the bark. A full i)age drawing of this group will be]found Chapter II. l^'g. 12.

Xo. 323. Sergt. Robert Boyle, Co. 1)., 17th I". ^. Inf. Died Aug. 4th, 189S.

Xo. 324. Private Win. 11. r.\crs, Co. C... 17th C. .S. Inf Died July 27th. 1898.

Xo. 325. Terence M. Mcl^onald, Musician. Co. P. 17th U. S. Inf Died Aug. 1 1 th. 1898. \\'ox this and the two preceding numbers see Cha[). II, Tig. 12.)

264

/IDartial Graves

No. 326. Private Krnest A. Schetzel, Co. H. 22d U. S. Inf. Died |ul\- 2. iSqS. I stopped at the headquarters of Captain Edward Phmimer. the efficient chief of transportation for the Fifth Army Corps, to inquire the shortest road to the headquarters of Gen. Wheeler. He kindly detailed one of his men, an enlisted soldier from Arizona, to show me the way. Our path led along a trail which led past the Ducaureau mansion and so into the road to Caney. In one of the most solitary portions of this trail we came across a orave on the very edo-e of the

track.

"he

dense

chaparral which grew high antl wild on either side of the trail over- shadowed an earthen mound which was scarcely raised above the surface. The comrades ot the dead had made some effort to protect the grave by erect- ing a frail enclosure of stakes, which already was broken down. A rude marker was placed at the head, upon which the name was written with a lead pencil, A more solitary place for burial one could hardly conceive. Fearing that the constantly passing trafhc would soon obliterate all traces of the dead, I gathered sticks and a bit of heavy branch and sought to protect the grave as best I could. I left it, nevertheless, with the fear that this solitary i)lace would never be found. I was glad to learn, however, that INIr. Rhodes and his men had come across it, and that the jjlace was duly designated by a more permanent marker.

No. 327. Private Lawrence Van Valkenburg, Co. H, 4th

Fig. 141 Chart of graves near Santa Cruz.

jfallcn 1l?croci^ ot tbc (Ix-^t-pir.il

265

U. S. Inf. I )i<«l lul\- J, iS(;S. A litilc turlhcr alon- the same [rail, l)iil turlhcr into the chaparral, is another ^rave. It could onl\- l)c Iniind hy persistent searchinL;'. It is in the very midst ot and cpiite ()\ershado\ved by the; wild tropical growth. Kahhit trails lead into the deep jungle, and the grave was tonnd l»y followinL; them.

Xo. ;^2S. •• Pri\ati' lUirton Salisbur\-. CO. li, 21st Inf. I )ied Any. 6, iSgS." At the side of the Cane)- Road, under- neath a lanji-e s^^iasima tree, is a well-i)res('r\(al j^rax'e (Fig. 142). The edge is marked by stones, and th<' name is especialK' well carved on a hc-ax}' head- board. The site is al)Out a mih; and a halt from Santiago. About se\ent\- t'i\-e \ards distant is a tall jjalm tree.

On a trail leading into the .San Miguel Road, between C ane\- and Ciiabi- tas, Mr. Rhodes found a

Ih.. 142 (/'/•(KV cf Ihirlcit Sd/isl'iii V. ji^f I'. S. Iiifntitry.

group ot seven gra\es. They are located about fifty feet south of the road and about half a mile eastward of Cuabitas. The following is a list of the soldiers buried therein :

Xo. 329. Private Patrick 1. Monahan. C"o. W. 7th l'. S. Inf". Died Aug. i6th, i S98.

Xo. 330. Private Jose|)h ReilK Co. ("..7th I'. S. Inf". I )i<-d Aug. 13th, 1898.

266

/IDartial Graves

No. 331. Sero-t. William II Thorn. Co. B, 7th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. 12th, 189S.

No. 332. Private Harvey H. Graham. Co. A, 7th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. ^di. JS98.

No. ^^^. Corp. Frank Leroy. Co. F, 7th l". S. Inf.

No. 334. Private William T. Dudley. Co. G. 7th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. 3rd, 1898.

^^^^- 335- Pi'ivate Edward Messet. Co. G, 7th U. S. Inf. Died Aug. I St. 1898.

No. 336. Unknown American Soldier, probabh' of the 9th U. S. Cavalry.

Nos. 337, 338. These numbers are designated in Chap. VII, p. 211, Fig. 1 20.

The Second Division Hospital

This organization has the unsavory distinction of presenting almost the worst record of neorliofence in markino- the deceased

soldiers' graves. The original First Divisional Hospital far ex- ceeds it in the number ot un- known, but can at least ph^ad the absorbing a n d exhausting work of batde. The Second Division Hospital had no such excuse. When I visited its headquarters I found the matter had scarcel}- been considered. I made

Fig. 143 Chait of i^raTCs nea7- San Miguel.

jfallcn Uun-ocf^ ot the 1hoiH"'ital

a sketch and notes ot the hur^inL; plot near the h()si)ital^

and on nw report ot the eomhiion ot iliiiiL^s to Cliiel Surgeon

Ha\-ai\l a phm and a hst olnaines was made out by tin- suri^i'on

in char^x'. In this hst several more q^raves were marked than

I tound desiL^nated on nu' visit. Ihit ot" ihirty-lour huri.ds in

the cemeter\-, onl\ ten were itlentituxl at that time. As the

sur<Teon then on ihity was an actiiiL;' assistant surL,^eon or cc^n-

tract doctor, there remained a

bare hope that better results

mieht be obtained ti'oiii the

army surgeons who went to

America with Gen. Shatter's

army. This hope was realized

by the labors ot' the etVicient

agent ot" the (Quartermaster's

Department. .Mr. Rhodes found

the same condition ot negleii

that I ha\e noted, Imt alter hi

return was able to itlenlity troi;

clivers records and reports a

number of the unmarked

graves, leaxing only eight or ten

still unknow n. d'he list as known to me now stands as follows :

No. ^:;39. Private Hugh (".. 1 )avis. Company 1{ 2nd Massa- chusetts X'oluntecr Infantry, died Aug. nth, i Sc;S.

No. 340. l'rl\ ate Percy 1 1. Howard. Company \k 1st I'nited States Infantry, died Aug. 12th, iSgS.

No. 341. Pri\ate loseph P. Ashm(»re, Coin|)any !">. 12th United States Infantry, died Avig. 12th. iSgS.

No. 342. Corp(M-al lulward P. ?loore. Company 11. Sth United States Infantrv, tlied Aug. 12th, 189S.

Ki(.. 144 Ct'iiii/cn- of Second Division Hospital , Santiago.

2(;s

nnarital (5i*avc5

Nos. 343-347. Unknown American Soldiers. No. 348. Private Daniel E. Gruber, Company C, Sth Ignited States Infantry, died Aug-. 8th, 1898.

No. 349. Private Gustave J. Bjork, Company A, 12th I'nited States Intantry, died Aug. 8th, 1898.

No. 350. Private William Kallock, Company G, 22nd United States Infantry, died August 8th. 1898.

No. 351. Private Will- iam C. Green, Conipany H, 2nd Massachusetts X'olun- teer Infantry, died Aug. 9th, 1898.

No. 352. Private Paul L. X'esper, Company B, 2nd Massachusetts Volun- teer Infantry, died Aug. loth, 1898.

No. 353. Private Albert H. Leek, Company E, 22nd United States Infantry, died Aug. I 1 th, 1 898.

No. 354. Private Jos- eph C. Grifhn, Company H, 8th United States Infantry, died Aug. iith, 1898.

No. 355. Corporal James Ouirke, Company G. 1 2th United States Infantry, died Aug. 23rd, 1898.

Nos. 356-358. Unknown American Soldiers. No. 359. Private Henry Perberich, Company G. 4th United States Infantry, died Aug. 29th, 1898.

No. 360. Private George R. Holloway, Company E, 7th United States Infantry, died Aug. 29th, 1898.

Fk;. i-i6

Jfallci\ Mcvoct? ot the iHot^Mtal •-''•"•'

No. 361. ]'ri\it<- Conrad C Juhnson, ConipaiU' A. isi United States InlaiUrx'.

No. 362. Corporal Christian Larson, Coninany I'. 1 2lh United States lnfantr\-. tlied Aug-. 3rd. iScjS.

Xo. 363. Private Tliomas J. Uarretl, Company I'^ 1 7lh United States Infantry.

Xo. 364. I'rixate Xathan j. AM»oU. C<)mp.in\- 1'), jlh United States Infantry, died Aui^^ 4lh, 1 89S.

Xo. 365. 1^-ivate William Gibson. Company C, 7th L'nitcd States Infantry, tlied An-. 7ili. iSc,S.

Xo. 366. Corporal William C. Pijicr. Comp:in\ i\, mil Massachusetts X'oliinteer. tlied Au^'. ph, iSgS.

Xo. 367. Private Anthony Mah >n, Company A. Sih I nilcd States Infantry.

Xos. 368-369. Unknown American .Soldit-rs.

Xo. 370. 2nd LiciitcriaiU William M. Wood. Company (i. I 2th United Slates Infantry, died Au;^. i 2di. iSc,S.

Xo. 371. Corporal George 1^. Whijjple. Compan\- M, zml Massachusetts X'olunteer Infantry, died Aul:". 12th. iSgS.

Xo. 372. I'rivate llinlon^-. Compan\- \\, United States pjioineers. Xot on my cop\' ot otticial list.

Cemetery of the General Field Hospital The General l-'iekl Hospital is situated in thr northeastern part of the suburbs of Santiago. It is near the Ouartel Reina Mercedes, which has been occupied for some lime as a barracks by the men of the Mfth Regular Infantry. The Ouartel is a low stone building, anil has attracted a large degree of popular interest as the jjlace where Lieut. Hobson and his men were imi)risoned after thc-y had lu-en taken nom the Morro. Tourists

270

/IDavtial Grav>c5

are now shown, as one of the interestnig sites of Santiago, the room in which the gallant naval officer was quartered, and from which he made the observations and notes of the battles of July 1st, and the conditions and incidents preceding- and follow- ing the same, which may be read in his interesting volume, "The Sinkine of the AlerriDiacy

Fk;. 14(1 A'eiiia ALricdt-s Barracl^s, Liciil. Uobso)i''s Second Prison.

I do not know who had charge of this hospital from the first, but at the time of my second visit it was in charge of Maj. Robeson, of the regular army. I )r. \. Havard, the Surgeon-Chief, had his (quarters in the camj), and the burials

Jf alien 1I?cvoc£^ ot the Iho^nntal 271

were in charge of Assistant Hospital Steward j. I'. l-"airinan, fonncrK- ol the ScnciUv tirst New \ ni-k Inlaiury, who hail been transferred to tiic hospital I'orpsoi the regular service. The dead were biu-ied one alter another in the runways of the Spanish entrtMichments, which accounts tor the peculiar form of the cemeteries. They were wrapped in sheets and blankets, and not one of all the sixty-six thei-e mleiTed was cothned. However necessary this may have been at tirst, it seems to me unjustifiable durintj;- the last weeks of the liekl 1 [(jspital's life. The ( )uartermaster. Cai)t. Gonzales, furnisheti coffins for those who dietl at the Xantiial 1 lospital, and would ha\c ilone the same on application Irom an\' other propcM" source. All the graves were marked simply but sutlicii-ntl)-. A few have been especially decorated by comrades.

Assistant Steward bairman. who had chari^c ot the burials, and was one of my fellow passengers when homeward bound on the Seouranca, gave his reasons tor converting the runways into cemeteries. Runways are the sunken paths leading to the trenches and batteries just beyond the .Spanish hos|)ital, dug below the le\cl to jji'olect the troops during transit. The soil at that point is hard and graxclly, and diltuult to dig. Many graves were re([uired. and, owing to thi- climate, must be i)re- pared speedilv. (^ur soldiers were sick and enleebled. '1 he runways were deep. tlr\-, near at hand — in short, were n^idy and suital)le for the recpiireil use. Ihey wcretht relore chosen, and thus nearly seventy American soltliers are indebted to their .Spanish enemies ft)r the servic*- of jjreparing them a grave. In the absence of a chaplain, Mr. b'airman himself conducted a simple funeral ser\ice at the graxc, so that all the deail received Christian burial, none the less appropriate because rendered by comrades.

272 /IDavtial Graven

One day, passini^ up from the dock, where I had been to get ice for the sick Cubans in the Civil Hospital, I stopped to see a friend at the office and warehouse of the W^ard Line of steamers. A long vestibule leads into the inner court, which is an architectural feature of all important buildings in Santiago, just inside the door, close against the vestibule wall, lay a long- pine box. whose character I knew too well, for I had otten seen

Fig 147

its like in the Ci\"Il W^ar. It contained the embalmed body of a soldier, and was awaiting shipment by the next steamer. The name of the occupant was roughly sketched on the side, " E. W. Whiting." While noting and listing the soldiers buried in the Spanish runway's at the (ieneral bielcl Hospital, I lound that Whiting was one of those who had been buried there and dis- interred for remoxal to the l-nited States.

jfallcu Ulcroct? ot the Hloypital

273

m

"E.W.WHiTi

pMwtA.l!

( )iu' ot the soldiers on pcrinanciu <lut\' with ihc medical commissary, whose t^oods ocrii|)ic(i jjari nt ilu; warehouse, had set his cot ato|) of th<- cutVin case and there slept. I he first sii^ht of this i;a\c somethiiiL;- of a shock, as thoiiL;h it w<'re a violation ot the sanctity of death. lUit reflec- tion Ictl one to (|iiality this teelinL;. SureK', Comrade W liilin^" would not olijecl ihat his cottin be used to litt a lellow-soldier above a tlamp floor ? Besides, there was no irreverence in tlu' intention. The very closeness of svmpa- tlu' and comradeship between the ]i\ in^; and llie dead soldier took away the sense of rei)ulsion which most persons ha\e from close contact with the dead. The livino- soldier could slee|) with his dead brother as he iniL^hl ha\f done in tent, or on the held, or in the deadl\- li'ench. Yes, they would bivouac tOL;ether, the liviuL^ and the dead ; for are they not still comratles in that strane^e fellowship whiih holds between "death and his twin brother sleep?" Wy and by — and it may be soon, indeed — "on fame's eternal campinor o^round." they will be aL;ain unittu bivouac of the dead."

Died Au^fl.l'AM

1898 / I//.

Fig. 148

m

th<

"Sleep anel Death, two twins ot wiui^etl race, Of matchless swiftness, but of silent j)ace."

— /\>pi's I Iodic)-' s fliad

On a bit of pine board, apj)arentl\- the fVaL^ment of" .1 cracker box. the name ot thi' dead sleepi-r was inscribed care- fully, as if by a loving hand. The little h.eadboard was laid under the cot upon the to]) of the burial rase, and was d(nil)tless

^"-^ /IDartial Graven

the one that marked tlie grave where the hero had been buried. (Fig-. 148.)

Of the soldiers interred here 14 belonged to the 34th Michigan, 6 to the 9th Massachusetts, 5 to the 71st New York, 5 to the I St Illinois. 2 to the 2nd Massachusetts and i, Capt. Leininger, to the 8th Ohio, and the remainder to various regi- ments ot the regular service.

First Section, General Field Hospital, Santiago

No. 37i.\.--' Private Peter P. Haan, Company D. 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. 3rd, 1898.

No. 372A. Private George Martin, Company L, 34th Michi- gan \'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 3rd, 1898.

No. ^^-^y^-f. Private Francis \V. Car)', Company H, 9th Massa- chusetts X^olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 5th, 1898.

No. 374. Private Harry L. Pease, Company H, 8th United States Infantry, died Aug. 4th, 1898.

-^o- 375- !•*• ^- Hayes, Company B, 20th Cnited States Infantry, died Aug. 5th, 1S98.

No. 376. Private Peter F". \^andenboom, Company L, 34th Michigan X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 4th, 1898.

No. 377. Pri\ate Thomas \'. Gilbert, Company I), 34th Michigan X'olunteer Infantry.

No. 378. Eugene B. McLoughlin, Company A, 9th Massa- chusetts X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 16th, 1898.

No. 379. .Xrtificer P'rank C. Boyer, Company P\ 20th Cnited States Infantry, died Aug. 13th, 1898.

No. 380. Fugene L. Sharroit, Compan\' G, 71st New York X'olunteer Infantr}', died Aug. 13th, 1898.

* The Nos. 371, 372 were previously used and iheir error discovered too lale to change subsequent numeration. I therefore designate lliese two graves as 371 A, 372A.

jfallcu illcioci^ or the jllOiH^ital

CEMETER1E6

OF THE

GENERAL FIELD

H05PITAL

IN THE v5PANl5h

TRENCHESAND

RUNWAYS NORTHEAST OF

T Ht"

REINA MERCEDES BARRACKS 6AMTIA60 : DE ;

CUBA

JI

■V ;vS ^^C'^fON TWO

6%

I: v<32

I:' -V/fl

/

*?

I. I'rivatc lulwanl Mxoii.

;,4th MicliiL;an X'oluntccr

, I uli. I S9S.

irporal I hiiry j jinniiii^s.

C'oiiipam I\, (hIi Massachusetts \ oluiitecr Intan-

tr)-. died AiiL^. I 2th. i S9S.

\o. vS^. l'ri\ate Joscj^h W. McFacldcn. Company ( ). 1 st I'liitcd States C"a\alr\. th'ed Aul;'. i4tli, I S98.

Xo. 3S4. IM-i\atc . '.rlhur N. riindiaiii. Com-

27H /iDarttal Graves

pan\- K, 2nd Massachusetts X'olunteer Infantry, died Auo-. 1 8th, 1 898.

Xo. 385. Anton C. Anderson, Company K, 3rd United States Infantry, died Aug-. i8th, 1898.

No. 386. Pri\ate Millard F. Taft, Company H, 3rd United States Infantry, died Aug-. i8th, 1898.

Xo. 387. Corporal Walter A. Jarvis, Company A, 9th United Stat(is Infantry, died Aug. 19th, 1898.

Xo. 388. Private August Johnson, Company E, 34th Michi- gan \'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 20th, 1898.

Xo. 389. Corporal Charles Albert Butcher, Company A, loth United States Infantry, died Aug. 21st. 1898.

No. 390. Private Henry Koester, Jr., Company L, 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. 3d, 1898.

Xo. 391. Private Joseph Griener, Company D, 34th Michi- gan \'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 7,6, 1898.

Xo. 392. Private Joseph Bearry, Company L, 34th Michigan X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 30th, 1898.

Xo. 393. Private Silas Isley Mayo, Company C, 2nd Massa- chusetts Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. 5th, 1898.

No. 394. Private John A. Lewis, Company B, 25th United States Infantry, died Aug. 6th, 1898.

^o- 395- Private George P. McLaughlin, Company B, 9th Massachusetts X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 6th, 1898.

No. 396. Corporal Henry [. Grills, Company H, 34th Michigan X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 6th, 1898.

^'o- 397- Brivate Stephen Fatlik, Company ¥, ist Llnited States Cavalry. Xot on my official list.

No. 398. Private Hans Larson, Company H, 3rd United States Infantry, died Aug. 7th, 1898.

1... I50

Glare of Capt. John A. Lcinin.;er, tth Ohio /iif\tnt>y, Saiitia.^

27S riDartial Graves

\o. 399. r^ivate [^>ank |. Muck, Company D, 34th Michi- gan \olunteer Infantr)', died Aug. 7th, 1898.

Xo. 400. Captain John A. Leininger, Company F, 8th Ohio X'ohmteer Infantry, died Aug. 8th, 1898. jMr. Fairman, in speaking of the l)urial of Capt. Leininger, said : •• He was a fme oflicer, a gentleman, and. from what 1 could learn, a noble character. It grieved nie to see the earth thrown upon the uncofhned face of such an officer, but we had to do it. I read a funeral service over him. as was done over all the dead in this cemetery." At m\- second \isit the Qrass and vegetation had sprung up on either side ol the burial line so rankl\- as to reach the middle of one's body. While showing ni)- poriiolio of drawings to President McKinley, he recognized the name of Capt. Leininger as an officer whom he knew irom his home section in Eastern ( )hio. (big. 150.)

Xo. 401. Private James Connolly, Com|)any C, 1st United States Cavalry, died Aug. 8th, 1898.

Xo. 402. Private John j. Pepper, Company E, 6th L'nited .States bifantry, died Aug. 8th, 1898.

Xo. 403. Private Edwin W. Whiting, Company A, ist Illi- nois Wjlunteer Infantry, died Aug. Sth, 1898. (See P'igs. 147, 148.)

Xo. 404. Private Lewis C. Heath, Company C, 71st Xew York X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. Sth, 1898.

Xo. 405. Corporal [ohn W. Kyte, Company L, 9th Massa- chusetts X^olunteer Infantry, Aug. Sth, 1898.

Xo. 406. Private John Hogan, Company 13, 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. Sth, 1898.

Xo. 407. Prixate Joseph I). Lane, Company I, 9th Massa- chusetts Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. gth, 1898.

Xo. 408. Private George H. Culman, Company M, 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. 9th, 1898. The grave of Prixate Culman had been carefully and even elaborately

jfallcu movoct? or tbc 'illoiHMral

•_'7!»

tU.^C()iMt('>l 1)\' liis i-oinralcs. \hc hcadhoard was C()\"(';'(m1 \viih a piece of sheet zinc, and on this ilie name, company and thitc of death were punchetl. hi the centre was outlined a cross risin^i;- out of a hemisphere. Ihe mound is friiiL^rd with a num- htiv o\ unthscliarL^cd Spanish ti\<' iiuli shells. o| which manv are l\inL;" aroiin<l the premises, and also with shells o| hea\i<'r calihre.

-v^^_^;; *^i

lie. 151 Craz'e of Geoixc If. Culiiinn, J.flh Mifhigan.

On the lo()tl)oard is carxcd a cross. Tile hospital steward h id placed at the head of the L;ra\ e a warninL^- notice; •• Pan-<'r. Primed Shell. Don't touch I" .\ ])emilled adiiition in current writinor stated that the shells had JK-en •• placed here a^^ainst orders." MoweNcr, they had not bc» n disturhetl. and the |)ic- turescpieness ot this ^rave relieved the monotony ot the lonn^ line ot iilain mounds.

280 nnartial Graves

No. 409. Private Harvey McGuire. Company E. 6th United States Infantry, died Aug-. 10th. 1898.

No. 410. Private William J. Waters, Company B, 8th I'nited States Infantry, died Aug. loth, 1S98.

No. 411. Private Herman W. Goetz, Company F, ist Illi- nois \'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. loth, 1898.

No. 412, Private John A. Shaw, Company F, 71st New York X^olunteer Infantry, died Aug. iith, 1898.

No. 413. Private P^dward C. Kroupa, Company B, 71st New York Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. i ith, 1898.

No. 414. Musician William H. Leonard, Company H, 3rd L'nited States Infantry, died Aug, 12th, 1898.

No. 415. Quartermaster Sergeant Frank S. Alden, Com- pany L, 7 1 St New York \^olunteer Infantry, died Aug. i 2th, 1 898.

No. 416. Private Thomas Begley, Company C, 21st United States Infantry, died Aug. 21st, 1898.

No. 417. Sergeant Thomas Maher, Company H, 21st United States Infantry, died Aug. 21st, 1898.

List of Burials in Section II, Cemetery General Field Hospital

The first series of entrenchments and runways having been fill(-d with our dead, a second series was appropriated. It is a curved entrenchment, to the west of the above, and further from the main road.

No. 418. Private George Pleckenstine, Company C, 20th United States Infantr)-, (Hed Aug. 30th, 1898.

No. 419. Private Charles Thorne, Company I), 6th United States Infantry, died Aug. 28th. 1898.

No. 420. Private George J. Briggs, Comj)an)' 1, 34th jNlichigaii \ uhmtccr Infantry, died Aug. 25th, 1898.

jfallcn llxnoci? of Xbc 1I?oi>pital -^'

Xo. 421. Trivatc Charles IJcndcr. COinpaiU' K. isl I nitrcl States Artillcr\\ died Au-. jSth, i S9S.

Xo. 422. Private John A. Miroski, 1 st IHiiinis N'oUiiUeer Infantry, died Ano-. 27th, lSc^S.

Xo. 42;,. Private lui-cne A. I luzzy. Conipanx A, 1 >l Illi- nois X'oluntecr Infantry, died .\iii;. 24th. iSgS.

Xo. 424. I'livate Thomas Davis, Company P. 7lh I nitcd States Infantry, died .\ul;". 2^:,d, 1S9S.

Xo. 425. Pri\ate John W. P\airchild, C'omitany C, i"th L'nited States Infantry, died Aul;. 24th, 1 S(^S.

Xo. 426. Pri\ate |ohn |. Murpln-. Company .\, (;th Massa- chusetts X'olunteer Infantr\-, dietl Aul;. 24th, i S9.S.

Xo. 427. Private James 11. Miller, Company P. 2nd I'nited States Infantr)-, died Aul;. 25th, iSc,S.

Xo. 42S. Ser-eant Raymond C. lUiell. Company .\, 2nd United States Infantry, died .\u^. 25th, 1 89S.

Xo. 429. Private Andrew V. lla^erstrand. Company P>, 7lh United .States Infantry, died .\ii,i^. 25th. iS()S.

Xo. 430. Private .Xrchihald 11. Jones, e'ompany 1', 2nd United States Infantry, died .\u_-. 25th, iSoS.

Xo. 431. Corporal Charles X'iherts. Company I, 1 st Illinois XOlunteer Infantry, died .\ii-. 20th. 1 S9S.

Xo. 432. Wagoner George R. P.ray. Com}). my V. 1 st Illi- nois X'olunteer Infantry, died .Sept. 3rd. iSoS.

Xo. 433. Private Eugene Munger. Company C. 1st I nited States Cavalry, died Sept. 3rd. 1S9S.

Xo. 4^4. Private ha-nest W. P..ill/er. Comi)an\- C>, i st Illi- nois X'oliinteer lnlantr\-, died .Sei)t. 5th, i S9S.

Xo. 435. Corporal Ceorge E. llinnen, Comi.any 1", 2nd United States Infantry, died Sept. 7th, 1S9S.

2*^2 nnavtial (3ravc3

No. 436. Private George B. Lovejoy, Company E. 34th Michigan X'olunteer Infantry, died Sept. 12th, 1898.

No. 437. Civilian Jacob Starke with 2nd Massachusetts X'ohinteer Infantry, died Sept. loth, 1S98.

No. 438. Seru;eant WiUiam Ryan, Company I, 20th I'nited .State.-, Infantr\-, died Sept. 14th, 1898.

No. 439. Private PVancis Casey, Company K, 2d United States X'ohmteer Infantry, died Sept. 15th.

No. 440, Corporal Charles W. Kingston, Company M, 9th United States X'olunteer Infantry, died Sept. i 6th, 1898.

No. 441. Pri\'ate L. \'. ferome, 9th United States Volun- teer Infantr\'. Not on my official list.

No. 442. Musician Albert Richardson, Company L, 9th United States Volunteer Infantry, died September 17th, 189S.

No. 443. Corporal John J. Nikodem, Company K, ist Illi- nois X'olunteer Infantry, died September 17th, 1898.

No. 444. Private XX^lliam Frederick, Company K, 9th United States X'olunteer Infantr)\ died Se]:)t. 20th, 1898.

No. 445. Private John Kilgallon, Company A, 9th United States Infantry, died Sept. 21st. 1898,

No. 4_i6. Private XX'illiam H. Prigham, Co. K, 2d United .States X'olunteer Infantr)-. died .Sept. 2rst, 1898.

No. 447. Civilian Oscar Saltus, Packer, United States, died .Sept. 22nd. 1898.

No. 44S. Private John 'Phomas, Company M, 9th United States X'olunteer Infantry, died .Sei)t. 2 2d, 1898.

Burials from the General Hospital at Siboney

The ordinary burying ground for the American troops at Siboney was in the loop made by th(? valley road to Santiago, almost opposiie the railroad bridge at Siboney. Here some of

Jfallcn 'iltcroc£> ot the Kor^ntal li-^-f

the first iiUfrinciUs were mack'. Aiiiohl; thfin were two Mii hi oan soldiers killed (lurinu:' the attempt on A^iiadorcs on July I. 1S9S.

W'hcn the yellow icver broke out, and under the spirit ot the fir-^t [)anic, a h()s])ital cain[) was estahlished in the hills at a considerable distance from the- landiiiL^'. Hut the; inconvenience of a location so far from the base ot supplies was such, esj^e- cially in view of <:he lick of transportation facilities and thejjre- vailino- inaptitude and debility aniouLi^ the men. that a new hos- pital was established on the slo])esot the rid^-e abo\c the beach at Sibone)-. The cemeter\- which had already been selected in the hills about a mile from the lirst IjuryiuL; j^round at the rail- road bridge, was maintained, and therein were interred most ot those who died of yellow le\er and other diseases at tlv; ( jen- er.d Siboney I lospital. The graves to the number ol 106 are regularly laid out. one beside another in long rows, beginning at a point about fifty yards tVom the railroad track ot the min- ing company.

On the lOth of luly die Twentydourih Cniied States Infintry was detailed to guard the fever hospital, and on the next da\ a cordon of sentinels was drawn around the i)remises so as to prevent all unauthorized communication with those outsick? the bounds. I'he i)lac(; was <piarantined ag.iinst the rest of the world. Shortly after m\- arrixal in Sa.itiago. haj)- pening to speak of my purpose to go to .Siboney on an err.nul of merc\-. I was authoritati\-ely informed that if I went I could not return, but must remain at the i)lace. However, the cpiar- antine was not so striit but that las I hapi)en to know) there was al\va\s more or less communication between the two places. Indeed, it would have been an act of gross inhumanity to wholly cut off such communications, as it was absolutely

284 martial eraves

necessary for the maintenarice of the hosjMtals that there should be some passing- to and fro on the part of those most nearly concerned in the care of the sick. However, it must be allowed that the quarantine was maintained with a reasonable degree of fidelity, and the very name of Siboney became, at least to the soldiers of the Fifth Army Corps and the people of Santiago, a synonym for all that is horrible in the annals of human suffer- ing ; a pest hole, a valley of death and the shadow thereof.

The conduct of the men of the Twenty- fourth Infantry in volunteering to aid in nursing the sick is elsewhere described. (See Chapter XII.) Ithas been thethemeofmanyadmiring writers, who are of one mind as to the heroic and humane action of those who deliberately walked into the jaws of the pestilence to serve their comrades and their fellow-men. They cared for the sick ; they aided in the work of cleaning and disinfecting the premises ; they assisted in the burial of the dead. As the result of this campaign against the pestilence amid the hills of Siboney, the most gallant, perilous, self-denying of the entire war, they lost Capt. Charles Dodge and six-and-thirty enlisted men. In the following list I have marked with an asterisk the names of this officer and twenty soldiers of the Tw^enty-fourth Infantry who fell in this heroic service, and whose graves have been identified in the General Cemetery. There remain sixteen men, who died during or as the result of this tour of duty, whose graves have not been identified and whose burial i)laces are unknown to me. Of these sixteen, three names are found upon the official list in the Adjutant-General's ofhce, and eleven names have been obtained from a report given by Mr. Stephen Bonsai in a foot note to page 434 of his "bight for Santiago." Doubtless some of these men rest in those graves of the General Ceme- tery marked " Unknown," and probably some of them were

jfallcn 1Ixn-oci3 ot the lbo£->;Mtal 285

transportt^cl to Moiitaiik I'oiiit ;iinl arc hiiricd there 1 ht- names ot these l)ra\'e soldiers who h.i\c shed such lustre ujx)!! the records of our regular army aud of th(-ir race, will be found at the close of tlie list of j-allen 1 ieroes beginning; with No. O15. Xo. 449. Captain Charles I )od!^e/== Company C, 24th United States Infantry. Hied jul\- 30, iSgS.

No. 450. l.ieuleiianl James 15. .Steele, Company 1\ Si'^nal Corps, I'nited .States X'olunteers. Died Au^-. 5, i Sc)S.

No. 451. Lieutenant Richard j. Harden. Company A. ist Regiment I )istrict of Columbia X'olunteers. 1 )i<(l Aug. c;, 1S98. No. 452. l'ri\ate Jacol> 1'. rhillips/^^ C/ompan\ \i, 24th I'nited States Infantry. Pied Aug. 14, 1S9S.

No. 453. .Sergeant iM'ed \\. Stuart, Cnited States \'ol. Signal Corps, died Aug. 12th, 189S.

No. 454. Private Charles Whiting. Compan\- ( 1, 3rd I nited States Infantry. 1 )ied Aug. 11, 1898.

No. 455. Private Robert Poettcher. Comi)any .\. ist 111. X'olunteer Infantry. Aug. 10, 1898.

No. 456. Private PVanklin Campbell. Compaiu' G. 7th I'nited States Infantr\-, Aug. o. i S98.

No. 457. Private Herbert Barr. Comi)an\- 1\ 33rd Michigan Infantr\-. Not on any official list.

No. 458. Private Warren C.reen,-\ Compan\ 11, 24th United States Infantry. Died Aug. 5. 1 89S.

No. 459. Teamster C. C. Comb, United States Army. Not on official list.

No. 460. Private W. Shelh. Comp.my D. 2uth United States Infantry. Not on official list.

No. 461. Unknown Ami ric.in .Soldier.

No. 462. .Sergeant bihn l.annen. Company ( "•. ;d I . .S. Cavalrv. died Iu1\- 24th. 1898.

286 /IDavtial Graves

No. 463. Private Ward Mars, Company I, 33rd Michigan \'olunteer Infantry. Died July 24, 1898.

Nos. 464-465. Unknown American Soldiers. No. 466. Sergeant Major Clair H. Stetson, ist United States Infantry. Died July 12, 1898.

No. 467. Pri\-ate Palmer, Company E, ;th Ignited

States Infantry. Not on the official list.

No. 468. Private \\'al)ur, Comi)any H, 33rd Michi- gan Infantry. Not on official list.

No. 469. Teamster M. Stewart, United States Army. Not on official list.

No. 470. Private William Park, Company K, ist Illinois Infantry. Not on official list.

No. 471. Private James F. P^arrell, Company H, 9th Massa- chusetts \^olunteer Infantry. Died July 26. 1898.

No. 472. Private William Brent,=-= Musician, Company H, 24th United States Infantry. Died July 29, 1898.

No. 473. Private Arthur E. Eessette, Company C, 33rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Died Aug. 2, 1898.

No. 474. Private Paul Zoubeck, Company K, ist Illinois Infantry. Died Aug. 4th, 1898.

No. 475. Private Robert Ramsey,=^= Company C, 24th United States Infantry. Died Aug. 6, 1898.

No. 476. Private John E. Gregg, Company I, ist Illinois Infantry. Died Aug. 14, 1898

No. 477. Private Abraham Benson, =^= Company ¥., 24th United States Infantry. Died Aug. 12th, 1898.

No. 478. Private Peter H. Devoe, Company E, 7th United States Infantry, died Aug. iith, 1898.

No. 479. Sergeant Arthur Henry, Company B, 33rd Michi- gan X'olunteer Infantry, dic-d Aug. 10, 1898.

jfallcu Ihcvoci? ot the 1hOi?pital

L'NT

No. 480. l*ri\at(; CharU-s IloatlU^y, Coiiipaiu- L, 1 si Illinois JiilaiUi-)-. Died All-. S, 1S9S.

No. 4S1. I'rl\ ale Waller Kcevcs,'^' Company ( l. 2.\lh Inilccl States infantrv. died Aii-. Nth, iSr,S.

ifn6Powri6 /iBour ore mile from rr bridge or siboney

' '"' ' T^ [p] Fl * >o «o

^ r^ r^ ^^ Foi fni 151 roil foi r-n j^ it^ n-i fioi r<l [^ (^ol lo^l f°l r^ f^ R f*l M [iiJiilJIijIillijliJmlidliJI^l^iilliJiijLiJI^^

i<ei r^ [^ f^ loi Fi f*^ loi 1*1 1^ (^ r^ f'oi 1*1 f^ R f^ fsi (*i |£Jl3JI±Jl±Jlill*Jl±Jl*J[±Jml2JL*J[iJliliS

fiolRol[r^fSf^f^f^f^[^(*lI^l^f^[^f?l[olR['^ liiJ[*lliJ[±l[±Jl^M[!dmbDJl!5JSJl!i2Jl!^li2j^

rrir(oif«iraf3faiif^Fni^r«^r*iMf^RI*l

<^l 'D t) ti '^ fi «r) <>) t^ K) 'a * ♦.♦■*,■*'■*

f<«irNif3raroiRn(fv|rar?i * ;f ? ? "O Xo |lo 1/? i^l

I'lG. 152

Chart cf burials al Ceinclcry of the General llosf'ita! at Sil>'itty.

No. 4S2. Ccr[)oral Parton C. NoitinL^ham, Conij)any K, 33rd .Michigan Infantry, Aii^;'. 5. iSgS.

No. 4S3. I'ri\atc |. Alfred .Stcxc-nson, Conipanx- .\. 33d MifhiL;an Inlanlrw died Auu;". ^^(\, i SgS.

No. 4S4. Corporal llcnry A. .'^ha\v,'=' Conijjany I'. 24th Cniied .States Infantr\-, diied .Xu-. 2d, iSoS.

288 /iDartial Graves

\o. 4S5. Private Carter Bogos,'^' Company H, 24th United States Infantry. Xot on official list.

Xo. 4S6. Private Isaac A. Lester, '=' Company A, 2^th United States Infantry, died Aug-, ist, 189S.

Xo. 487. Private Baucher, Company I, 1st Illinois

Infantry. Possibly Robert Boettcher, Co. M, ist 111. Inf., who died Aug. ic, 1898.

Xo. 488. Private Paul G. Le Maitre, Company L, ist Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, died July 31st, 1898.

Xo. 489. Private Otto \V. Johnson, Company F, 4th United States Artillery, died Aug. 2d, 1898.

Xo. 490. Private Alfred H. Taylor, Company H, 21st United States Infantry, died Aug. 4th, 1898.

Xo. 491. Private Oren Thornburn, Company B, 34th Michigan \'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 4th, 1898.

Xo. 492. Corporal George F. Haven, Company D, ist Illinois X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 5th, 1898.

Xo. 493. Sergeant Jesse J. Griffith, Company C, ist Illinois \"olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 5th, 1898,

Xo. 494. Private Frank Gibler, Company I, 8th Ohio X'olun- teer Infantry, died Aug. 5th, 1898.

Xo. 495. Prixate Frank M. Burton, Company I, 33rd Michi- gan Volunteers, died Aug. 14, 1898. This soldier and the next following are buried in one grave.

Xo. 495. Private John E. Gregg, Company I, ist Illinois Infantry, died Aug. 14th, 1898.

Xo. 496. Private Charles Hicks, '^^ Company F, 24th Ignited States Infantry, died Aug. 12th, 1898.

Xo. 497. Private Dudley A. Foster, Company F, 7th United States Infantry. Xot on official list.

jfallcii 1hci-oc£-> ot the fl^ot^ntal -'•^'•'

Xo. 4C)S. I'rixatc l-"raiik M. l-'ullcr, COinpan)- M, 34ih .Michi_L;an X'ohintccr lnraiur\', ditnl An-. i"tli, 1S9S.

Xo. 499. rri\atc |(ihn Wilson, lOinpaiu- I, i<ill"i rnit('il States Cavalry, died Aui;-. 9th, 1S98.

Xo. 500. IVivate Charles Koschii;, Coinpaii)- 11, ;;r<l Michii^an lntantr\-, died juh' ;, i st, iSc^S.

No. 501. Trixalc l-'.dward lldU'i^ain, Conipain 1), ,v;rd Michigan Intaiitr)-. Not on otticial list.

Xo. =,02. Corpond Thonias Robertson/- Company 1>. 2 \\.\\ Cnited States Inlantr)-, died Jn1\' 27th, iScjS.

Xo. 503. Private W'ni. II. I )ollartl. Company C. ;,;,rd .MichiL;an Intantr\-, di<Ml July 2'), 1 S98.

Xo. 504. Corporal Charles \\amble/-= Company 1"., 2 ;th United States Infantry, died July 2^, iSc^S.

Xo. 505. |ohn Beauman. 1 st class Private. P)alloon 1 )et.iil, United States Signal Corps, tlied July 2h, iSoS.

Xo. 506. Private Kahlert 1 )(!aths, 1 uh United Stal<-s Inlan- try. Xot on otticial list.

Xo. 507. Unknown Musician, vph Mii hi-an \ . I.

Xo. 50S. Private Santord (i. Powell. Company P.. i'>th United States Infantry, died .Aug. 14th, i SqS.

Xo. yK). Pri\ate William Partholomew, Comp.my P. 2nd United .States Caxalry, dietl Aug. ist. 1 S^S.

Xo. 510. Private Ma.\ M. Pansier. Company \\ ; ;rd Michigan X'olunteer Infantry, died July 2q. 1S9S.

Xo. 511. Private Charles 11. I)iggs.=== Compan\ D. 24lh United .States Intanlr\-, died .\ug. 7th. i S(>S.

Xo. 512. Privali- 1-rank .XPels. Compan\- I', 7lh United States lnlantr\-. died .\ug. 27th, 1 S(,S.

Xo. si^ Unknown .\merican .Sold cr.

290 /iDartial Graves

No. 514. Private Sandy Smith/-^ Company H, 24th United States Infantry.

No. 515. Private |ohn H. Pansier. Company H, 4thl'nited States Artillery, died Aug. 15th, 1898.

No. 516. Private Ebbie N. Bland, Company A, 8th Ohio \'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 12th, 1898.

No. 517. Private John H. Brackman. Jr.. Company L, 1st Illinois Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. iith, 1898.

No. 518. Private Maryland H. Thompson, Company I, lOthT'nited States Cavalry, died Aug. loth, 1898.

No. 519. Corporal George L. Happer, Company H, 8th Ohio Infantry, died Aug. 7, 1898.

No. 520. Private Luis Tick. Company G, 33rd Michigan Infantry, died Aug. 14. 1898.

No. 521. Wagoner Frank M. Vine, Company E, 9th United States Cavalry, died Aug. 17th, 189S.

No. 522. Private James R. Sedden,^-^ Company F, 24th United States Infantry, died Aug. i8th, 189S.

No. 523. Musician Robert Booker, =^= Company H, 24th United States Infantry, died Aug. 24th, 1898.

No. 524. Private Irwin Whitson, Company G, loth United States Cavalry, died Aug. 28th, 1898.

No. 525. Private William Pendleton, =^= Company F, 24th United States Infantry. Not on the official list.

No. 526. Private A. P. Peterson, Company K, 1st Illinois Infantry, died Aug. 31st, 1898.

No. 527. Private Frayer Appleby,=^= Company A, 24th Unitetl States Infantry, died Sept. 2, 1898.

No. 5 28. Private Charles C. Mitchell, Company L, 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, died Sept. 4th, 1898.

jfaUcn 1Ixn*oc5 of the Ihoi^pital 2!n

\o. 52Q. Private John Uichards,--'- Coiiijxiny I'>, 2 |t]i I 'nitcd States InfaiUry. died Aul;. 24lh, 1S9S.

Xo. 5_:;o. l*ri\ate James 1'". Sills, Compain- C. ^^.^rel .MichiL^an Infantry, died Aul;'. 7th, 1 S()S.

No. 5;^i. I'rixate I)ani<l j. Maloney, Company G, 3.;nl Michig-an Infantry, died Aul^. i,uh, 1S9S.

Xo. 5;^2. Prixate jolm 1''.. I'allon, Compain- II, i st Illinois Infantry, died Aul;'. 1 bth, iSgS.

No. 5^:;:;. l*ri\ate John .S. Le(\ Company ( i, Sih ( )hio \ ol- iinteer Infantry, died Au^-. i6th, i.SgS.

No. 534. Private Charles |. Phillips. Company V, 33rd Michig-an Infantry. Not on ofticial list.

No. 535. Private Daniel P. M(*ado\vs, Compain I), 1 0th Cnited .States Infantry, died Aug. 14th. iSqS.

No 536. Private CorneliLis Ilenk, II. C, C .S .\rmy, di<(l Aug. 15th, 1S9S.

No. 537. Private Artliur Malehan, Company I.. 33rd Michigan Infantry, died Aug. I7lh. iSc)S.

No. 53S. Prixate .Mhert P. \'an .Slyke. Compan\- .\. 33rd Michigan Infantry, died .\ug. 17th, 1898.

No. 539. Private Prancis .Smith, Company II, oih ( )hio Volunteer Infantry, died Aug. 23th, 1S9S.

No. 540. Private James lulgar, Comi)an\- I, ist Illinois Volunteer Infantr\-, died .\ug. 26th, 1898.

No. S41. Private John (i. O'Prien, Compan\- ( i, 1 st Illinois Infantr\-. died Aug. 20th, i8()8.

No. 542. Private 1 leiiry ChuPbs,^-^ Compan)- 1 1, 24th Cnited States Infantry, died Aug. 30th, 1898.

No 543. Teamster Michael Fe«^ny (or Penne)). I nited States Ami)-, died Sept. 2d, 1898.

292 fiilavtial Graves

No. 544. Private Effie J. Bassctt/-' Company G. 24th United States Infantry, Sept. 6th. 1S98.

Xo. 545. Prixate ("iu\- \i. Poole, L Company, 33rd Michi- gan hifantry. died Sept. 13th, 1898.

Xo. 546. Sergeant Timothy K. McCarthy, Company A, 13th I'nited States hifantry, died Aug. 24th, 1898.

Xo. 547. Private Mosley Gaines, Company B, loth liiited States Int'aiury, died Aug. 19th, 1898.

Xo. 548. Private Robert L. Armstrong, Company H, 8th Ohio X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 17th, 1898.

Xo. 549. Private Humphrey Montgomery,'-' Company A, 24th I'nited .States Infantry, died Aug. 17th, 1898.

Xo. 550. Private Norman J. G. MacMillan, Company M, 71st Xew York Infantry, died Aug. 20th, 1898.

Xo. 551. .Sergeant Henry E. Connors, Company G, 33rd Michigan Infantry, died Aug. 21st, 1898.

Xo. ^^2. Musician Frank P2. .Sharp, Company C, 33rd Michigan X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 19th, 1898.

Xo. 553. Private Robert M. Zigler, Company I, i6th Cnited States Infantry, died Aug. 22nd, 1898.

Xo. 554. Private Thomas H. Mulford, Company L, ist Illi- nois Infantry, died Aug. 25th, 1898.

Original Field Cemetery at Siboney

At tlie foot of the .Siboney Ridge where the valley road turns northward to the Imltlefield of Las (iuasimas and so on towards Santiago, and just outside the village of .Siboney is a smaller cemetery containing some twenty graves, most of them of unknown soldiers. It is pr()bal)le that the; greater part of these died from sickness, pc.-rhaps some h*om )cllow lever, although

jfallcn 1l?croct5 ot tbc 1I>otH''ital

2'.t;;

^. ;rd

M

clii-

thc- sutiercrs from that disease were sciU lo lli<' Ccncnil Hos- pital anion- the hills, and were hurifd in the c('mctrry th<Tr. But the records indicate that at least two were killed in batth- on luly ist, in the demonstration of Gen. Duffield's brii(ad(' of IMichio-an soldiers against A-uadores. The cemetery is located about'one hundred and fifty yards northwest from th.- railroad bridge at Siboney. The list is as follows :

Xos. 555-55g. I'nknown American Soldiers. .\ tew ot the unknown soldiers in the list have. I believe, been recently identified in the ( hiartermaster's Deijarimeiu.

No. 560. Private |ohn b^-anklin, Company 1., oan X'olimteers. Died July i st. 1898. Buried in the same grave as the next fol- lowing.

No. 561. Pri- vate Ferdinand Seabright, Com- ]) a n \' b , ;^ 3 r d Michigan X'olun- teers. Died July 1st iScjS. l)urie<l in the same grave as lohn Franklin. These- two men w^n; th." only fatal casualties in the demonstration made by ( .en. Dultield against the Spanish fort at Aguadores which tormed part ot the general movement of Jnl\ 1st. iSt^S.

Xos. 562-56S. I'nknown .\merican Soldier^. No. 569. Private Otis ^I. N.arr, Comj-any K, ,^^''^1 ^I'^l^'" oan X'olunteer bifantry. died July nth. 1S98.

VlG. 153

C/itir/ of binioh in the Cc-inclcry at Siboney.

^ ^

O ft

jfallcn 1fxn*oci? of tl>c t->OLH">ital 295

Xo. 570. Lit-iittMiaiit W'illiciin C". \far\', isl I'liitcd States Infantr)'. Tills ^rave was dcsis^natctl 1>\- Mr. I). II. Khock-s and is charted by him under the name of I.ieiil. W illiam C. Near)-, J St United States Infantry. There is no other rctcord. and on referring" to the coj)}' of the official list in my possession 1 do not tind such a name.

Xos. 571-570' 57 J- I nknown American Soldiers. .\o. 573 has been erroneously duplicated in the chart and the luim- ber 574 omitted,

Xos. 575-576. \n an isolated spot near the railroad track and about one hundred \ards east of tlu' railroad depot arr two unknown American soldiers.

Burials from the Nautical Club Hospital

At the foot of the City of Santiago is the handsome boat- house of the Xautical Club. It is set well out in the water. and is united b\- a brido'e to the .\lamcda, a broad l)oulc\ard that skirts the ba\-. When I hrst visited the place, luly 25. 1S9S. it had already be(;n converted into a hospital. In thcr large boat-room, about thirty by fort)- feet in dimensions, many soldiers were lyinL;' on the bare lloor in their soiled uniforms. sufferiuL;- from calentiu-a. t\-phoid and m.darial teNtM's. 1 here were no cots, no pillows, no bed coverings, and n-iany ol the men were without blankets. The sick were closely crowded, and la\- on the i)orches. and even on the landing stage. It was a heartrending sight. Ihit cots ami nuulii-al suppliers were soon furnislK'd. Uad as affairs were here, the sick at least had the advantage of a dr\- tloorand a roof over their heads, which those in the camp outside of the city did not . t that time possess. .\ few. indeed, had erected baiuboo shacks, covered with palm

296

/iDartial Graves

leaves, and provided with a raised frame of slats, that elevated the body above the damp ground (big-. 155); but this device was not common.

The interments from this hospital, which continued until the final breaking up and concentration in the Spanish Military Hospital, were made in the City Cemetery. I believe that all were buried in coffins by the quartermaster, whose duty it is to attend to such matters. A record has been kept of the

•^^.?%^\

¥n:. 155 A bamlwo camp col in the Fifth Army Co/ps.

sections in which interments were made, and all have been identified without much difficult)-. But in a number of cases the record is indefinite, or lacking in some details.

During the last two nionths of its occupation by our Government, the Nautical Hospital was under the care of women nurses, whose efficient sc^rvices did much to comfort the inmates, and undoubtedly saved many lives. Among those who wrought in this kindly work were Miss Hrooks.a niece of a

jfallcu 1bcvoe£5 ot the If^oi^ntal -i-**

prominent r>nlish in.Tch;inl in Sanli;i-<>: Miss I'ackanl. a daiio-htcr of ex-Governor Packard, and Miss Annie Wheeler, the tlaucrhter of Maj.-Gen. Joseph Wheeler, who carries in her slicrht frame as courageous a spirit as that which animates her gallant and distinguished father.

The record of this fan^/il\- fiirnislvs an int< -resting illustra- tion of the inlluence of the Spanish-American war in demon- strating the progress made in healing the breach caused by the Civil War between the North and the South. Mai.-( .en. Wheeler's recent service is justly regardcnl as highly \aluable to the countrv. A son bearing his name, an ..fhcc-r in the regular army, served with him on his staff during th.- Santiago campaign, '.\nother son served in the navy <m th<- 1 . S. S. Co/unihia, and his daughter Annie faced hosp>ital levers m a torrid climate under conditions diat uitness alik<- to h.-r humanitv and her patriotism.

No's77. George Keffer. packmaster. I . S. Army. He was assassinated In' a Cuban who stabbed him while- standmg upon the dock for some fancied insuli. .\ go^^l m-.nnment has been erected over his grave by his regimental Inends.

No. ^78. Private Ralph Lahman. Company ( .. istlllmois

Infantry, died . This name is not upon my official list.

Xo' -yc). Corporal I'-inory lirown, lolh Inited States

C'lvalrv di(-d . This name is not on the efhcial list.

\o. 580. Private Ward .\. Willford. Companv P., Sth ( )hio Volunteer Infantry, died .\ug. 13th, 1S9S. Xo. 5S1. Inknown .\merican .Soldier.

No. sS2. Private bimes McGowan. Compaiu I', Cnited States Iniantrv, died luK :olh. iSoS.

X,). :^S;,.' Private- Richard >, K(-<pia. Company L, c^h Cnited States Infantry. I'.ied .\ug. lolh, 1 S98.

298

/IDavtial Graves

\o. 584. Private Andrew Thornton, Company Cx, 9th United States Infantry, died July 29th, 189CS.

No. 585. Private Melville B. Huffman, Company C, 9th United States Infantry, died Au^'. i st, 1898.

GRAVE5

OF

AMf RICAM

SOLDI ERS

SEC G

IN THE

CITY

CEMETERY

SANTIAGO

DE

Z U BA

'<Bi<»i

Ulslslslsl °l2l!lslll

SECTION M

00 o>o ,,

DDDU J

SECTION H

US77

VAULTS

Fig. 156

Xo. 586. Corporal Oliver Harris, Company I ), 2nd Massa- chusetts Infantry.

Xo. 587. justice 11. ll)amr()d, or Hamrotl.

Xo. 588. Civilian C. C. I^an^s.

Xo. 589. ist Lieut. WillianT (i. Pdliott, Company p:, 12th I'nited States Infantry, died Aug', i ith, 1898.

Xo. 590. Private Robert C. Guy, Company I), 2nd United

Jf alien jllcroci? ot tbc illor^pital -'^h)-

States Ca\alr\-. died Aul;'. 12, 189S. ( )ii Mr. Klmdcs' list thf name is " (irc)'."

\o. 5gi. Prixatc William D. Maiilc\-, LOmpaii)- II, 16th Unit(;tl States infantry, died Sept. 4th. i S9S.

No. 592. " Maiipin i 1 )isinterred)." The name thus

marked on the register may be l'ri\at(; .Socrates Maiiplin. Comj)any G. 1st D. C. Infcintry.

Xo. 59;v William Walters (or Walihus), ci\ ilian, .ipp.irt-nil) in Government service.

No. 594. Private Bernard Mclh-ide, Company I, 2nd United States \'olunteer Infantr\', died Aug. 23rd, 189S.

Xo. S95- Civilian Leopold 1 )ebend. Packer, United .States Army, died Aug. 26th. 189S.

No. 596. Private Harry A. Dolli\-er. Compan} II, 2nd United States X'olunteer Infantry, died Aug. 2 7lh, 1S9S.

Xo. 597. Private George .Sandoe, Com[>any G, 21st United .States Infantry, died Aug. 30th, i S98.

No. 598. Private Luther Rusher. Compain- L, 5lh Lniied .States Infantr\-, died Aug. 30th, 1898.

No. 599. Civilian Charles lohnson. ai)parenily in (lovcrn- ment service, died .Sept. 4th, i8g8.

No. 600. Civilian hrank W. 1 )()Uglass, dwd >>r\)i. Sih. 1898. Apparently in Government service.

Xo. 001. Private CliMMrd T. Houghton, Companx' I", (^th United States Infantry, tiled September 6, 1898.

Xo. 602. Private John Pillar, Comi)any D, 5th United States Infanlr\-, died Sept. n^th, 1 8g8.

Xo. 603. Private P)enjamin C. IJoothby, Company P). 2ni\ United .States X'olunteer Infantry, died .Sept. loth, i8(;S.

Xo. 004. Private John Xash, C( mpain- C. 5th I nited States Infantry, died Septeniber 12th, i8g8.

jfallcu llxnoci? ct tbc ibotH'tital

301

Xo. 605. l*i-i\;it<' (".illxTt A. Im-dwp. C(»ini);iny I:, 5lh I'liitcl Siali-s IiitaiUry. (li<'<1 Scj)!. 1 2lh. iSc>S.

Xo. hoh. l'ri\alc < )itn II. Scflcldl, Company P, ^ih I'liilc 1 States InlaiUry. died Sept. lOth. iS(,S.

Xo. (^07. l'ri\atc; |ohn 1>. lUakc. (."ompain 1\ 5lh rniUxl States Infantry, died S(q)i. loth, i S(^S.

No. 60S. Prixatc RolxTi 1'. C'orhin, COinpany I I, ^th rnitcd States Infantry, died Sept. 21st. iS(,S.

Xo. 600. Private .\rthiir L. .\t\vood. LOinpaii)- C". 5th I'nited States Infantry, died Sept. rStli, 1 So.S.

Xo. 610. I'ri\at(; lesse 1 )nL:an. C'ompaiU' L". Slh I nit«-d States Infantry, died .Sept. 25, 1S9S.

Xo. 611. 1st Lieutenant Michael J. O'lirien. Conii)any .\. 5th I'nited States Infantry, died Sept. lOtli, 1S9S.

Xo. 6t2. Cai)tain (ire^ory Ilarrett. Company .\. lolh United Stales infantry, died .\u--. 7t]i, 1S9.S. .\ -ood m..niimfnt is erected over the remains, the site for th(; i^ravc havin-' been purchased by his re_ij;imental trieiids.

Xo. 6(;. Ser^-eant August .\nderson, Company 1). 20th U. S. Infantry, died .\u--. 2()th, i SoS. 1 I )isinterr<Ml. )

Xo. 614. Charles l-'ranklin, cixilian. died about July 2Sth. 1898. This name recalled an incident that L^reatly affected me. On mv first visit to the Ci\il Hospital as an Inspector, while o-oin-^- the rounds with several .Xmcrie.m Sisters ot Charity, who had come over with us on the ) <?/r to nurse the sic'<. we had just passed out of one of tlu- male wards when wf heard some one eallino- behind us: •.\m< ricano. Americano I"' Oneof thi,- Cuban attendants stood at th(^ ward door wavino; his hands francticallw poinlin-' l)ackwaril. and shouting in Spanish.

"There is an American sick in h<re." e.xplained my interpreter.

302 nnartial Graves

We turned back. A handsome mulatto lad lay upon a cot with l)oth arms outstretched toward us. his face radiant for the moment amidst his j^ains at the welcome greeting of our English tongue. He clasped my hands convulsively.

"What is the matter?" I asked, soothingly.

Nothing but " yaller janders." He would be all right if his head did not hurt so. His name w^as Charles Franklin, of Logan, Colorado, and he was " the boy" of some officer in the Seventh Ignited States Reofulars.

His mind began to wander. The pain became so severe that he rolled back and forth upon his cot, then sat up upon it.

" Let us pray." I kneeled at his bedside, and holding his hands, commended him, body and soul, to God. The soothing influence of the devotions stilled the distracted nerves. He was quiet wdiile I prayed. It was a striking scene. The kneeling chajilain : the patient seated on the side of the cot holding the chaplain's uplifted hands ; the good Sisters, American and Spanish, reverently bowing, as though joining in the prayer ; the tall form of the interpreter bending in their midst. The hospital nurses looked on with subdued mien. The sick from their surrounding cots turned to gaze at us, their wan, pallid faces, lit up by a moment's curiosity. I left the lad with the apostolic benediction on his brow and turned away.

" It is our only case of yellow fever," said the Spanish Sister Superior. " He will surely die ; he is in the last stage."

"Yes," just a little startled, perhaps, said our American Sister Mary. " I could tell it by the eyes."

" And by the odor ! " added Sister Apollonia.

"And, my good doctor," said Sister Regis, running up to me, " )'ou have been exposed to the infection! Wm held his

jfallcn fl^cvoci? ot the U^oc^Mtal •"••>

hantls. \()u look liis breath. lUil do not fear. It was an act oi charit\' and our I lea\'enly leather will surcK' care lor \'oii. "

Ne\erthel(^s.s, the kind lad\- uhijipcd owl ol sonic mysterious receptacle about her tlress a bottle of disinfectant stutl. and bidding me hold out m\- hands, filled the |)alms and made me lave the skin. I.ike()li\er Crom\\(dl, she " iruslcd in ( lod," but kept her remedies ready. Good theolog)', and g(»'»d prac- tice, too.

Poor lad ' He was isolated at once and three doctors "sat" iijx)!! him when he died. Two said yellow lever, one said malignant malarial. All the same, his campaign in Cuba is ended, and. let us hope, his spirit rests in peace. .\s to his body, it was carried to the Santiago Cemeterx and crcmat<(I, and the incident of my meeting widi him vividly recurred when I saw his name among the American soldiers buriecl there.

The following, Nos. 615-629 inclusi\e. are the names ol soldiers of the Twent)' fourth bifantr)- ])uri(Hl in the cemetery •of the General Hospital, commonly known as the yellow le\(r hospital at Siboney, whose graves ha\e not been located. (See page 284.)

No. 615. Private W. M. M. Perry. Company .\, 24111 P. S Infantry. Died at Fort Douglas, Utah.'-'

No. 616. Private Budtl Ashton, C'o;n])any A, 24th P. .S. Infantry. Died in hospital, Ih'ooklyn, \. \ ••

No. 617. Private b'rank Carter, Company .\, 24th P. S. Infantry. Died in hospital, Prooklyn, X. \ .■'

Xo. 61S. Private |ohn E. MeaK, Company C, 24th P. S. Infantr\-. Died in hosi)ital. Hrookl\-n, .X. Y., Oct. 9, 1898.=^=

*'rhe notes ai)pended to the names marked with an asterisk (*) have been kindly furnished at my request by the i^luartermaster-Oeneral All except Terry, NeL-in, Kause and Johnson are buried in the Cypress Hills National C.-metery. HroDklyn. N. ^■.

304 fmavtial Graves

No. 619. Private J. Nelson. Company C, 24th U. S. Infantry. Not on the official roll of the reo-iment.'-=

No. 620. Private John Garrett. Company D. 24th U. S. Infantry. Died at Camp Wikoff. Montauk Point, L. I.=^=

No. 621. Private Edward Penn, Company D, 24th U. S. Infantry. Died Aug. 5th. 1898.

No. 622. Private |ames J. Puford, Company E, 24th U. S. Infantry. Died at Bedloe's Island, N. Y.'^'

No. 623. Private Richard H. Brown, Company F, 24th U. S. Infantry. Died at Camp Wikoff, L. I.'-'

No. 624. Private Herman Rause. Company G. 24th U. S, Infantry. Xot on the official roll of the regiment.'^'

No. 625. Private William J. Mosely, Company H. 24th United States Infantry. Died Aug. iith. 1898.

No. 626. Private Mortimer Spencer, Company H, 24th U. S. Infantry. Died Oct. 5th, 1898.

No. 627. Private William Griggs, Company H, 24th U. S, Infantry. I )ied at Camp Wikoff, L. I.

No. 628. Private Carter Boggs, Company H, 24th U. S. Infantry.

No. 629. Corporal Lewis Johnson, Company H, 24th U. S. Infantry. Reported as having died at Camp W'ikoff, but his name is not on the list of interments at that place. '^^

On the register of deaths in the P^irst Divisional Hospital (page 250) I found several names whose burial places I was not able to locate. I insert them here as a possible aid to hnal identification.

No. 630. Private Charles McGown, Co. I), U. S. Infantry, died Aug. loth, 1898.

No. 631. Pri\at(; John O'Connor. Co. K, 71st New York Infantry, died Aug. i ith, 1898.

JFallcii Ulcioct^ ot Wc jllof^pital ■:<»"»

No. 6},2. I'rixau- Aniolel (jcisinaii. ( O. K. 71st \c\v \ urk In!antr\', died Au^-. 1 ^ih. 1 S9S.

No. 633. l*rivatc CharlL's McCiitchcon, . died

Aug. 14th, 1S9S.

No. 634. Prixatc CharUts ( "loinbert, Co. I\, 71 si New NOrk Infantry, died Aui-. 1 0th, iS(;S.

A Plan for Marking Soldiers' Graves

In rc\ic\viiii4 the story ot the martial graves ot our tcdlcn heroes recortled in these pages, one is impressed with the lack of system and the absence of definite rt-sponsihility in th«' L'nited States army tor preserving the identity of the dead. The sufficient reason for making this fact i)uljlic is the hojx- that something satisfactory may result. Can a ]:)ractical mod<- be proposed ^ If so. can tlic War I )cpartm(MU be induced to adopt it ? With these questions in mind. 1 tried to find out what methods European nations ha\ e adopte^l tor ilesignatiiii^ the graves of their fallen soldiers and sailors. The information obtained is interesting, but gi\es no suggestion of \alue to determine a rule tor oursel\-es.

In the army of Great Britain there is no rule laid down. The regimental authorities do what they can. according to cir- cumstances, and, when possible, the statt authorities organize proper gra\evards. The various ([uarlermasiers, as in our own arm\-. are expected to attend to the duty ot burial. The public sentiment of the army, however, insures for the most part reverent and proper action. .\t Hmdurman. after the victory of Gen. Kitchener, the site of a cemeter\' was selected lt\' the division staff", and threctiou was gi\cii to dig the graves ot the dead close to one another. This wa-. done, aiul crosses were

306 /iDartial Graves

erected reg-imentally. Subse(|uently a wall was built around the cemetery under divisional arrangements, but all crosses were put up by the regiments themselves. A proposition has been made, but not yet carried into effect, to erect plain cast- iron gravestones with the name and regiment of every man cast thereon in relief. In the Soudan, w'hich is a Mohammedan country, the ol^jection to cross-markers is that the inhabitants would i)ull them up and destroy them from religious motives. On the contrary, it w^as aptly suggested by Gen. Lawton that all the headboards placed at the graves of our fallen soldiers in Cuba be marked with a cross, in order to make more certain respectful treatment through the popular reverence for that Christian symbol.

The system prevalent in the German army is to mark the fraves with an iron cross, on which is cast in relief the sentence, " Hier ruhen tiipfere Krieger" — Here rests a brave warrior. Xo names are added, except in a few cases, which are doubtless done by private enterprise. I am informed that the crosses are put up by patriotic societies called " Kriegerverein " — Soldier Societies, and not by the Imperial Government.

Hius it appears that in the armies of Great Britain and Germany, at least, the interment and making the graves of the dead are not governed by any definite regulations, but are left to regimental or private enterprise. In this respect we are not behind, but rather in advance of these nations. The direction of the President in his general order of August 6, 1898, and the prompt action of the Secretary of War on the same day in personally instructing, and on the following day issuing an order to a detached army officer to make preliminary investiga- tions, which was followed up by sending a special agent with competent aids to locate and i)lainly mark every grave, show

jfallcu 1bcvoc5 of the 1l?oi>;ntal •"-••7

an official interest in this matter and a tlegree of synipatliy nut surpassed, and. indt^ed, not equalled, by other o^overnnients. This fact, however, should not encouracre content with our unorL''anized condition, but rather should incite us at once to take the lead of sister nations in abandoniuL;- hap-ha/ard wa\"s and in adopting- re_n'ulated methods.

As matters now stand the Ouartermaster is responsildc for the interment of the dead. It is his duty on due information oiven by the officers of tin; line or medical staff, to assuun- th(j functions of an undertaker in ci\il lite, antl see that the deceas(xl is decently buried. With troops in quarters this plan works well enough. lUit it has been shown how the i)lan breaks down in the face of such conditions as the b'ifth Army Corps had lo meet in Cuba. PracticalK'. on the battlefield th<-' work of bury- ing the dead was attended to by line officers with their burial details. In the field hospitals, as for example, that ot the I'irst Division on the bank of the Aguadores under charge ot Major -Surgeon Wood. inltM'ments were necessarily made b\- an overworked and inadequate hospital corps. I he same was true of the hospitals in the field after the surrender, as. for example, at the General bield Hospital near th(; Keina Mercedes quarters, where the hospital stewards, under chreclion of the Medical Department, attended to burials, which were all made without cofhns on account of the difficult)- ot r(jaching a Ouartermaster.

No one was officially resi)()nsil)le for marking the graves of the dead at any time or in an\- place. Tiiis important dut\- was left to the voluntary impulses of the burial party, or of the hos- [>ital workers, or to the good will of comrades personally inter- ested in the dead, who chanced to lean where the dead were btu'ietl before it was too late to identi/y the grave. As a

oO.s miartial Graves

consequence, a large number of our gallant dead on the fields before Santiago were laid in unmarked graves and are classed among the unknown. How many of these there are can only be conjectured. lUit the author's estimate is that from one- tenth to one-fifteenth of the whole number have not been and cannot be positively identified. This fact is certainly a reproach to our military government, and its recurrence should be made impossible by the adoption of some adequate system.

It has been suggested that this duty be assigned to chap- lains. The suggestion is worthy consideration, and these offi- cers would willingly undertake the duty, and would certainly do it well if their presence in the hour of necessity could be made certain. During the Ci\il War such kindly ofhces, and many others relating to the dying and the dead, were attended to by regimental chaplains, to whom they were left by a general con- sensus of all departments of the military service. There is a difficulty in the way which must be considered. In our regular army, as now constituted, chaplains are substantially post offi- cers. They are not attached to regiments and battalions. It is true that some regular army chaplains were detailed for duty with various regiments during the Spanish-American campaign, and did most effective, satisfactory and self-denying service. Hut our army has not yet reached a stage which gives warrant that chaplains will always be on hand to direct the mournful but necessary duties due the dead. If this difficulty could be removed, I would have no hesitation in saying that all that relates to the burial and identification of deceased soldiers should be committed to the hands of the chaplain, and his work be so organized, and his authority so detailed and fortified that he would be supported in the discharge of these duties, as are other staff officers in their respective spheres.

JFallcu "illcroci? ot the "illoiH^tal :;<>;»

If chaplains arc iioi in he considered as i>racticaljlc factors in the situation, the (hit\ of securing- j)ositive identification of all the dead in hattle or in hos])ital should he (-ntrustcd to the Medical l)ej)arlinciu. To this end souk- iion c< )nuiiissi()necl officer ot the Hospital Corps should he dctaihil for this special service, and should be so adctpiately supported that he would be able to discharge his duties efficiend\-. The reasons ar<? plain enouL;h. \o section of an army e\cr nio\cs without the presence ot a surL^eon and a detail of hospital workers. Sol- diers are supposetl to be able to tlispense with chaplains. Hut no one fancies that the)- can l;ci on without <|uarterinasters. commissaries and surgeons. The 1 lospital C"or])s is therefor(.' always at hand. Moreover, a larL^'-e pro]»oriion of ileaths occur in hospitals ami under the eyes of th(.' hos])ital corps. This is true e\-en on the battlefield, where, as a rule, thos<' who die from mortal wounds are in excess of those killed in action. ( )f course, in the case of those who die iVom camp diseases (and these tar exceed the number of killed and morialK- wounded), the surgeons and the hosj)ital corjjs have amjjle opportunitv to know the names and regimental connections of tiie deceased. Indeed, it is part ot their duly lo make such recortl as soon as a sick man is placc-d under ilu-ir care.

As has already been shown, necessity actually comi)elsthc Medical Department to takt; chari^c (»f burials in manv cases. Such at least was true of the I'it'th .\rm\ COrjJS in Santiago tie Cuba. All thin-s considered, therefore, it would seem most practical to entrust this dut}' to the Medical Department, .uid to make the chief surgeon responsible tor carrxiuL^ it out in such a way as shall meet the approl)ation of the Government. and satisJN the natural affections anl demands of friends of the dead.

310

/IDarttal Graves

A valuable item in this service is a convenient marker to be used by burial parties. A review of our soldiers' methods of markincr their comrades' graves, as fully presented in this book, is most interesting and, indeed, touching. But it certainly must raise the suggestion that in many cases they are most inadequate. An inscription penciled upon the hewn surface of an adjoining tree, or scratched upon a shaved stake, or cut

rt on a cross rudely made from a

y^ cracker or ammunition box,

may be picturesque, but it has the disadvantage of being unsubstantial and unreliable. The identification of our heroes' bodies should be placed beyond the contingency of such makeshifts. I have pro- posed in a report to the War Department that a simple and portable metallic marker be provided, which can be attached to the body of the dead and placed upon the grave, thus giving double security for iden- tification. A model of this marker was submitted ; of course, as a suggestion of what might be prepared in the Department by persons more familiar with the requirements of the situation. The marker consists of a strip of metal (l^g. 158) of which tlie lower part is to be folded up against the inner surface of the upper part. The upper piece has two narrow projecting edges, which are also folded against the inner surface. Thus is formed a receptacle

Fig. 158

y/rt« of tablet to mark

soldiers' graves.

Fig. 159

Gra7'e marker

folded and

filled.

jfallcu mcvoct^ ot tbc 'jIloiH^ital

.ill

BURIAL CARD U.S.A.

*/AH£

CofREQT

meofAW

l-u;. lOo Burial t arJ.

for a card wliich is slipixnl in Ixjtwccii iIk; hciil ccIl^cs nt the

upper piece ami the inner snrlacr ol the raised lower piece.

AccompanyinL; the marker is a printed card on which ar<' left

on one face blanks to receive the name, company and date

of death of the deceased, and on the reverse memoranda, with

one or more names of l)urial party. A projection trom the

upper part of this metallic folder is pierced with a hole uhirh

permits it to be huny- ujion a copper rod to he

thrust into the j^rave, when it will present the

form of k'ig. 159. A lar-e numl)erot markers ol

this kind can be carried upon the persons ot two

or three hospital workers. The cards can reatlily

be filled up with a pencil and will be protected from

weather changes, and if i)laccd in the clothing of

the dead within a reasonable time would be

decipherable. A marker of this sort which could

be placed at the head of a mound would remain

for a considerable length of time without being

disturbed or detaced. At all events, long enough

to permit identification when greater leisure will

permit.

The author's sense of justice to our soUliers will not be satisfied without reference to another matter closely related to the above. That those who fell upon the field of battle should have been buried without cofhns, even of the rudest sort, was an ordinary and necessary result of war. That some of those who dieil in the hosjiitals should have been buried in the same way was perhaps also inevitable. But it should have been made possible that those who died in the hospitals a month m- more after the lighting had ceased, could be buried in the ordinary way ot civilized

MEMORANDA

INOOfMn

SiGftElL.

In;. 101

Rt-.ose I'' !ai<:(.

312 /IDarttal Graven

men. \'et witli the exception of those who died at the Nautical Hospital, estabhshed in the Boat Club-house on the edge of the harbor, all our dead, everywhere around Santiago, up to the middle of Septemb(;r, were buried in the clothes in which they died, wrapped about in only a sheet or a blanket. During the same period many of the people of Santiago were burying their dead in coffins, and only the humblest poor and those who were carried in the dead cart from the Civil Hospital, were buried uncofhned or were burned.

Admitting that circumstances justified such facts, and that they are to be excused on the ground that no provision had been made by Congress or other authority, it will certainly com- mend itself to the war administration that arrangements should at once be made by which no such conditions shall obtain in the future, in peace or in war, in our new possessions or elsewhere. Capt. Gonzales, of the Quartermaster's Department at San- tiago (and possibly also his predecessor, though I do not know that), when a[)plied to b)' the authorities of the Nautical Hos- l)ital furnished cofhns for burial, as was his duty. No doubt he would have done the same for the authorities of the field hos- pitals established just outside the city. But apparently there was no one whose duty it was to attend to this matter, and, therefore, it was neglected. It seems a gruesome thing to sug- gest or to arrange for, and yet as sickness and death are inevit- able, and burial must follow^ death, there is no reason wdiy the same foresight that provides for other contingencies, should not also i)rovide for this, and the ( Hiartermaster's Department of the Government be directed to i)rcpare and distribute sectional parts of cofhns or burial boxes that can easily and quickly be put together. Regard for the feelings of the friends of soldiers and the respect which is commonly accorded the dead should lead to some such provision.

Chapter X Our Cuban Allies

o

WILD is the spot, Macaura,

In which they have laid thee low— The field where thy people triumphed

Over a slaughtered foe ; And loud was the banshee's wailing,

And deep was the clansmen's sorrow, When with bloody hands and burning tears,

They buried thee here, Macaura.

Farewell to thy grave, Macaura,

Where the slanting sunbeams shine, And the briar and waving fern

Over thy slumbers twine ; Thou whose gathering summons

Could waken the sleeping glen ; Macaura, alas, for thee and thine,

'Twill never be heard again.

— Mary Downinc;.

Our Cuban Allies

1' seemed just that the Ciihan soldiers who had tallcn in battle duriiiLi the period subse(iueiU to the .\ni«ri- can invasion, should receixt- trom our ( "loxcrnincnl some token of its appreciation ot their service as allies. That the grraves of such should be marked apj^eared the least that we could do. In the little cemetery at (iuantaii- amo Bay, in which are buried the mariiK^s w lio tell during; our first fight on Cuban soil, is the graxc of one Cuban soldier killed in that engagement. lb- lies near the grrave of Chiet Yeoman Ellis, killed July 3d on the Brooklyn. Two other Cuban soldiers who died subsequently, are also Iniried there. These graves are all unmarked. This is so sharpK in contrast with the graves of the Americans, that 1 venturetl to speak ot it to Col. Enriquez Thomas, the Commantler of the Cuban Ijattalion. then encamped on the beach, lie shrugged his shoulders and s])()kc- of poxcrty. 1 insist'/d that it would be a slight thing- to prepare some simi)le marker showing the name, date and place of death of each of the Cuban heroes.

A story told me by Lieut. Wise, of the oth C S. Infantry. deei)ened my interest in this subject. lie said that as their regiment was deplo\-ing into the San Juan i)lain, previous to their charge upon the ritlge. they came in contact near the "Bloody Bend" with a barbed wire eiUanglement which greatly embarrassed them. Suddenly there appeared on the scene a

516 /IDartial Graves

gig-antic negro, a Cuban soldier. No one knew whence he came. He drew his machete, and heaved its blade against the wire with such vigor that it parted as though it had been cheese. Again and again fell the blade until an opening had been made in the entanglement, through which the Americans deployed into the held. Then came the rush, in which the Cuban giant led, over the plain, up the hill, in the van of the American line, to the very crest, where he fell instantly killed by a Spanish bullet. W'liat became of the body of this hero in ebony my iiitormant did not know. He disappeared as he had come, unknown, unheralded. Perhaps he was buried as a supposed Spaniard in the trenches with the Spanish soldiers whom he so cordially hated. Perhaps his is one ot the unmarked graves on the high slope of San Juan's historic ridge. The specula- tion came to mind as I looked on these "unknown" graves, and I greatly wished to solve the query. At all events, the story and my reflections thereon revived the wish to erect some memorial mark at the graves of those of our allies who died heroic deaths.

At Caney I asked the Cuban local guide about graves ot his soldier countrymen. He knew of only two. On the west- ern side of the town, perhaps a half mile from the fort, he led us to a place near the crossing of two trails, which seemed simply a clump of rank wild shrubbery. The guide found the exact spot with difficulty, and when at last it was located, he pushed aside the dense growth, higher than our heads, and showed us a yellow patch of fresh earth. It was not even a mound, simply an irregular bit ot mother earth that showed signs of late disturbance. Beneath that patch of yellow clay slept th(* remains of a Cuban officer, Lieut. Nicolas Franco, who fell in the battle of Caney while fighting side by side with

Ouv CuLniu B.[iK€> "i"

the Americans for the capture of the fnrt on l-.l \ i^o ll«-i_L;lu. I gave his iiain<' aiul tin- localil)' Id Mr. Khixlcs, in charge ol the work of tlcsi^natin^' sol(li(*rs' L^ra\cs, aii<l asked that this spot l)e marked as reverentK' as it it were the ^ra\<" ot an American soldier. ■•■

1 was sufficientK' interested in this subject to make ii die occasion of a visit, September loth, i SqS, to (ien. Castillo at his head([uarters on the San Luis Railway, at IJonialo. lb- promised to interest himself personally in the aftair. and belie\cd that manv of the Cuban dead could be identified. 1 he reports of deaths, he said, were accurately kept, but there woukl be difticultx' in ('.\act identification of j;ra\-es, as no markintr system obtained, ami their arm\- sentiment did not eniorce a x'olunlary substitute as with us. 1 le informed me that since / lie .IniiridHi invasion there had been lost in battle in his own l)riL;ade sixty- seven killed and wounded, of whom twenty tw(t were killed outrioht and four of the woundetl subsecpieniK' died. Cuban soldiers, he said, had been lost in enL^agements at Guanlanamo. Guasimas, at 1^1 Pozo, Caney, La Caridad in C.en. Sanciu-s" bri^i-ade, and at Marianajcx One man was wounded at l)aifiuiri. ancl taken on board the OlivclU\ where his arm was amputated.

I showed (ien. Castillo a rou-h \)\\\v\ of the fiL^hl at Las Guasimas, and asked him to locate thereon the L;ra\es ot the Cuban soldiers, which he did. The spot is to the ri<^du ot the eastern or valley road as one approaches tVom Siboney. south of the spot where are buried seven soldiers ol the lirst l\<-L;ular Cavalry and one of the Tenth Cavalr\-. (See Map, Chap. \ 11. I'i.!^'- 97-' ' asked the editor of the /<v'r'tv//r, a loccd SantiaL;o Cuban journal, to call his eounlrx men's attention to this sui)ject and request their co-operation in ide-uityinL; the burial places ot

*Mr. Rhodes has informed thai this has been done.

P'lG. 162

llic grave of the Ctiban Lieulcnant, Nicolas Franco, on the battlefield 0/ Caney.

Our Cuban BUics •■;r»

their heroic compatriots. Ihis he di^l in an article entitUnl "Tombs of Martyrs," caUino- tor information, and promising" to transmit me any facts received. 1 have heard nothing;" from this appeal, but venture to hope that the measure therein sui^-gested may yet be carried out.

Amono- Cubans who fell during the brief Aint-rican cam- paign should be recorded those who were killed at b^l Pozo, and whose bodies may be interred in one of the large graves or trenches near that point in the cemetery of the General Field Hospital. When Grimes' battery was ordered to occupy this height to shell San Juan Ridge, a body of Cuban Infantry, along with the Rough Riders antl other American troops, were directed to occupy a position in the rear : for what reason is not apparent, as they could hardly ha\ e been regarded under the circumstances as supports of the battery, there lieing no enemy near by likely to launch a charge upon the guns. The answering shells of the Spanish batteries on San luan 1 leight, which were evidently aimed to dismount the American guns, unfortunately fell among the Cubans, killing and wounding a large number. .Surely these, as well as the American soldiers who suffered by the same missiles, are to be reckonccl among the casualties of that important day. From this standpoint, if from no other, it ajjpears that the blood of the Cuban soldiers was mingled with that of their American allies ui)on the vic- torious held of San luan, as it had been at the initial fighting at Guantanamo, at the storming of Cane\andin the reconnaissance which preceded the battle of Las Ciuasimas.

There can be no doubt that an immense reaction occurred in the feeling of American soldiers towards Cubans after the engagements of July ist, 1898. Our soldiers left .\merica with their hats and coats covered with Cuban tlairs and Cuban

320 finavtial Graves

rosettes ; but when they returned, the Cuban colors were rarely seen. On the contrary, some of the victors had mounted Spanish rosettes. A fraternization had occurred between the American and Spanish soldiers, and in the degree that this increased in warmth the feelings of Americans cooled toward the Cubans. The reason for this, as stated to me on every hand by soldiers and ott^icers of the Fifth Army Corps, was the firm belief that the Cubans had taken no part in supporting the American armies, and on the contrary, had ignominiously looted their baggage and supplies even while fighting for Cuba's free- dom. These charges w^ere so universal and made with such manifest sincerity that it was impossible to reject them wholly. At least it was necessary to suppose some plausible ground for their existence. The explanation made by the friends of Cubans was that the plundering had been done by pacificos, the starved and destitute reconcentrados, who inhabited the farms and hamlets in the vicinity of the city. It was alleged that as the Cuban soldiers had no uniform, and could not be distinguished by their dress from non-combatants, the mistake was one most natural to be made.

I took occasion of the call on General Castillo in Boniato frankly to state the facts and ask an explanation. My question was answered with the utmost candor. The General did not deny the change of feeling among Americans. He said sub- stantialK' that, however much he regretted it, he must allow that it was a natural mistake for the Americans to make under the peculiar circumstances. He denied the allegation with the utmost emphasis, and declared that none of his soldiers had engaged in looting the baggage or other properties of the Americans. 1 lis exi)lanation of the origin of the rumor which had L^TOwn into such gra\e proportions was as follows :

Our Cuban Bllics •'■-^i

1 he American arnu- was sutticiciuK' cinharrasscd by scant facilities tor transportation. lUit it had trains of pack mules, and some army wagons and amhulances, which measurably met the necessities of the situation. The Cuban army, on the con- trary, was wholly destitute of transportation. Waj^mns they had none. Their horses had disappeared. destro\cd or caj)- tured l)y the Spaniards and lost in battle, and perhaps in some cases killed and eaten. It therefore became necessary to oro;-anize a transportation train out of his men. 'Ihis was done. Sc|uads of soldiers under proper officers were sent from their camp, several miles away, to the seashore at Siboney. wlure the supplies were to be obtained from the American Commissaries. Boxes and bales and packages were placed upon the shoulders and backs of these men, and carried by the mountain trails and along the muddy roads through the tangled shrubbery across swollen streams to the place of operations. The ammunition required for the Cuban troops was deported in the same way. The Americans saw these lines of Cuban carriers going to and fro. and jumped to the conclusion that the\' had stolen and were carrying away American j)roperty. The rumor passed from niouth to mouth, and grew u.ntil the whole ami)' was |)ervaded with it. It was a most unfortunate circumstance, and the results had been extremely unhappy, and indeed, threatened for a tme to involve the American nation in a conflict as bitter and as bloody as the war with .Spain. I recei\cd a striking conhrma- tion of this from a half-tone reproduction of a j)hotograph ot just such a scene as described to me by (ieneral Castillo. ( )ne may therein see a squad of Cuban soldiers onenK" carrying boxes and bundles which bear the earmarks of the American commissary and onlnance de[)artments.

Concerning the other explanation >)f the prejudice formed

322 /IDartial Graves

aniono- American soldiers against their Cuban allies, namely, that they did nothing to support the Fifth Corps during its campaign, it is enough to refer to the extended report of Major-General Nelson A. Miles, the commanding general of the United States Arm)-. He recites at length his interview with Gen. Garcia and the arrangements made for the support of Gen. Shatter's troops during the invasion. He calls attention to the fact that Gen. Garcia regarded his request for supports as orders, and promptly took steps to execute the plan of operation. He sent 3000 men to check any movement of the 12,000 Spaniards stationed at Holguin. A portion of this latter force started to the relief of the garrison at Santiago, but was successfully checked and turned back by the Cuban forces under Gen. Feria. He also sent 2000 men under Perez to oppose the 6600 Spaniards at Guantanamo, and they were successful in their object. He also sent 1000 men under Gen. Rios against the 6000 men at jNIanzanillo. Of that garrison, 3500 started to reinforce the garrison at Santiago, and were engaged in no less than thirty combats with the Cubans before reaching Santiago, and would have been stopped had Gen. Garcia' s request of June 27th been granted. What that request was Gen. Miles does not state, and the writer is not able to give the informa- tion. But at all events. Gen. Garcia is exonerated from blame for the unfortunate results. With an additional force of 5000 men. (^en. Miles continues, Gen. Garcia besieged the garrison of Santiago, taking up a strong position on the west side and m close proximity to the harbor. He had troops in the rear as well as on both sides of the garrison at Santiago before the arrival of the Americans. Could anything be more explicit than this statement issued with the authority of the General m command of the American army ? Could any statement more

Our Cuban Bllici^ :i'2:i

thoroughly exempt the Cuban arni\' troiii the unjust, unfair and iintruthtul statements that found currency amonL,^ American soldiers ?

This is n(jt all of the case. (ien. Miles, in rcciiinL; the account of the surrender of the Spanish troops 1)\- ( !< ii. ioral. explains what has seemed a strange circumstance to many p«r sons. The Spanish commander surrendered all the troojjs in the department of . Santiago de Cuba. man\- of whom wercr from seventy to one Iiundred miles distant, and against whom not a shot had been tired. What was the inducement to this act!* The report of Gen. Miles gives a satisfactory answ(n-. Refer- ring-, as he apparently does, to the conclusion of Gen. Toral, he says: "The acti\it\- ol the Cuban troops and their tlisjxjsition had been such as to render the Spanish positions exceedingly perilous." This is the testimony of the enemies of the Cuban soldiers, and it is most honorable to the activity, the courage and the resourceful tact and strategy of (ien. Garcia and his army. In other words, it was manifest thai the- .Spanish com- mander, with a laudable regard for his men, siuTcndered the troops of the entire department to the Americans, having gained by hard experience a wholesome respect for the military capacity of the Cubans, and a genuine fear that the jjrowess of their army alone would in the (mkI accomplish the defeat of the Spaniards outside of Santiago. He preferretl that pll the troops under his control should be siu'rendered to the Americans and share the benefit of repatriation, rather than be left to the risk ot defeat, capture or destruction by the insurgent Cubans.

The above testimony, conclusive as it is. does not comi)lete the plea in behalf of the Cuban soldiers. Lieut. Jose Miiller. second in command of the naval f(>rces of the Province of Santiago de Cuba, wrote an account of the battles and capitu-

324 /iDautial Graves

lation of Santiago, which has been translated from the Spanish by the Office of Naval Intelligence in the United States Naval Department. He pays both directh' and indirecdy a striking tribute to the valor and efficiency of the Cuban soldiers, hi summing up the total casualties of the Spanish troops, and eivini>- a general statement of the enoao-ements of lulv ist, he makes this remark :

" From the foregoing, it is reasonable to believe that when five hundred and twenty men maintained themselves at El Caney for ten hours, and two hundred and fifty at San Juan for four hours, if Escario could have been there that day, so that there had been three thousand men more in our lines, neither El Caney nor San fuan would have been lost, though attacked by almost the whole hostile army."

And why did not Escario's column enter Santiago in time? It was delayed by our Cuban allies ! The statement of the number of men who defended the San Juan Ridge is not in accordance with the facts, although it may truly repre- sent the number behind the San juan Hill at the original formation of the Spanish line. Nevertheless, the judgment of this Spanish officer as to the value to Americans of the Cuban contingent that kept back Gen. Escario's reinforcing column is very clearly and strongly set forth.

This opinion is justified by Chapter NNX of Lieut. Miiller's account, which gives the history of the march of Escario's column from Manzanillo to Santiago. The entire diary of the operations ot this forced march is given by the author. The commander, Col. Federico Escario, set out on the 2 2d of June with an army numbering three thousand seven hundred and fifty-two men, composed of infantry, cavalrymen, sappers and engineers, a section of a battery, and a number of medical

Our Cuban lUlict^ 325

officers dcstiiu-d lor the Santiago li()S])iials. I 1ut«' was aU<> a transportation train, with a lari^c amount ot extra rations and fifty beasts ol bin-dcn. llu.' trail over wliich tiie column marched, like those which ha\c Ix-en described in C()nn«'cti()n with the inoNenicnts ol onr own army, was scarcely more than a mountain track, o\( rwhirh the men w<tc comix-llcd to m.irch in single or double file. 1 he hi^h weeds had to be cut tlown at many places, and from the time the troojjs i)assed throuu;h I )on Pedro plain and arri\ed at the l(jrd ol the \ arro Ri\«T until the arrixal at Santiago, the)' were assailed ever\- day. and sometimes more than once a day. by our Cuban allies. 1 he latter were much out-matched as to numbers. Gen. Rios havin^^ only about one thousand men. and, of course, in the matter of equipment and military discipline, the sup<'riority ol the .Spaniards was more manifest. It would be needless. e\eii diil the purpose of this work justify, to give a full account of this march, which is ecpially creditable to both of the oi)posing forces. lUit a hw extracts from the di.iry will sutticiently indicate the tacts.

" lune 23d. The column had been harassed all day, espe- cially while preparing to occupy the camp, when the enemy opened a steady fire which lasted ten minutes, killing one of our men and wounding three. =•= === =•= 24th. The column rising at reveille, and after drinking coffee, was again formed and oreanized bv six o'clock, when it continuetl its march, sustain-

intr slitdit skirmishes in which it had one man killed and one

^ ^ ...

wounded. The cohnnn encamped on the banks ol the C ana-

bacoa Ri\er. •■= '■'■■ 25th. The same as yestertiay. The

column was harassed all day, always repulsing and dispersing

the enemy, (^ne man was killed tl iring the skirmishes.

June 26th. The entry of this day gives an account ot the

326 riDartial Graves

occupation of the city of Bayamo and the engagement at that place. It thus closes : " Our forces then returned to the camp at Almirante. The result of that day's work was not known at first, but it was afterwards known that the enem\- had nine- teen casualties, ten killed and nine wounded. '■■'■ '■'■ '■■■ June 27th. The enemy, in greater nuniber than on the preceding day and in control of the heights which overlook the ford of the Jiguani River, tried to prevent Escario's forces from crossing. But their intention was foiled by Hank attacks protected by artillery fire. After the river had been forded, the march was continued without interruption to Cruz del Varey where the rebels appeared again, offering less resistance and were defeated once more. They seemed inclined, however, to continue to impede the march, which was apparent upon the arrival of our column upon the ruins of what was formerly the town of Baire. They were waiting there, and as soon as they espied the column, opened a galling musket fire which was silenced by the rapid advance of our vanguard. In this encounter Col. Manuel Ruiz, second in command of the column, was wounded, and his horse killed under him. Four soldiers were killed and five wounded." On the 29th, owing to the exhaustion of the troops, the column was compelled to encamp for the day. " It was so ordered." writes the chronicler, " owing to fatigue ; but the enemy kept harassing us and we had three more wounded." '•'- '-'- ■•■• On the 30th, before the ccjlumn was deployed, the Cubans froni entrenched positions opened fire, which was answered and silenced by the fu'st forces leaving the camp. The commander foresaw that such an attack would be repeateci, and in order to obviate casualties, changed the route and thus " eluding the ambuscade " arrived at the slopes of Ooncella, the ford of which was reached b)' a narrow pass and difficult

Oiiu Cuban Bllici> ^527

ravine. It a})|)ears. howcxcr. thai tlu- ciiciiiy was not wliolK' c'liuletl l)y this tlank nioxcincnt, tor ihtt chronicler records that " the rebels occupied positions here." When the column had been reconcentrated after fordinLj- the ( )oncella, they prepared to ford the Contramaestre River, where the Cubans were in waiting;', wliicli tact thc\' had announced thcniscKcs 1)\' written challenges and threats that they had left alon<: the road. The Spanish vanouard, commanded by Lieut-Col. I)arbon since the wounding" of Col. Ruiz, ad\anced to clear the way throut^di the narrow valley of the Contramaestre and to scale the steej) and tortuous ascent ot the opposite bank. .Sa\'s the chronicler, "The enemy had told the truth. They were in large numbers occupying- those favorable jjositions which would haxc been unpregnable if thev had been held b\' any one who knew how- to defend theni." W'itli a good deal ot rodomontade, in a sl\le which Americans characterize as " spread-eagleism " the writer tells how the Spanish column captured this position, and lound the Cubans in large numbers on the e.xtensive pastures beyond the Contramaestre. He writes "The enemy trietl to check our advance by a galling fire troni the slope ot a mountaiii where they were intrenched, controlling a line of twelve hun- dred metres, through which it was necessary tor us to pass unprotected." The Cubans were compelled to abandon their trenches, but the diar\- records that " in the fierce battles of that day Captain Ramiro, of the Alcaiitara Battalion, and nine privates were wounded and live killed." .So ended the moiith of June.

At daybreak of luly ist. J-!scario's cohunn resumed the march and reached the ford of ( luariano Ri\iM", where the Cubans held advantageous positions from which the S|)anish vano-uard routed them without much resistance. The river was

328 /iDartial Graves

crossed after two ambuscades. Then followed insignificant skirmishes with outposts. At Aguacate Hill, the station of the Spanish heliograph, the Cubans were met in force. This is the record which the chronicler makes of that engagement: "Our soldiers manceuvred as though on drill, and advancing stead- ily two-thirds of the column entered the battle, and that hail of lead which strewed death in its path was not sufficient to make them retreat or ev^en check them. Calmly, with fearless hero- ism, they advanced, protected by the frequent and short fire of the artillery, and, skillfully guided by their chiefs, and with the cry ' Long live Spain,' charging with bayonets, they simulta- neouslv took those hei^fhts which were so difficult and dano-er- ous to scale, beating the enemy into precipitate retreat, so that they could not gather up their dead and wounded. Seventeen dead were left on the field, also ammunition of various modern types. There were moments during that battle when the tenac- ity of the enemy and the order with which they fought gave the impression that they might belong to our own column. To do the enemy justice it must be stated that they defended these positions with persistency and good order, and that they rose to unusual heights that day, making this the fiercest battle which we sustained on the march from Manzanillo to Santiago, and one of the most remarkable of the present campaign. Our casualties were seven dead and one lieutenant and forty-two privates wounded. Large pools of blood on the battlefield showed the severe chastisement which the enemy had suffered at our hands." Wlien the column had been reorganized the march was continued to Arraro I^lanco, where the night was spent.

The next da\-. July 2d, the column proceeded to Palma Soriano, fighting the enemy all along the road, on both sides

©ur CiU^an Bllics :'.-'!>

of which the latter occupied uoc)cl [positions aiul <*n(lea\ orccl to detain the column at any price. At 3 p. m. the Spaniards reached Palma Soriano with a loss from the ])attle of that day of tour dead and six wounded. I'rom this i)oint a message was sent to San Luis by heliograph, announcing Escario's arrival to th(,' Commander-in-chief of the h'ourlh Spanisli .\nny Corps at Santiago, from whom a rei)ly was received that the United States forces were surrounding a i>art of the city and urging a forced march. At two o'clock in th(t night reveille was sounded and Escario's column resumed iis march, dela\t:d only by slight skirmishes. The advance guard reached the pass of Bayamo, where they had the first view of the city of San- tiago, and learned that the Spanish fleet " had gone out in search of death, the fate reserved for heroes."

Between 10 and 11 a. m. of Juh' 3d, Col. I^scario, hearing the intense cannonading in the direction of the city organized a flying column, composed of the strongest men of each company, the entire cavalrymen and two artillery pieces, under the com- mantl of Lieut. -Col. Iiarbon. The cavalry \anguard of this flying column arrived in Santiago at 3 p. m., aiul the rest of the column reached the city at 4.30. The nucleus of the column with the accompanying train did not arrive until 9 and 10 o'clock at night. The diary thus concludes : "At 10 o'clock the last rear guard entered the city of Santiago ti.^ Cuba and the battalions at once repaired to the diHerent trenches assigned to them by the Chief of Stafl' and from that time on they formed part of the forces defending the cit\ . The casualties during the whole march were one colonel, two officers and sixty-eight privates woundeci, and t\venty-se\ en killed. Twenty-eight thousand si.x hundred and seventy :\la.iser cartridges had been used and thirty-eight guns of artillery fired.

SoO /IDavtial Graves

In view of such a record as this, taken from an official report of the Spaniards, whose estimate of and ill-feehng toward Cubans is well understood, it is no longer tenable to say or to think that the aid of our Cuban allies was of inconsiderable \akie to the Americans during" the siege and capture of San- tiago. It is, of course, possible, and, indeed, probable, that we might have succeeded without such aid ; but any one who has thoroughly studied the situation, and especially the condition of our arm\- during the first two da)'s of )uly, must agree with the opinion ot Lieut. Mliller that had Escario's column reached Santiago in time to reinforce the Spanish lines, they would not have been captured by the Americans at that time. Our army would have been compelled to abandon the situation, and retire to the seaside to await reinforcements of men, provisions and munitions of war. If, after the victory of July ist, it became a serious problem whether it would be advisable to fall back, what would have been the state of affairs had the gallant army of Escario on that day been behind the San juan entrench- ments? In the cm], no doubt, our army would ha\e won, but at what a fearful cost ! In the engagements of July ist we lost one-eighth of the Eifth Army Corps in killed and wounded. With the Spanish regular forces nearly doubled by the arrival oi Escario, one may easily conjecture how vastly this mournfiil loss would have been increased.

In view of the facts, the impartial historian must declare that the American army is under an obligation to the Cuban cohimn which resisted Gen. Escario's advance, too great to be expressed in words. ( )iir warmest thanks and our most sub- stantial appreciation are due to these men for this efficient co-operation, which proved so costly to themsehes as well as to the enemy whom they opposed.

Chapter XI

Santiago in War Time

H

IS few surviving comrades saw

His smile when rang their proud hurrah

And the red field was won ; Then saw in death his eyelids close Calmly, as to a night's repose,

Like fiowers at set of sun.

Come to the bridal chamber, Death,

Come to the mother's, when she feels, For the first time, her first-born's breath ;

Come when the blessed seals That close the pestilence are broke, And crowded cities wail its stroke ; And thou art terrible ; the tear. The groan, the knell, the pall, the bier. And all we know, or dream, or fear ( )f agony arc thine.

But to the hero, when his sword

Has won the battle for the free, Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word, And in its hollow tones are heard The thanks of millions yet to be.

— Fri z-( Ikf.exe Halleck.

Santiago in War Time

1 11'^ acti\"c campaign ot th(* I'ikh .\rm\- Corps in Ciil)a lasted t\vt'nt)-si.\ cla\'s. IIk- ch-ath cr\' ot our fallen heroes on the "red field" of jiily ist and 2d was answered by the "proud hurrah "" of Inly f^d. which rang- around the American trenches when the news came of Sampson's victor\' o\er Cervera's fleet. That was the beeinnincf of the end. 1 wo weeks thereafter Toral surrendered to Shafter, and the war for Cuban liberty was o\er. ihe Americans obtained possession of Santiaoo on the 17th of [uly. 1S9S. The Stars and Stripes were raised above the Municipal I'alace at noon of that day. Before evening- the obstructing- mines at the harbor's mouth were removed, and the hrst

Relieving Santiago

supplies entered in the S/cr/i' of Texas, the relief ship of the Red Cross Society. Then followed Gov- ernment transports with commissary supplies. Two days after the surrender (July 19th, 1S9S) the I'. S. S. Resolute left Xew York laden with medical supjdies ot all sorts from th.e Govern- ment Medical Department and from several volunteer societies. My first trip to Cuba was made on this shi[), and we arrived oti Santiago July 25th.

The brown bastions oi the Morro looked calml\- down upon us front the gra\- clift as we entered the harbor. Xot a soldier was on guard. The place was solitary. A tlag floated

from the summit : a small tlag on a low staff", l)ut — it was the

333

334 /iDautial Graves

Stars and Stripes ! As we passed into the mouth of the now famous ••botde/' the yellow crest of the Socapa battery showed its row of black guns on the left. To the right, so close that one might almost touch it, lay the Rciua Mercedes, keeled over and pierced with shot, the swell of the waves rising and falling over her sloping deck. Beyond this the Merriiuac lay level upon her keel, nothing showing but the top of her smoke stack and her two masts, the foremast splintered by a shell. In front of us, on a jutting point, was the battery of Punto Gorda, whose guns pointed straight out of the harbor's mouth and com- manded the strip of open sea visible between the Morro cliff and the hill Socapa. A vessel steaming by in the ofhng reminded one of the vigilant watchers of Sampson's fleet as they patrolled the harbor approaches until that eventful July 3d, when the Spanish x'\dmiral broke bounds and rushed to his doom. What excitement must have thrilled the hearts of those gallant Spanish seamen as they stood by their guns and saw their ships plow through these now placid waters toward yon- der patch of blue ocean ! And what answering fervor throbbed in the veins of our American tars as they saw the black banners of smoke trailing through the opening, and the cry rang along the decks : " To quarters ! The Spaniards are coming !"

We had little time for thoughts of those battle days of early |uly. There was another enemy among the beautiful hills that environ Santiago which we had come to meet. The city lies to the right or east of the pouch-shaped harbor, the red dies of her rooftops rising tier on der to the middle slope on which stands the Cathedral with its triple towers, and still upward to the high ridge crowned with the long buildings of the Spanish General Hospital, the Reina Mercedes barracks and the Civil Hosi)ital. The harbor was dotted with transports

Santiago m lUar liiuc "•"'•'>

waiting their turn to unload at the (iua\-. ( )n the tablelantl to the left, nestled against the green hills that swell above them, were the tents of Gen. Ludlow's Brigade of Maj.-Gen. Lawton's 1 )ivisi()n. which niark(-d the extreme right of our line of cir- cumvallation that stretched away cityward and southward until lost to view in the rolls and knobs of the mountains. In th(* camps of that conquering army were four thousand men sick with the calentura or Cuban fever, with typhoid, jjernicious m-ilaria, and various camp and climatic tliseases. And some- where there, just showing his yellow visage of doom, was that "pestilence that walketh in darkness " and " wasteth at noon- day." It was a threatening situation. But help was at hand ! The good ship Resolute had come loaded w ith hospital furniture hospital apparel, hospital foods and delicacies, hospital medi- cines and hospital helpers in the form of phvsicians and nurses.

Gen. Shafter sat on a cane-seat settee at one end of his reception room in the municipal " palace." as we approached him. A row of three chairs on either side faced one another

at right ano-les to the settee. This is a Spanish r* p n OT- r.' mode of receivino-, and is a fittino- and convenient Shafter , , . .

one. One's first meeting with a notal)le person is

always interesting and usually disappointing. Preconceived notions are quite certain to be wrong in some particulars. The author had expected to meet a man of enormous propor- tions ; but, although there was certainly a goodly girth about the middle, and the lower limbs were stout, the face was not that of an obese man. The cheeks were not "fat," not e\en full. They were rather thin, and somewhat hollow. It is a strong face that looks down upon or uf to ycni out of eyes that have an anxious and not unkind look. The face is long.

336 /iDartial Graves

crowned with a capacious brow, surmounted by a plentitul g-rowth of iron-gray hair, parted in the middle, not daintily, but in disorder, as though a hand had been thrust through it in a moment of meditation.

The stories atloat as to Gen. Shafter's brusqueness, even rudeness of manner and profanity of speech were not verified by his reception of our party. Nothing could have been more courteous, even cordial, than his welcome. He greeted us heartil)', entered at once upon our business, gave more than an hour to the matter, and showed every attention and extended every aid at his command. No doubt the coming of our ship must have relieved him of an immense burden ot anxiety. With the National Relief representatives was Maj. T. O. Summers, the surgeon in charge of the vast stores sent on the Rcso/iifc by the Medical Department of the army. As compared with these our supplies and those of the National Red Cross Society, abundant as they were, did not seem formidable. However, when it came to distribution, their quality may be judged by the Major's remark : " Your things are the ones the surgeon's ask for first." lliat was natural, for the factor ot "home comforts" went into their selection.

Maj. Ha\ard, the surgeon-in-chief of Gen. Shafter's stafi', soon joined our conference. His khaki uniform, soiled almost to blackness, showed the character of the campaign. He had not seen his trunk since the day the expedition landed. Most of the officers were in the same condition, and even changes of underclothing were for weeks impossible. The highest officers had to go without drawers and undershirts while their one suit was being washed. Meanwhile, their baggage was sailing to and fro in the holds of the trans[)orts. Dr. Havard is a man of (|uiet manner, low voice and deliberate speech,

Santiago 111 IGar nine '■'■''

with a slight accent to iiKirk his l""rench descent. He bruiigiit in the sick report for the clay, and then placctd in the commander's hand a letter from Dr. La Garde, the faiihtiil and efficient surg-eon in charge of the hos})ital at Sil)()ne\-. which intliuh-d the special hospital for yellow fever cases. " W C want cots" — so the letter ran,

" I ha\"e them !" exclaimed Maj. Summers, " i 500 of them."

"We want hospital tents" — •• 1 have them, too, 600 of them ! " again ihe surgeon interriipt(,'d.

" \\g want medicines of every sort ; our sui)ply is almost exhausted."

"I have everything — plenty!" cried the Major.

"We want hospital furniture and apparel, nightshirts, pajamas, delicacies, something for our convalescents ! " Xow came in our turn : " We have them here ! " was the answering chorus.

"Moreover," the letter continued, "our surgeons are nearly worn out ; three are sick. We need fifteen doctors and at least fifty nurses."

"What can you do in that line ?^ " asked Gen. Shafter, looking u[) from the notes in his hand, with a shade of anxiety on his countenance. E\ ideiilK' he was not prepared for a favorable answer.

Dr. .Summers took a sheet Irom a bundle ot documents ; silently counted up a list of names and answered : " We ha\ e eleven competent physicians, all experiencetl in the treatment of yellow fever, and fifty-hve immunt; nurses, ot whom ten are women."

Is it any wonder that, in the pause which ensued, one ot our party expressed the opinion that the answer had couk- to Dr. La (jarde's appeal, both in time and detail, as though

38S miautial Graves

directly sent by Uixine Providence. Gen. Shatter, with a startled expression in his eyes, j^azed for a moment on the speaker, silently noddetl his head, and with a muttered word of assent turned again to his papers.

The Resolute was oiven the right of wa)' in landing- its cargo on the quay already piled high with commissary and quar- termaster stores. l)Ut before the unloading began the authori- ties decided to send the first relief to the hospital at Siboney, where the distress and need were greatest. An errant order, added to the lack of lighterage, compelled the transfer of mate- rials from the Resohilc to a waiting transport, and these, with surgeons and nurses, were sent to Siboney. The same diffi- culty presented in getting freight and people ashore that faced the Fifth Corps when it landed. But before the day closed a portion of the cargo was landed through the surf at Siboney, and the work of relieving our suftering soldiers had begun. The nt^xt da\' the new doctors and nurses were at work, and cdints of hope began to lighten up the dark situation. " Oh ! " said one of the patients, with a grateful look, "if you folks had only come sooner, lots of our boys might have been saved!" And why didn't we " come sooner? "

The hospital supplies l)rought in the Resolute began to be lightered on Wednesday. July 27th. By Thursday and Friday the surgeons had got word of the rescue and were thronging the wharf with their re(piests and recjuisitions. The requests made to the National Relief Commission were at once granted without formalit)-. With wise humanity the surgeon in charge of Government stores dispensed with red tape, and the needed remedies and restoratives began slowly trickling campward. SlowK' it must be.

Wc Ionised tor the wiiios of oenii to wafl llu-se healino-

thinos to the hospitals within the hills. Hut the scantiness

of transportation was one of the chief difficulties. The one

road and its several trails, had!}- cut iij) and washetl l»y the

incessant rains, were muddy and in spots almost impassable.

Yet, ere long, mule teams, pack trains, ambulances and -un

caissons were in motion, bearino- their blessed and blessing

relief to oiu- sick heroes. I have often had occasion to eulogize

the army mule. lUit 1 never blessed his sturdy back and

muscular legs more heartily than when 1 saw him climbing the

steeps of Santiago's hills, |)ackingand jjulling the hospital stores

of the Government and the goods of the Relief Commission.

Ere I turned my face in the late afternoon from the tent

of Gen. Wallace Randolph, of the artillery, 1 saw the fair white

hospital tents arise within his cantonment, and 1 )r. Keiffer. with

his caisson train, bringing up cots and bo.xes. 1 had met him in

the morning on the dock, and saw the naked skin of his bodv

showing through a rent in his blouse lie had taken off his

one shirt to have it washed, but hc-aring that medical su])i)li(s

had arrived, he "stood not upon the order of his going," but

mounted a mule and hurried off to Santiago, to get something

for his sick men. As I rode away, jjleasant visions arose of

transfornied hos[)itals and wan faces brightened with hojje of

restored health through the incoming helj).

The special purpose of my first visit to Santiago was to inspect the camp hospitals and see the real condition and wants of the sick. One hesitates to give the facts. Intleed, it is impossible to tell all the truth : for none but the sufferers them- selves can know the trials of sickness under such conditions. The hospital tents were few, and makesiiifts of divers sorts had been tried to piece out the precious space. I'nhappily, they

340 miavtial Graves

could not succeed, and the sick were crowded within inadequate quarters. In all that army of occupation I had seen, as late as lul)- 30th. onl\' one sick soldier on a cot! Most of the men lav upon the ground with their rubber clothes or poncho and blankets, and sometimes only the latter, beneath them. The dail\- torrential rains had saturated the earth, which was con- tinuously damp. The torrid sun had set it steaming, but had not dried it.

The prevalent disease was the climatic malarial fever, with some cases of camp dysentery and typhoid. On the pre- cedino- day the health report, as read to us by Gen. Shalter from his official notes, was as follows : Sick soldiers, 4122 ; total fever cases, 3195 ; new cases, 822 ; returned to duly, 542 ; net increase, 290. If we estimate the expeditionary army ol San- tiago at 18,000 we see that more than one-fifth were carried on the sick report, and that sickness was rapidly increasing. It is a serious state of affairs when 822 new cases of sickness are reported in one day. Moreover, of those returned to duty many were unfit to go. 'But there was no place for them. They ought to have remained for convalescence, to be nourished into vigor. But their room on the ground was needed by comrades worse ofi than themselves, and they must "move on." Many of them would soon be sent back to hospital, and of not a few it is to be feared their last estate was worse than their first.

What \ver(" the tacilities lor treating tht;se sick heroes? The ordinary conveniences of field hospitals did not exist any- where around Santiago up to the close of July. The most important medicines were nearly exhausted. The commonest remedies were lacking. The little corner that represented the dispensary was a caricature. The heroic surgeons and their

Santiaiio in lUar Lime 341

helpers themselves sick, halt sick or sickcniiiLJ. were eno-a«'-etI in the forlorn work of curinL; men wlllioul inctlicinc and restor- ing strength without nourishment.

Were these men also without food? No; they had salt pork, hard tack, beans and black coffee. What "luxuries" these must have been to fever patients with ih<ir fastidious ai)petites and stomachs already clogged widi coarse armv rations, may be imagined. The delicacies that ill ])eoj)le crave and need were unattainable- lor tlic great majorit\- of th<-sc sufferers, and for few or none could adc(|iiatc <lict be had.

Moreover, these inxalid soldiers, and in most cases lh<- officers fared no better, had no change of ajjparel. Thex' la\' as they came, in their heavy woolen trousers, shirts and drawers, stained b\' weeks ot campaigning on ih(.t mudd\- roads and wet trenches, and soiled b\ the necessities of their ail- ments. Their mates, with rude kindness, sought to clean them up a bit, but the pitiful inadecjuacy of their well-meant efforts was shown b\' the swarms ot llies that settled ht^re and there upon faces and hands and stained garments.

The situation in Santiago immediateK' alter the surrender, and, indeed, for some time subsecpient thereto, might ha\e appalled the stoutest heart. The bitth Army Corps was in a

deplorable condition [)h\sicall\', and over the camps Santiago's , , , , ' ' i i ^ . . i i

^. there huno" the rarely e.\pressed but potent dread

Distress

of an impending calamity through the i)resenc(,' of

yellow fever. Nothing but the prospect of a battle couKl ha\ c revived even for a little while the hea\ y s|)irits and the enfee- bled frames of the .\nierican soldic-rs. The strain and ter\(»r and drain of a decade had been compressed within the si.x w eeks' campaign. " Their work done, why sh uiUl the\- lie there under a torrid sun and torrential rains, burning by day and shivering

342 nuartial Grares

l)y night, only to oive fuel to the pest and food to the buzzards and land crabs?" So the men queried within themselves.

Then came the " round robin " of the chief commanders, and soon the order from army headcjuarters for the men to come home. It is a mistake to suppose that the round robin origi- nated and compelled that order, which is the popular belief. It may have hastened it ; but when I rode through the camps of the I'"ifth Army Corps in the last week of Jul)-, time and again I stopi)ed in the midst of the groups of soldiers to cheer them with the assurance that the Government intended to send them home as soon as possible. This word of hope (for it certainly was one). I was permitted to speak on the authority of state- ments made to me by the President and the Secretary of War. while in Washington shortly before my departure for Santiago on July 19th, two days after the surrender. I have heard some of the men speak of the exhilarating influence which my state- ment at that time exerted among them. The good news gave them heart to bear their privations inspired by the hope ot an early return home.

When I entered Santiago the second time, on the 15th ol August, the work of deporting the army had begun. The troop shij)s were dail)- loading and de[)arting. and the harbor rang with the cheers of the soldiers on shipboard and of those who crowded the (juay awaiting their turn to go. The only sad faces and desponding spirits were those of soldiers in the hos- pitals and in the convalescent camps who were compelled by their disability to see the ships go without them. It was hard to give these men consolation, although they knew that as soon as they were ready for the voyage the good word would be spoken that should send them toward "God's own Country."

Sautlaoo in XGar Zunc :U3

The energies ot Majors len. Shaltcr, the C"<»iiiiiian(l<r-iiv Chiet, were bent almost exclusively upon the work ol transport- ing" the army, lie luul little time and little; vigor, for he was

suffering with fe\er, forci\il administration. ( )nly

Gen. ^A*^ood's r ^ ^ r r .^ • -^ .^i i r. r

nve days beiore mv lU'st \ isit tlie responsil)ihi\- ot Advent i i i i i ' i i i

such thity had been placed upon one whose name is

now a household wortl, ( ien. Leonard Wood, the Colonel of the First \"olunteer Cavalr\', known as the Rough Riders. In three weeks his inlluence as municij)al governor was already apparent, although only one who could compare the c(jndition of things with that immediately following the surrender could appreciate the difference. The reign of filth was perhaps never more thoroughly established in a civili/ed town than in .Santiago during that period. The accumulated ottal of a besieged town, of an armed camj), of a city abandoned 1)\- its inhabitants under the terror of impending bombardment, and reoccupied by them after a season of exile which had sowed among them th*; seeds of malarial, typhoid and yc^llow fevers, tliarrhd-a, d\-senler\- and divers diseases resulting from starvation and exi)osure : the accumulated ills of a population of which hilly one-third was sick, and but a scant proportion had adecpiate tood. medicine and medical care ; these presented some ot the features of the sphere of civil inlluence over which Cm. Wood was calh'd to preside.

There was no system of sewers, antl surkice drainage was relied upon to carry off the slops and eHete matter unblush- ingly cast into the highwa\s. The daily rains at least did the kindly service of washing the upper sections ol the sharj)ly sloping streets ; but the heterogeneous mass ot tilth was trans- ferred to the level strip along the i^ay. and then into the har- bor at the foot of the town. The cobble-stone pavements, with

o44 /IDartial (Braves

their deep and numerous crevices, took toll of the passing sew- age swept downward by the floods, and held it in a thousand chinks and miniature ravines and vales until the waters went down and the fiery sun came out. Then the whole mass fer- mented and festered and sent up its foul odors charged with malarial poison.

The scenes in the Civil Hospital whose reorganization was committed to me by Gen. Wood, beggared description. Three persons occupied the space allotted to one. Adequate nursing and medical treatment were wanting. The gleanings of the dead house were daily thrust uncoffined into the dead cart, and dri\en to a common se[)ulchre or to a funeral pyre. In the houses of citizens were repeated the distressing scenes of the hospital. One-third or more of the people were sick, many ol them seriously ill, and of the remainder few were in vigorous health. Half-naked children, showing the marks of disease and want, j)layed in the fetid streams that wandered down the streets. The broad quay was filled with a miscellaneous crowd, who cooked and ate their scant meals in the open high- way as though it were a gypsy camp. Funerals passed at every hour. Pitiful sights ! Two bearers of a coffin with one or two pairs of mourners following ; or. token of a little better estate, four bearers and several j)airs of mourners. Rarely, a carriage would carry a corpse, and at rarest intervals, a hearse. Often one man would be seen wending his mournful way through the street carrying a litth- white coffin in his arms, the respectful salute of those whom he met being the sign tiiat a funeral was passing by.

Sickness, starvation, death, pestilence were in the air, and overhung the town like a pall. Men wondered and dreaded — What next? The dying cared for the dead, and the living

Santiaoo in XGai* "Cnnc 345-

einicd the ch'in^-, and hlack doom faced all llcsh. IWisiiicss was prostrated. The well-to-do were dependent upon charity tor daily bread. The uncertainty of the future, under the adminis- tration of strangers with a foreign bearing' and a foreign touL^aie. j)aralyzed enterprise. The irritation cxistlnL:" Ix-twecn the American troops and the Cuban patriots, which ihrcahMicd at any time an outl)reak. deepened the shadow of uncertainly caused by the bitterness and undisouisetl hate prevailin«^ between Spanish citizens and sympathizers and Cuban patriots.

Outside the city limits l)ut close by, were the camj)s of the Fifth Army Corps, and of their Spanish prisoners, both alike ravaoed by varioifs diseases. One-fourth of the American soldiers were on the sick report : another fourth had just hcen discharged therefrom, and a gocnl moiety of the remainder was almost ready for the hospital or the surgeon's hands. The Spanish solchers were in even worse estate. The unhappy cil\". the seat Avithin herself of so many woes, was thus enyironed round about with a cc^rtlon of disease and death. It was truly a deplorable estate — almost h()j)eless.

At this juncture Gen. Wood appeared upon the scene and took up the task of reconstructing municipal goyernment in Santiago. He is a man above the middk; height : not stout nor thin, but of thai lilhe and well knil fi'ame so often associ- ated with great activit)' and endurance. I lis face is clean- shaven except a slight mustache. His light brown hair is somewhat sparse and coarse, not silky, at least. I lis eyes are blue-gray, not prominent, set rather closely against a semi- aquiline nose. 1 lis countenance has the expression ot a man of studious habits, and in repose it has a dreamy, ey(Mi pensive cast, such as men popularly attribute to poets. On the whole, one might at first glance take him to be a college professor, or

340 /IDavtial Graves

even a clergyman of the type that discards clerical style. One would hardly pick out such a face as that of the fearless, dashing Colonel of the Rough Riders. His manners in con- versation are quiet. He is not talkative ; listens carefully with impassive features, but in earnest conversation the face lightens up and he can talk lluently and well. He is not a man of explosive manner, nor demonstrative at all, but rather deliber- ate in action ; a man to trust to make up his mind caretully, but to change it under sufficient evidence ; a cool, quiet, thoughtful man of a judicial temperament.

His unconventional manners were in strange contrast with the ceremonious style of Spanish administrators ; and it shocked the Cuban citizens who came to the Palace as deputies on public business, clad in full morning dress and silk hats, to be received Ijy the Governor, a General of the great American Republic, in a campaign hat pinched up to a Montana peak, a gray ilannel shirt and khaki trousers, and gaiters somewhat the worse for wear. Perhaps he was a little too unmindtul at first of the value which Cubans, through the force of tradition and established custom, placed upon the conventional pomp and ceremony that hedges about a ruler. But they soon learned that a work-a-day dress meant a work-a-day man, and that mere cere- mony would not clean Santiago's streets, heal Santiago's diseases and restore prosperity to Santiago's impoverished people.

Gen. Wood came to the gubernatorial seat with the preju- dice against the Cuban people, and especially the Cuban sol- diers, that so many officers of the Infth Army Corps had imbibed during the brief campaign. But he showed his justice and wisdom by adopting a policy not only of considerate kind- ness, but of that respectful treatment due an independent people, the legal peers of American citizens, who were to be

Santiago m lUar Zimc -i:

met and dealt witli Iroin the basis of liberty, (Miualiu- and fra- ternity. He L^raspixl the situation at once, antl saw that the men put in authority in Cuba and in our new possessions, who would best meet the expectations of the Government and people of the United States, are those who assure a ri^^hteous, prosperous and peaceful administration, with the least friction to the colonies and the greatest economy of life antl money to the United States. 'I his just, benevolent, sagacious and states- m.inlike })olicy has been honored both in Cuba and .\merica, and what is better, has succeeded in layiuL;" the toundations ol i^ood LTOvernment in the Eastern Province of Cuba.

At first Gen. Wood was greatly hamj)ered by the lack of sufficient means, and adequate authority to carry out his plans for civil and mih'tary reform. Major-Gen. Lawton was in chief command, and (ien. Wood was only a brigadier assigned to the duty of municipal government, and dependent ujjon his chief for support therein. lUit (len. Lawton was by no means tree to act according to his own judgment and imlinalions. What were the restrictions placed upon him at tliat ])art.icular juncture the writer cannot say ; but he knows that in some way thi.- power to appropriate funds in hand and to secure governmental funds for immediate and pressing use was greatly abridged. It is hard to make bricks without straw, ami thai was about the duty apparently assigned to Gen. Lawton and Gen. Wootl at that period of municipal administration, the genesis ot our i)r()- tectorate in free Cuba.

That the (,litVicult\' did not arise from any unwillingness of the head of the War I )epanment to relieve the situation the following incident will show. When about t(j leave Santiago on the Scguraiua I stopped at the >h nicipal Palace to report to Gen. Lawton and to say good-by to him and Gen. Wood. IJoth

348 fmavtial Graves

officers were most cordial in expressing their appreciation of my services, and the latter, taking me aside to the corner of the reception room which then constituted his private office, laid clrarly before me the situation, the awful and pressing need of immediate relief; his embarrassment, indeed his inability to meet the demands of the situation, and asked me to see the Secretary of War and to lay the facts before him in unvarnished terms. This I agreed to do. As soon as I could safely leave my room, I went to \\\ashington and made my promise good.

Secretary Alger listened not only with interest, but with sympathy. \\'hen I had finished he touched a button on the corner of his desk. The Adjutant-General of the Army appeared. "Telegraph to Gen. Lawton," said the Secretary, " that I have heard Dr. McCook's report of the Cuban sick and poor, especially in the Ci\il Hosjiital, and that he is directed to draw ui)on the funds for all that is required to relieve their wants. Will that suffice, Doctor?" he continued. Certainly, nothing- could have been more satisfactor)' ; and I doubt not the Secre- tary's directions was immediately obeyed, and the good news flashed at once over the sea cable to relieve the burdened hearts of Generals Lawton and Wood, and to bring blessings to the suffering unfortunates in .Santiago.

Gen. Lawton, the heroic commander of the Second Divis- ion that captured Caney, succeeded Gen. Shafter. After a brief service as Military Chief, in which he won the respect and con- fidence of the peoi)le, he was relieved to enter ajor- en. ^ ^^ ]^j^ valiant and successful career as a leatler Lawton ' . ' , i -i i-i- • ii •

ot the forces agamst the hostile iMJipmos. He is

a man of soldiery bearing ; tall and thin but not gaunt, with that lithe and muscular physique which betokens great vigor and endurance. Mis face- is long, swarthy by exposure rather

Saiitiaoo in lUar Zunc :^40

than nature, smooth-sliavcn except a heavy mustache al)o\c lips whose firm outhnes, together with a full chin and strt)nL;ly set jaws, indicate couray^e and determinaiiou. The eyes arir not large, are cpiiet, and light up most plcasaiuK'. Ihr. nose is romanesque, the forehead not high, ami covered with a thick crop of closely-cut brownish hair just tinged with streaks of gra)'. The voice is mellow, not rough, Init clear, and e\ en musical at times. The whole countenance is a pleasant one to look upon, good-looking rather than handsome. I lis m.imiers are cordial to friends and comrades ; (piietand respectful to all ; there is nothing loud nor domineering nor self-conscious in his demeanor. One soon learns to regard Gen. Lawton as a t\ i)ical soldier and officer, a thorough, honorahle. l)raveand manl\- man.

The advent ot Cien. W ood was the signal lor commenc- ing radical changes in the sanitary, social and governmental condition of Santiago. In the face of man\' obstacles the work has been carried forward tintil a decided change for the better has been wrought. An officer of the Fifth I'nited States Infantry (regulars) who joined his regiment at Santiago in ( )ctober. 1898, has recently, in answer to my questions, stated some of the improvements which have been estal^lished or started ilur- ing his stay. The harbor is being deepened antl cleansed, for wliich purpose a regular dredging machine has been brouL;ht from the United States. Work was begun close to the shore in order so to deepen the channel as to jxrmil vessels to approach the pier, now im[)ossil)le lor large- ships. 'I lie nuid removed from the harbor bed is taken in scows to the sea.

The stre(,'ts are being repaired. Marina Street Irom the Alanieda to the Palace has already been macadamized. .San Thomas, San Felix, Enhremadas, San Geronimo and other |)rin- cipal streets have been much imj)roved and some ot them also

o.io /IDartial Gravc5

macadamized. Other streets have been repaired by smoothino- oH the inequalities and lillin-- up the holes with broken stone. The Alameda has been i)iit in rc-pair. Its avenue of i)alms has been cared for, benches and ])aviru)ns have been painted and ■ repaired ; the camps of American soldiers have been removed, and the broad wav is now clear for driving- and promenading. The miscellaneous crowds of half-naked, half-starved and chrty l)eoi)le who formed the gypsy-camp ui)on the qua\- south ot Marina Street, have been dispersed, and that part of the harljor axcniie has been cleaned up.

'I'he work of providing underground drainage has begun, and pipes for transmission of water and sewage are being laid down under direction of Lieut. Hamilton, of the Fifdi Inlantry, who is the engineer in charge. The labor on these works is done by Culxins who work regularh" and willingl)-. An admirable system of street cleaning has been established. The tlump- ing of slops upon public highways is prohibited and is severely punished. Households have suital)le vessels in which all waste material mav be placed, whose contents are daily collected and taken to a dump outside the city beyond the Civil Hospital, where the)- are burned. The street cleaning brigade is under the efficient charge of Maj. Barbour, and his workers are clad in a white uniform such as Col. Waring enforced when directing similar service in New York. Special iron wagons are used, so arranged that they can be easily dumped, and these regularly mak(; the rounds of the streets. 1-our Cubans are attached to every wagon to collect the garbage. I'nder this arrangement the principal streets are now quite clean, especially around the plaza and in the business centres. In fact, Santiago in this respect compares favorably with many American cities.

The Spanisli Military Hospital has been converted into a

Sautiaoo in IGau ciinc ••■'•i

general hospital tm- I'liiuHl Stales ti'oops. ami is in spic-iKliil condition, with plcnt)- of surgeons to look alter the sick. Both doctors and patients are in ^ood (luartcn-s and well cared tor in all res])ects. The Ci\il Hospital or Miinieipal 1 losi)ital ic)r the citizens of Santiago is in excc-llent condition. It is in change ot an Anu;rican surL;c"'>n, who is aided 1)\ Cul)an debtors. 1 he pri\ate hospital which had Ix-en estahlished by the merchants of Santiago before the war, and which had been fitted up durinL;- Gen. Lawton's achninistration as a hospital tor United States officers and others, is under the charge of Sur-^eon Cliurch. formerl)- of the Rough Riders. It is in e.xcellent condition, and as the climate is unwholesome for the officers ot our army as well as the men. is unhapplK- in constant use.

Outside the city there have been also many changes for the better. The road from Santiago to Caney has been gone over pretty thoroughly. The deep ruts and holes matle by the hea\y trans|)ortation wagons of the Fifth Army Corps ha\-e been filled up, and the roatl may now be regarded as a tirst-class one according to the Cuban standanl. at least during th«- dry season. Repairs have also been made upon the road trom San [nan 1 lill through El Po/o to Sibone)-, which is so tamiliar to officers and men of the b'ifth Army Cori)s as forming the only line of transportation for commissary and ordnance; supplies during the eventful days at the close of lune and beginning of July. It is now a fairly good tlirt road, making even a |)as sable path lor a bic\cle during the so-ealled winter months.

Ihislness is much rexived. and the people ot the cit\- apjjear to be in good spirits as to the tuturc-. The tields and i)lanta- tions in the near vicinity of Santiago are being gradually put under cultivation. The whole section had l^een aband(-)ned l)y the owners, and for se\eral \cars had been gi\en oxer to the

o52 /IDautial Graves

uiiregLilatetl orowth of wlKl troijical [)lants. The su^-ar plantations still further beyontl the hekls adjacent to the city, are being- worked by the owners, although under some disad- vantages, on account of the occasional presence ot bandits who •exact blackmail. This is j)aid at present as security against the destruction of propc;rt\-. and this inicpiitous system will probably be continued until law and order are thoroughK' established under Gen. Wood's administration.

The road to Siboney runs past the Spanish (ieneral Hos- pital, a s(;ries of extensive connected buildings on the heights. Its managemcMit under the Spanish surgeons appears to have been highly commendable. From a half dozen points floated the Red Cross banner of the Medical Department. Just beyond the gates of the town, in the valley and on the lower slopes fac- ing San juan, the Spanish captives were encamped. Soon after breakfast, the hour of sick-call, a melancholy procession of sick soldiers would be seen slowly moving toward the hospital. The uniforni of these prisoners was a grayish blue cotton blouse and

trousers, and a white panama hat which frequently Spanish , i i r i c • i i

^ bore a rosette or cockade ot the Spanisli colors.

Prisoners , ^ ...

In the Spanish army the grade ot non-conimissioned

officers anti various arms of service is indicated by movable badges. Rank is indicated among commissioned of^cers by stars, differing in size, in metal antl in number, and by slip-on cuffs. These marks of rank are all removal)le, to permit laun- dry work. Despite the r(;putation of Spanish soldiers tor uncleanliness, most of the prisoners whom I saw, and even the forlorn sick detail, looked clean, a fact largely due to their wash- clothes uniforms.

They were all without underclothes, a circumstance hardly conducive to health in the Cuban climatt;. The sun is intensely

Santiago in IGau Zimc '■>'>•'>

hot from q a. m. to 5 \). ni., alllioii^h oik; can kct-p conirorlal)lc in the shade even chirin^- that inl«T\al. At niL^hl, (hiring;' the three months of which I had experience, |ul\', August and September, the temperature lapidly fell, under the combined inthiences of the adjacent nmuntains and sea. 1 here wci-c noi a half dozen niL^hts in whicli 1 did not ha\-e to use a blanket before daybreak. In the ()[)en camps men without adetpiate covers and wilhoul underclothes often sufie-red from cold. I\b)reo\-er, when cotton unitorms are drenched b\- dail\' rains and kept damp by the w(!t ground and h(,'a\y dews, the\- become clammy antl induce chills. I'Ik! wool shirts and trousers of the American soldiers were certainK' hot and cumbrous duriiiL^' the heat of the day ; l)ut there was a compensation in iheir power to j)rotect against rains and eN'enin^ dews and ( hills, and it is not certain but that on the whole our men. under lh«ir peculiar conditions, were better served 1)\' them dian lhe\" would have been by cotton suits.

Some ot the sick .Spaniards were helped b\- their mates. Some staggered or dragged themsehes wearil\- along without aid. Some were borne on litters on the shoulders of comrades. Among them, now and then, would be a face as ghastly and still as death, perhai)s a d\ing man. \o doubt man\" ot the Spanish soldiers were (juite young (as has been repDrtedi. but those seen by me were not boys, but young men, apparently between twenty-three and thirt\-. Hiere were no sullen looks cast at the passing officer. .Some saluted. All looketl uj) respecttuliN'. d heir countenances were sad and depressed as though longing tor a glimpst- ot the home coasts ot ,Si)ain. It would be a glad day indeed when these downdiearted men set their faces toward Europe. I rarely si:\v a bright, or sprightly, not to say a laughing face among the prisoners. There was

354 miaitial Graves

that in their countenance and carnage that bespoke a sense of weariness and oj^pression under an intolerable burden that mo\ed one to pity : but they bore themselves with a ([uiet dig-- nit\" that won respect.

It was i>leasant to note the kindh' sj)irit that existed between the American troops and their captives. The fraterni- zation began at once, and would have grown warmer continually could the [H'isoners have come into closer contact with our men. The animosit}' of war on the part of the Americans ceased with the surrender, and the Spaniards soon learned that their foes are generous to a vanquished enemy. It was a rare revelation ol character when they found themselves cared for more ten- derly and led more abundantly than in their own lines.

There is no doubt that many of the Spaniards at first believed that the Americans would shoot all captives. A touch- ing incident showing this feeling, which occurred at Caney, was related to me by a staff" officer. After the capture of tlie stone fort that crowns the hill El \"iso, a burial i^art)' under Capt. Allen began to inter the Spanish dead. This was done by laying them in their own trenches, as was also done at San Juan. Xearb)- the crest la)- a lad of about seventeen years shot through the hips. As the dead bodies of his comrades were borne behind him toward the trenches, he would turn his head and follow the sad work with a horror-stricken countenance. The American officer at last observed his face, and righth- dis- cerning his feelings, called an interpreter and assured the youthful soldier that no harm would l)e done him.

"Shall I not be Inu'ied alive, along with my comrades?" was the an.xious query.

" Xo, no ! You shall be cared for, j)resentl\', and ^■our wounds dressctd and tended as if \()u were an American."

Santiago in XGav (wimc 3o5

The )'outh's face was inslanlK- iraiistornKxl. Mis horror was changed to happiness, liis tear to Iriciidsliip. 1 |c reached out his hand to Capt. Allen and poured forth profuse thanks, and until he was taken to the hospital showed his ingratitude by shaking- hands with e\ery American who came near. Poor lad ! And he, too. is a mother's son, and some anxious-hearted dame awaited hiscomini^- in distant Spain. Ma\' her loveand lon;j;ing" have no disappointment I

I was told several incidents illustrating;" the same error, which no doubt had been proj^aeated, or at least encouraL^f'ed, 1)V .Spanish army othcers, in order to nc-rve their iL^iiorant peasant soldiers to die tightini^" rather than surrender. Major-Cien. Wheeler alludes to this pre\alent misbelief as it came under his observation. He sa\ s that it was somewhat amusinj;-. and yet pilitnl, to witness the abject trepidation ot the prisoners captured b\' the Americans. They were marched to (ien. .Shafter's heachpiarters, promptly disarmed, and anxthiuL;" with which they could inlhct injury was taken from them. They gazed about them with staring ey(.-s, watching closely every movement ot their guards, and whene\er a body of tin- latter entered and were drawn up in lint;, the .Spaniards confi- dently thought their end had come, and that they were to be shot down in a bod\ . At such times they would alternately shriek tor mercy, and endeaxor to pacity their captors by shout- ing " \ iva los Americanos !'' Iheir surprise and delight were intense, and their expressions and gesticulations jubilant when they were made to lie down on the grass, were spoken to kindly by the American interpreters, and were given a more substan- tial meal than they had probal)l\' Irul since leaving their native land.'-'

* Wheeler — '' The Santiago Cam]"aiL;ii, '' i>p. 4S.

'>5(3 /iDartial Graves

The repatriation of the Spanish prisoners, according- to the provisions of the capitulation, was one of the most striking and in some respects one of the saddest events I have ever

witnessed. To be sure there was underneath all Repatriation , ,. . , , ,

r n • the clistressmo- attendant scenes the undertone

oi Prisoners . . ,

ot hope in view of home-going. lUit there was

so much visible that was unspeakably pitiful that one could scarcely find it in his heart to be glad for the repatriated prisoners. In giving here my own impressions of the event I use with little change the notes written at the time, which are sketches from nature, and not mere recorded recollections.

Wearied with the day's work and anxiety in the Civil Hospital, I had fallen asleep in my room, then on the Calle -Marina. The deep rumble of a heavy wagon over the cobble- stone pavement and the loud shouts of drivers awoke me. I arose, and leaninor over the wooden casement Q^azed through the wide iron guards of the great bowed window upon a strange scene. There were no obtruding panes of glass to break the vision. It was dark ; nothing but starlight in the street, except the glancing beams of lanterns swung on the arms of horsemen who cantered up and down directing the movements of a long w^agon train. What could this be?

7 he \ans were the ambulances and baggage wagons of the Spanish army, and they were filled with Spanish soldiers. One knew them by the white leghorn hats and the blue gray cotton uniforms that showed almost white in the dim street. They sat or rather leaned up against one another in double rows, omnibus fashion, and ihr. narrow space between was filled with ] (rostrate forms.

" Whoa !" 'I'he \an beneath the window suddcMily stopped. 1 he sharp jerk of the reins pulled the fore mules almost against

Santuiiio m lUav Zimc '"{''T

the house wall. One couKl reel the crroan that rolled aloiii-- the train as wai^on load after \vaL;(>n load of jarred and jolted men bumped up ai_;ainst one; another ( )ne could feel, but not hear It, Only the loud " W'hoas !" of the teamsters disturbed the night's stillness, ior these patient sufferers were mute. I hf\' were so leeble, so overwhelmed b\- the horrors of the prisoners' camp among the hills from which they were escaping, that they were dumb even in their pains. Perhaps, also, the thought of home-going kept them (piiet.

'ihe clock struck and kejjt on striking. It was only eleven ! I had thought it morning, and this the fu^st train of those sad- faced, silent men. who had b(,'en treading the streets tor two clays on their way to the dock and to the .Spanish ships in the offing. It must be; the last of yesterday's cargo belated in tJK-ir journey ; journey, mark )'ou, not march, for these soldiers can- not march, although it is onU' two miles to their mountain camj). What will they do when they reach the dock ? W here will they sleep i^ Wdiat will they eat? (juien sabc; ?* — who knows.-' Aye. and who cares ? This is war I

d he lanterns of the horsemen twinkled \.\[) and tlown the street, and the train again mo\ed. Ah I here come the littt-r men ! You can discern only the outline ot a form on the can- vas stretcher: but \'ou know the stor\-. \'es you haxc been in war before this. Moxc on, men' b'aster I Um't lei the following team trample you I

The long train passed. The ruml)le ot wheels grew fainter, died awaw I he deep hush ol night again tell. .\ dog across the wa\' — wretched houiul I — litted up its xoice in one ot those prolonged howls, a survival ot its tar-away wollish ances- tors, whose weird dolet'ulness has ma le it with men of every race an omen of coming disaster. Will the brute never stoj) ?

oo8 /iDartial Graves

Hark! Up there, beyond the phiza and the nuinicipal palace where the Httle American Hag iloats above the carved arms of Spain, \'()u hear diml)- the ruml^le of a wag-on. That is the road toward Siboney and the prisoners' cami). It is another train of sick Spanish soldiers on the way home. Home to Spain — did \oii say? They should be housed in a hospital! The clock struck again. It was midnight. Heaven help the wretched men down there on the damp landing waiting for the morning !

At last day has come, and at long last — near noon — the order comes to the crowds of jaded, faded, fainting men sitting and King on every available spot, to get ready to go on board shi[) — homeward bound ! Even such a hope cannot put anima- tion into their movements. They rise slowdy and tall languidly into line. Stand on the dock with me where the fiery rays of a troi)ical sun beat hottest. A vessel is at the quay to transfer the prisoners to the big Spanish ships that cannot make landing here. On either side of the gangway, close against the vessel, are two Spanish officers whose sleek and wdiolesome looks are a striking foil to the wan face of the sergeant w'ho is calling a compan\' roll. [ust opposite him another officer has a type- written tlujolicate on which he checks oft" names as the sergeant called them.

" juan Delgado." " Presente !"

A thin-cheeked, sallow man started forward and stej^ped ui)on the gangway. His blanket roll was slung i3ver his bony shoulder, a bit of light stutT that will be slight i)rotection against sea winds and sea chills. I>ut he was better otT than many ot his comrades, who had no covering but their cotton uniforms, a suitable garb in torrid Cuba, it may be, but as effective as pajamas against old ocean. juan Delgado lecbly litted his arm to salute as he passed the sergeant and disapi)eared over the

Santiiiiio 111 ICUu* Lime •;••!'

gangway in the mass ot wan hnnianily on the Tarpon's cU.-cks. The roll call proceetled. i he lin(? of spectral figurt-s slowly crept shipward. Name iollowcd name, and the answering " presente — presente !" until the boat seemed full. \\\ the line of coming soldiers appearixl intcrminahlc.

"What inhumanity to pack these nun in this wa\- ' The ship will be worse than the black hole of Calcutta'" I could not forbear this audible outbreak of indignation.

A deep voice behintl me answered : " It's onl\- for a little while, sir. We're just taking tliem to their ship, which draws too much water to come to the dock. It's a tine ship, Ix-tter than any of these American transports. "

I turned. It was one of the officers of the Tarpon who IkuI spoken, a spectator, like myself ot this touching scene. " lUit the Spanish transport will be overcrowded. I tlare say?" 1 (pieried.

" Yes, no doul)t. They'll ])ut 2000 men where we woukl put 1400. And it'll be hard lines on 'em. Look at 'em, sir! There's not a sound lookin' man among 'em : not a i)atch o' color nor a bit o' tl(;sh. Skin an' bones, sir I Hut they're athletes alongside the lirst lot we carrietl. it was tlu- sick ones, an' man)' of 'em couldn't walk at all. \\ h\", sir. nine of 'em died on m\' boat on one trip in the tew minutes we were transferring 'em to the- transport, an' diirieen died on another trip. One died going up the L;angway. The d nks were a mass of tilth trom involuntary acts ot nature;. \\\: had to turn on the hose and flood the decks with water. It's truly i)ititul I Whv, sir, one-third ot those ])Oor tellows 11 be tood for fishes."

" I>enito Aranjo ! " called the sergeant.

I had been watching IJenito as he slowly moved ujj the line supported by a comrade at each arm. As he neared the ship's port a slight tlush tinged his cheeks. Two men ahead

360 /IDavtial Grarc5

ot him I He straightened out his lank form and lifted up his head. One man ahead of him I His supporters slipped back into the ranks, leaxiuL;' him standiuL;' alone. One could see him brace to the task. He must make that gangway ! He cannot bear to be turnetl back or be assigned to the sick bav. it is a conflict between a strong will and a weak body that you are niAing.

The sergeant repeated his call : " Benito Aranjo !"

" Presente ! "

There was a sad attempt to smile as he answered. The hand moved to the hat with a ner\'ous jerk. The body braced into an erect posture, and with a firm tread the man moved over the gangway through the double line of inspecting officers. I looked to see him stumble prone onto the deck ; but no, he reached the crowd beyond ere he sank down, and w^as lost to view.

Poor Henito ! Poor Juan ! And poor Jose and Manuel, and all those other unhappy sons of Spain. And, alas, tor the mothers and wives who await them ; who await, never to see them more. There will be merry greetings when the survivors of these silent men reach Spain, l^ut, also, what tears and wailings as the returned shall shake their heads mourntuU)" and sa\' : " El es morto ! " — he is dead !

"I have seen man\' sights," said a surgeon one day at the Anglo-American Club. "I have l)een in cholera, smallpox and yellow-fever epidemics in the Mississijjpi River towns. I served through the war of the Sixties, and have been a mc^dical j)rofes- sor and practitioner ever since, but the scene at th(* burning of the Spanish dead to-day was the most revolting I ever saw. Did you hear about it ?"

"No; what was it?" We all leaned lorward on the table, under that si)ell which draws men to gruesome narrative.

SautKitio 111 lUiiu Lime •'>'>i

"There were some toils- dmd hodics which lh<- Si)cUiiarcU could not bury, and were ordered to l)e crciiiateil. ( )n a j^raliiii;" ot iron railrocul lies ihc corpses wt^rc- piled up, inlcrniinL^lcd with wood, in a ^reat piU- as hii^h as this ceiling;. 1 hen ihc tuneral pyre was saturated with kerosene oil, and lh(,' torch was ai)plicd. The tire slowly kindh'd. d'hc llanu-s W(,'rc- hcLiinniiiL,;' to burn hiL;h ami overlap their unconscious \ictims, when a heavy rain came up and cpienched the fire. The cori)ses were but half consumed, and the sil^Iu "

lUit I spare the reader. More than once I saw the thick columns of smoke from the cemeter)- precincts, and knew the ghastly scene which the\- signalleil. 1 have seen the dead cart leave the Civil Hospital tilled with uniotVined dead, who wen- dri\'en awa\' to tlu; same gruesome doom, but 1 did not ha\c the heart to follow them to their gehenna of tire. Alas, the aftermath of war is more rt-xoliing than war itself !

Shortly after the work of repatriation of the .Spanish troops had been completed, under date of ( )ctober 13th, iSoS. the Quartermaster's Department at Washington ga\e to the pul)lic a statement of the work of transporting to Spain the Spanisii prisoners surrendered at Santiago. The contract was given to the Spanish Trans-. \tlantic Comi^any tor the sum ol 5850.000. The work of transportation began .\ugust (ilh, and continued until September 1 ;ih, during which period litUM-n shii)s carrieil 22,864 persons trom Santiago and Guatanamo to Si)ain. 1 hese were divided as follows: 1163 officers. 20.974 enlistetl men, 331 women, the wixcs and daughters of the officers; 348 chil- dren of the ofhcers, 21 pi'iests and monks and 27 Sisters of Charity,

The number ot persons carried wis one thcnisand short ot the number contracted tor, due to death amcMig the .Spanish

o62 /iDai'tial Graves

soldiers after the surrender and before repatriation began. About one thousand more soldiers died on shipboard. In other words, one-twentieth of the men who left the ports of Cuba never reached their native land. The statement was authorized that many of these soldiers were too ill to undertake the voyage and were forbidden to go aboard the ship by their doctors, but disobeyed the orders. All those who died in transit were buried at sea. The largest number of persons taken on one trij) was 2555, on the transport which left Santiago August 27th, 1898. Even before the Spanish army had been repatriated, a similar movement began among American soldiers. It was continued on a small scale until the entire Fifth Corps had bet.Mi returned to the States. The experiences of the campaign ouoht to and doubtless will brinof about a radical change in the mode of dealing with soldiers, especially invalided men, during transit from tropical countries to their native shore. The pre- vailing theory appeared to be that nothing more than the

ordinarv travel ration would be required by

Soldiers ' i 1 • t

_ , men under such cnxumstances. it was not on Transports

considered that soldiers exhausted by hard service and sickness, and those who came directly from hospitals, could not prepare the travel ration allotted them, and even it they had been able to do so, would not get from it the nourishment which their cases recjuired. Of course, necessity knows no law. and there are conditions in some and occasions in all campaigns that must be satisfic^d bv inadccpiate provision. One cannot always reach his itleal. L'ndcr the cruel conditions of warfare, the ideal fociliti(?s of a hosi)ital must be sacrificed in and around tin; scenes of conflict. fUit there appears no sufficient reason why the rule above referred to should have been made inexorable, or \\h\- it should have been enforced in an\' case upon our transports.

Santuiiio m IClar twiiiic -"Xj^J

It would ha\c been easy lor the authcjrities to [)eriiiit, in all cases, as was clone in some, a money ecjuivalent for the travel ration, which couUl have been paid to the stewards of the \ari()us transports ior suitable to(jd suital)l\' i)rcparcd. and tor help in serving- the same. It is or it ought to be understood that most of the transports in Government service tluring the Spanish-American camjjaign were simply hired for the occasion. Their contract was to carr}' troops and military stores. It did not iiiclude feeding officers and soldiers antl cixilians in (io\<-rn- mcnt eniplo)-. Officers and others could be boarded tor a ^um not exceeding a dollar and a half a day. b^nhsted men must take care of themselves, although there was nothing except the cost to hinder them from pa\"ing tor tood j)repared by the stewards, if so disposed. lUit tew of the enlisted men could afford to purchase food from the ship's stores. As a result, sick soldiers on their voyage home were without jjrojx'r nourishment, and many suffered and some died as a result.

Another point not duK' considered, was the proper clothing for men embarking tVom a tropical climate to a temperat(,' zone. INIy observation was that many soldiers put to sea clad in light khaki suits and without overcoats or extra covering. As soon as the vessel was freed from the; immediate inlluence ol the Cul)an climate, it was liable to experience a decidetl droj) in temperature. As the ship ai)proached the American coast, this was much greater, and I have seen well men siifter severely from lack of adequate clothing. What must have been the condition of iinalids ? ( )n one transport on which I sailed, there was but one overcoat and one heavy mackintosh in a com- pany of nearly a hundred officers and men. The consequences can be readil\- imagined when the sh'p approached Northern New York, anil was exi)osed to the togs and chills ot early autunin.

364 /iDavtial Graves

There is another fact that did not seem to be calculatixl upon. There is a stranoe influence in a chano^e of chmate to induce a sudden change in one's physical condition. Sometimes this is for the better, but often it is for the worse. For example, I noticed that men who embarked from Cuba in apparent good health, had no sooner fairly entered the distinct ocean environ- ment than they were taken with chills, and suffered Irom calen- tura during- the entire voyage. On landing they had to be sent to a hospital. This fact is known to the medical profession and to others. There is scarcely a season during which visitors from the interior to the seashore do not find, much to their surprise, that they are suddenly attacked with sickness. So, on the con- trary', persons coming from the seashore to the interior will be seized with malarial fevers. This common experience shows that a decided change of local or climatic condition often tends to bring out thtt latent germs of certain diseases in the human s)stem.

Apparently this fact was not counted on in transporting our soldiers from Cuba and Puerto Rico. Certainly many con- valescents experienced a relapse of fever, and those who seemed to be well fell ill. Much of the discredit which came to Camp W'ikoff at IMontauk Point was doubtless due to this curious tendency, and the men of the Fifth Corps who became sick on the voyage or shortly after landing, would have suffered ecjually had they been s(*nt to any other place. The special point to be considered is that it does not al\va)'s do for the medical depart- ment to depend upon the service of soldiers who embark appar- entl\- well, to nurse the sick on transports sailing from tropical countries, for those relii^d upon for such hel[)ful duty are likely to sicken and thus add to the burdens of the situation. I may

Santiaiio in XGar Lime •n;:>

best Illustrate llu- [loints w liicli 1 liavc Iktc soiii^ht to make by relating- my experience on board the; transport Scourama/--

My special labors in Cuba were stopped ])y a sucKlen attack of Cuban fever, and I left Santiasj^o, on the Sa^'nnTNca, September i6th. A number of officers and ukmi, most of whom were invalids and convalescents returniiiL,'^ Iiouk; to join their regiments, were on this vessel. Some of them IkuI bet-n carried out of the yellow fever hosj)ital at Santiago with nothing but their pajamas and blankets, and in a ver\- low condition. To care tor thes{^ invalids nothing had been pro\ided except the ordinary soldier's tra\-el rations and some plain so\ips. h was at once manifest to the skillful, kindly surgeon. Maj. W . 1>. Banister, detailed for duty on the ship, that it would be impossi- ble to sustain all these lives during the vox'age upon such nutriment. After consultation with the surgeon and hospital stewards, I asked the privilege ot j)ro\iding trom the ship's store suitable food, including its preparation by the ship's cooks, and its serving by the stewartls' crew of waiters. Thus a sick diet was procured, including such ai'ticles as boiletl eggs, toast and tea, hot milk, milk punches, mutton choi)s, tresh-meat broths, etc.

The result of this treatment ma\' l)e expresse<l in the language of Assistant Surgeon Xewkirk, who had been on duty in the General Hospital at .Siboney. and wa-i on board suffering, like myself, from calentura. W hen Ijidiling me good-bye on the cjuarantine tug in New \'()rk harbor, he saiil : " When we started upon this voyage, I ccjntidenlly expected that we would leave at least a halfdo/eii of these men to sleep

* It ought to be stated that at present the (^uaiterm. >ter"s Department owns most of its transports, some of which are admirably etpiipped, and as tar as I have learned, the service is satisfactory, certainly highly superior to that rendered during the Cuban campaign.

36fi fmartial Gravct?

in the depths of Old Ocean. Throui^h the aid which you have extended, not a man lias been lost, antl e\en our dying- yellow fever patient will be buried ashore. It is due to you to make this statement."

The chief surgeon in charge, Maj. W. R. Banister, of the regular army, Brigade Surgeon U. S. \\, handed me a letter, a part of which I quote: "Dear Doctor : As we are approach- ing th(' 'parting of the ways.' I wish to express to you, on the ])art of m\' patients and nnself. our thanks for the assistance furnished on the voyage from Santiago de Cuba to Montauk Point, L. I., in the way of funds, which enabled me to provide the sick committed to my charge with pro^^er and necessary diet, hi my opinion, some lives were saved thereby, and men lontJ'incr for home were enabled to see their hopes fulfilled. I also desire to express my appreciation of other help in your ministerial capacit)-, which cannot be expressed in commercial values."

These simple statements tell the whole story. The physi- cal comfort of all those in\'alid and convalescent soldiers was much promoted, and some of their lives were saved by pro- viding for them " projjer and necessary diet," which the con- trolling authority had failed to furnish. The ship's officers could not do this, for they were only custodians of the owners' propert)-. The surgeons, however willing to sacrifice their scant income to relie\-(' their patients, had not th(^ means in hand. It so happened that I had funds at my disposal-^' which were given for such uses. On this circumstance, accidental or providential as one chooses to view it. the comfort of many and the lives of sexeral of those heroes of the Fifth Army Corps depended.

* Contributed l)y Mr. and Mrs. William J. Swain, members of my congregation, and deiiosited by me with tbe National Relief Commission.

Saiitiaoo in lUav Zimc .'Xw

When the Scoii)-aiua was sent troin MoiUauk r()iiU. where it could not be permitted to hind on account of the fellow fe\-er case on board, as tli(^ detention hosi)ital there had then been broken up, a new ditticuhx' arose. Vwv or six of our patients, who had been turned in h-oni the yehow fe\-er hospital at San- tiago with no clothing;' but pajamas, must be provided with suitable clothes for the transfer to a hos[)ital in Xew \'ork. \o such extra garments were available. In this exioencv 1 h\ I^ar- rett. ot Boston, re-lieved the situation. He represented the Mas.sachusetts Soldiers' and Sailors' Aid Association, and had done splendid service among the sick in Santiago, lie went among- the soldiers, and jnu'chased from one a pair of trousers ; from another a blouse : from a thinl socks ; from a fourth uinler- clothes, and so on, until all were clad. The outfit was some- what heterogeneous, and the fit was not immaculate, Init at that particular juncture the lads of the V\h\\ Cori)s were not addicted to dress suits. A double kindness was thus wrought. The naked invalitls were; clothed and the soKliers who s|)ared tin- extra garments got a little cash, which they greatly needed.

When it came to furnishinor hats the o-ood Doctor was " sore put to it." I lowever, the passengers took \\\) the matter. and we found among us enough extra hats and laps to meet the requirements of the case;. The author was belter off in headgear than any of his fellow-passengers, for l"'sides his Cuban helmet he had a campaign hat and a sailor's white hat i)urchased on board a man-of-war, and these went into " the pool." Somewliere in the city ot Chicago a sergeant of the hirst Illinois Infantry doubtless treasures a camjjaign hat as a souvenir of his voyage- on the .SV.^'7//'^?';/r^?' .- . antl in a thriving village of Eastern (^hio, a war corresj:)Oi'dent from " the Presi- dent's Own" regim(-nt ma\' retain among tlu- li'ophies ol his

S(i8 /liiartial Graves

Cuban campaign a sailor's hat that once adorned the head of the Chaplain of the Second Pennsylvania Recriment of Infantry. It was a delightful pri\ilege to engage in such a good work, but none the less, the Government of the L'nited States, through its proper authorities, should have made the work unnecessary /='

* I do not remember the names of all my fellow-voyagers on the St-gn)ania for whom I was permitted to do these kindly offices in behalf of my generous congregation. But I have thought of them, and have learned that they passed safely through the New York Hospital. Wherever they are I wish them well, and will be pleased to know that they are prosperous and happy citizens of the Republic whose honor they sustained by valor upon the field and suftering 4n the hospital and on shi[)board.

Chapter XII Relief Work Amono- Soldiers

21

o

\CE this soft turf, this rivulet" s sands, Were trampled by a hurrying crowd.

And fiery hearts and armed hands Encounter" d in the battle-cloud.

Ah, never shall the land forget

How gushed the life-blood of her brave, — Gush'd, warm with hope and courage yet,

Upon the soil they fought to save.

Now all is calm, and fresh, and still ;

Alone the chirp of flitting bird, And talk of children on the hill.

And bell of wandering kine, are heard.

No solemn host goes trailing by

The black-mouth" d gun and staggering wain Men start not at the battle-cry, —

Oh, be it never heard again !

— William Cullex Bryant.

Relief Work Among Soldiers

r^^SS^HE outbreak of the Spanish-American war was the ^^ ^^ signal for the organization of voluntary associations

to aid in caring for sick and wounded soldiers and ■■iwa^^ sailors. =•== Among the most active and useful of these

was the American Red Cross Society which was supported chiefly by a Relief Committee of \ew York citizens, but had

,, , ^., affiliated or independent branches in several

Voluntary Aid ,, ^ ,.- . . , . ,

Societies 'States. Lalitornia formed an mdependent organi- zation, whose attention was given especiallv to the soldiers embarking on the Pacific for the Philippines, and accomplished a large amount of valuable work.

The head of the Red Cross Society, Miss Clara Barton, took personal supervision of the work among the natives in Cuba, in which she was nobly supported by a number of volun- teer workers. This relief of the starvinof and sufterinci- Cubans was the chief service rendered by this Societ)- during hostilities and thereafter. But a timely and most valuable aid was extended to the surgeons of the Fifth Army Corps immediately after the battles of July ist in front of Santiago. The Red Cross supply ship S/c7/c of Ti.vds was oft shore at the time awaiting opportunity to enter Santiago, and the lack of adequate

* Even if space permitted the author has not the inromiation at hand to enable hitn to men- tion all these societies. He can only refer brietiy to several oi those with whose work or workers he happened to have personal relations of some sort.

372 /iDartial Graves

preparation for the care ot the numerous wounded was so manifest, and the need of the rehef so apparent that workers landed at Siboney and contributed personal aid and much needed supplies. ?yliss Ikirton came up the Las Guasimas Pass to the First Division Hospital near Gen. Shafter's headquarters, and at once organized a field diet kitchen, while her aids helped to care for the wounded. The story of this work has been well told 1)\' Mr. George Kennan,'-" who was on the field as a Red Cross helper. When the S/atc of Texas entered vSantiago, Ju]\- 17th, with supplies for the citizens, the wants of the soldiers were again met by timely and liberal issues of food, medicines and delicacies on requisition from army officers. -j-

Another active society was the Woman's National W'ar Relief Association, whose headquarters were in New York City. Mrs. Gen. U. S. Grant was the President of this Society. Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth ;i; was Director-General, and after her departure for Camp W^ikoft, to engage in personal work with the- soldiers, the management of the Association fell to Miss Helen Gould, the Assistant Director-General. This lad\', by her large gifts for the suffering soldiers and by her fine execu- tive ability, did much to make the Woman's \\ ar Relief Asso- ciation one ot the worthiest volunteer agencies for good. Her benefactions won the unusual and distintruished honor of receiv- ing the public thanks of the United States .Senate in Congress met. The Treasurer of the Association was Mrs. Cliarles H. Raymond wh(jse tragic death shortly after the cessation of hos- tilities e.Kcited widespread sorrow. Mrs. Kugene McLean was the efficient Corresponding Secretary.

* In a series of letters to 77ie Outlook and in his l)3ok '• Canipaigninu in Cuba."

f.See "The Red Cross," by Clara Barton, p. 650.

:j: This lady's daughter, Miss Reubena II. Walworth, was the Registrar of the Association, and went to Camp Wikoff, Montauk Point, as a volunteer nurse. She contracted typhoid fever in the hospital wards and died therefrom.

IRclict" VGorh Xlmotui SolMcri? :^7.s

In New l-'iiL^hind the niosi imjioriaiit oi'L^aiii/alion was the Massachusetts Ann\- and \a\\' Aid Association wiili hcad- (juarters at I)Ost()n. Its lari^c bcnctacticMis were not limited to the troops of Massachusetts, Ijut were extended to all who needec^relief. One of the most helptiil workers, I )r. Ihirrett, was stationed in Santiago.

The first volunteer aid association in the field was tlie National Relief Commission, whose orL^ani/ation was bei^un in Philadelphia on April 17, 1 SgS, when war seemed inevitable. and was com[)letcil April 25th at a public mectluL; in the hall of the \ ouul; Men's Christian Association. An executive committee was then formed, of which thc^ author was chairman until he entered uj)on actixe dut)- in the arm\-. Mr. John 11. Converse, of the Ikddwin Locomotive Works, one ot the most intelligent, pIiilanlhroi)ic and generous citizens ot (lie l\ci)ublic, was chosen president, and Mr. (ieorge \\\ 'Thomas, the liberal and public-spirited head of the banking tirm ot Drexel t^ Co., was elected treasurc-r. M. S. brench was made general secre- tar)'. The constituenc)' and otiicial membcrshi]) ot tlu; National Relief Commission were drawn trom a number ot States, but the three adjoining .States of bennsvK ania, \< \v jersey ami Delaware were especially active and promintiit in its su])port. Its operations wer(' contmed to the relief ot American soldiers, sailors and marines and their needy tamilies. aiul -xtended to all the camps formed in the United States from Montauk I'oint to Key W^est, and also to the camj)s in and around Santiago de Cuba. The service rendered in Puerto Rico was especially valualjle, and the I'elief ship, llic Maw carried large quantitit.'s of hospital supplies to tliat Island, which were greatly needed. A medical field agent was maintaii '-d at San Juan during the war.

•§,

IRclict lUorh Ilnioiu.i SolMcv5 375

I he C oniinissioii also co opcralcd willi rcL^inK'iUal cha])- lalns and with the \ oiin^ Men's ( liristiaii Association in promotino- moral ant! religious work anions lh<- soldiers and sailors, and in tlistribiitino- sacred and secular literatnre. A hundred thousand copies of its ".Soul;' Hook lor Soldiers and Sailors" and its "Spanish I'hras{^ Hook'" were distributed freely. Moreover, a lar^'e number of need\- families of xolun- teers was aided by month!)' grants of mone\' dman:^- the cam- paig"n. The National Relief Commission, or, as it was some- times called, the 'AVhite Cross SocietN," from the siKcr cross in th(; centre ol the blue held ot its banner and badi^c, will loner be remembered with ijratitude b\ thousands of those who took part in the Spanish-American war, and b\' the parents and friends of those who suffered through batthi wountls antl diseases.

The attitude; toward xolunteer aitl societies of the medical departments of both the army and na\ y at the beninnin^' of the war determined that of the ( ieneral (io\ci-nment. It was substantially that there would be no need ot \(ihiiuar\- aid, as the ordinar)' machinery ot the departments was adeipiate lor every situation likely to develop. lUit in(piirers were noiitied that money sent to the heads of the dejiai-imcMits would be used to supplement with extra comtorls the tixed ( 'io\ ernmeiu appro- priations for the sick and injured. 1 lappiK', this attitude was justilied in the; na\\', whose unj)aralleled victories were won at a cost in casualties that seems incredible. lUit in the army it was otherwise. Ihe outbreak ot \anous diseases, anil especi- ally the epidemic of typhoid lexer, in the camps of instruction. jKirticularly Camp .Mi^ia- and Camp Thomas, showed that the Medical Department could not mec:t the situation unaided. Ihe facts confirmed the position taken by the advocates ot \-oluntary

37() /iDartial Graves

aid societies. As soon as the necessity appeared, however, the proffered help was not only cheerfully l)iit gratefully accepted, and facilities extenchxl in all quarters to authorized agents and other workers to bring relief to the soldiers. From the begin- ning Gen. Alg(M-, the Secretary of War, was most cordial toward the National Relief Commission, and as early as the middle of lune issued an order giving authority and protection to its agents in all cantonments of the United States Army.

Later in the summer the benefacdons of aid societies took the direction of bringing army invalids, })articularly typhoid cases, to city hospitals. The use of these admirable institutions had been ottered the Government at the outbreak of war, and apparently had not even been considered. But when the great necessity developed, that army surgeons could not adequately meet, the authorities turned to the hospitals. With wise humanity the Medical Department directed the removal of fever patients from field to city hospitals, and this was done largely under the supervision of aid societies. The hospitals w^elcomed the soldiers : the best attention that modern medical and nursing- skill could afford was given them, and thus hundreds of lives were saved. On the whole, one must conclude that the work of volunteer aid associations was of the highest value to the Government in meeting the casualties inevitable to warfare.

This fact is not surprising, nor is it discreditable to the Government, e.xcept perhaps for the failure to recognize it sooner. The established medical staff, based upon an army of twenty-five thousand men, and scattered throughout the entire nation, could not possibly overtake the work suddenly thrown upon it by the calling out of a (piarter of a million of volunteers. The regular army surgeons, with few exceptions, were inex- perienced in the care of large bodies of men, for their labors

JijlLN II I.MAN CONVERS:-;

Prcsiiknt cf llie jVii/ioiial Re/iff Co//iwiss!cn Fig. 164

37.S /iDartial Graves

had been limited to the care of companies or battahons. rarely of regiments, stationed at posts on the frontier or elsewhere. The campaign was so brief that there was no opportunity to develop special abilities and to recognize the same, nor to prune out those; unable to ex[)and their personal horizon to meet the enlarged situalion. There is no doubt that, as in the Civil War, matters would have corrected themselves had the campaign been prolonged. This is evident from the fact that there ai)pears to be little complaint of the treatment of our soldiers in the Philippines during the war against the hostiles. The serious mistake made was undoubtedly the failure of the head of the Medical Department to recognize what was so plain to the organizers of relief associations, viz., that the lessons of the past and the prevailing conditions indicated that governmental organi- zation would recpiire to be supplemented by poi)ular support. One can appreciate the unwillingness of a thoroughly equipped and devoted body of men, such as compose the medical corps of our army, to admit the inadequacy of their system to meet the largest demands. But there is a limit to human powers ; and it ought to have been understood that an army of three hundred thousand men on a war footing, could not be served by an organization adapted for twenty-five thou- sand on a peace footing. Moreover, it should have been seriously considcM'ed that under the inlluenc(; of a tropical climate at the unhealthy s(;ason. and the exposures of camp and battlefield, the little corps of surgeons and the vast army of soldiers would alike be depleted by prevailing diseases, and thus as the num- ber of sick increased tlu; numl)er of surgeons would diminish, and the disproportion between the two be continually widened. It is true, that when the necessities developed, contract doctors as actincr-assistant sur^reons were hurried into the field, and soon

IRclict XGorl; Bmoiu.i 5ol^lCl■l^ 379-

greatly rclie\ctl the situation. IWit thcx' cainc loo late to pre- vent tlie nnliai)p\- conditions \\hi( h caused so niucii needless suflerino- in the lirst few wicks of the campaign, and which awakened throughout the countrx- a storm of re])roach and condemnation.

luit alter all, it should not he forgotten, it is not forgotten, that the parties upon whom falls the responsiliilii\ of our inade- quate preparation tor war and its inevitable conse<piences. are not to be looked lor in the Army or in the War I")e|)aMment. The Nation's Representatives in Congress, who. knowing this country's unpreparedness (which, imleed, their ignorance and neglect had caused) rushed an unwilling administration and an unready army and navy upon the awful chances of conflict on sea and in foreign lands, are the men upon w horn iustlv rests the guilt ot the needless siillering and waste of life in the .Sj)anish .\ineri- can War. Others ma\- ha\(? the- right to cc-nsurc- whc-rc- there is righteous cause therefor, but the hue and cr\- which some of these men haxc raised against the President and his hc!;tds of De]:)artments is regarded by caiukKl j)cM'sons as simply the ruse of the fleeing rogue who seeks to co\c-r his llight Iw the cr\- of " Sto]) thief I "

Among the xoluntar)' agencies which wrcnight tor the l)ene- tit oi soldiers during the .Sj:)anish-.\merican war. one of the

most active and most usetul w.is the \ Oung M<-n"s Y. M. C. A. Christian Association. It would be hard to e.\j)res.s

in adequate language the cc:)mfort and help which this organization brought to oiu' men. Its functions were varied, and were directed to the j)h\sical. social and moral welfare ot the soldiei-s. The beginning ol the arnu work ol the Association was \er\" simple and has not. 1 believe, been made public.

3JS0

/IDavttal Gravies

On the 25th of April a meeting was held at the rooms of the \"ouno- Men's Christian Association in Philadelphia, Fifteenth and Chestnut Streets, to complete the organization of The National Relief Commission. During that meeting, in response to questions by members of the executive committee, the author of this book, who was then president of the committee,

mentioned a number of methods b)' which the Com- mission could contribute to the soldiers' comfort and health. Among other facts, he referred to the lack of facilities for letter writing which he had o b s e r \- e d d u r i n g his service as a chaplain in the C i \' i 1 War, and for man\ years in

the camps of the National (kiard of Pennsylvania. lie pro- posed that the Relief Commission should at once procure large quantities of paper, envelopes and stamps, and make arrange- ments to distribute the former and sell the latter, or to dispose of all needed stationary at the first cost of purchase. This had been the author's custom as chai)lain, and had been of much benefit to the men in keeping them in touch with home and home friends, and thus indirecdy contributing to their moral welfare.

.Iniiy lent of V. -1/. C. A.

Fig. 166 R(git7iciilal Encaiiipnictil at I\ll. Grc/na.

IRclict lUorh Biuouo ^I^olMcii: 3mi

The SLig-gestion was liiL^hl)- a|)i)rovc(l. and would have been taken up by the Commission l)ut for the follow ini; circumstance :

Seated on a back seat in the hall during this meeting was one of the secretaries of the Philadelphia Youn^^ Mrn's Chris- tian Association, Mr. flalsey Hammonil, who was much impressed by the above statement. 1 he ne.xt day he went to Mr. John H. Converse, who had been elected President of thr National Relief Commission, and nho is, as he has lon^' been, one of the warmest friends and patrons of the \'ounj4" Men's Christian Association. To him Mr. Hammond sug^^ested that the work of distributing stationery he turned over to the Asso- ciation, and he j)k'(li4cd himself and all the facilities of the institution to do the work thoroughly. Mr. Coincrse wisely assented to this recpiest.

Xot a moment of time was lost. The Pcnns) 1\ ania (iuartl had already been ordered into Camp ilastinc^s at .Ml. drclna. Mr. Hammond rented two large tents, ha^l prepared (piantities of paper and tMnc'loi)es having thereon the letterhead ot the Association, laid in a supply of postage stamps, furnished a camj) outfit for himself and assistants, had his material shipj)ed. and was on the ground as soon as the troc^ps, ready tor work. 1 had the j)leasure ol seeing one of these l)ig circular tents which afterward became so familiar to all the soldiers ot the Spanish-American war, erected in Camp 1 lastings, near the headquarters of Gen. Schall, and the \oung men starting their philanthropic and patriotic work therein. This was the begin- ning of the movement.

It was taken up by \'()ung Men's Christiar. .\ssociations throughout the entire country, and in a short time a special inter- national committee was organized to conduct the army and na\ y work, whose chairman was Col. tohn [. .McCook, of New \ ork

P^ Ss

'^

IRelief TOlovh Bmouii i5ol^lCl•i? .'i^a

City. I h;i\c sv.v.n and carefully ohsurx-cd the operations ol th(! Association in all the jM-incipal camps ihronL^hoiii ihi: I nitfil States and in the camps of tlu- I'ikh Army Corps near Santia_^o. I am, th(M-etore, in a situation to bear witness t(3 its no])l(; efficiency.

One of the pleasantest sights in our L^reat cantonmtMUs at Camp Alger, at Jacksonville, at Tampa, at Chickamau^a and elsewhere, was the tent of the \'ounL;' Men's Christian Asso- ciation. At almost any time of the da\- or evening one would find them not only occupied but crowded Near the entrance w-as the little enclosure of rude planks at which the field secre- tary stood to issue freely, to ail who asked, writing paper and envelopes, antl to sell stamps at g()\-ermnenl jirices, or secure suitable endorsement as a " soldier's lettc-r." Close by hung an immense bag which gradually filled up as the da\- advanced, and morning and evening and sometimes ottener a hall l)ushel of mail would be carried awd)- for distribution by the army post. On one side of the enclosure were erected rough board tables, on either side; of which were board seats. As a rule every foot of space would b(; occupied by a soldier writing a letter, for which service jx-ncils or pen and \nk were at hand. Numbers of soldiers for whom thert; was no room at the tables would be seated in vacant corners, and in the gang- w'ays writing on their knees or hats or on e.xtemporized desks, letters to the loved ones at home. On the ojipositt; side ot the tent other groups would be engaged in some amusement, such as pitching quoits, playing dominoes or checkers.

Outside, here and there, would be knots of men chatting with one another, smoking and talking over camp life, and exchanging news from home, or listening to the leading ot a newspaper — a month oKl. if in Cuba. Near b\ the door one would often see a hogshead of pure wat. r. in the midst of which

IRclict lUorM BlllOlU.l S0l^lCVi> 385

were bobbino- oreat lumps uf ice. What sweet music the chunks made as they cHnked a^rainst one anotlier : and what a pleasure it was to mark the /.est with which th(r lads ((ualTed the cooling beverag-e ! Not far away was th(? army canteen pursu- ing, under Government i)ermissi()n. its demorah/inL; and destructive work. It was, indeed, a happy contrast furnished at the headquarters of the Young Men's Christian Association, in the beautiful work sustained by the voluntary offerings of the Christian people of the land. The Association tent became the social centre of regiments and brigades. It was tlie point at which men rallied for the. exchange of all sorts of news and confidences. It was such an attractive spot that even some soldiers (as I happen to know) who were j)rovided by their parents with writing paper and stamped enveloix-s. preferred to do their correspondence in the Association tent among their comrades. As the home folks turned up their daily packets of mail, the letter from the dear lad in camp was recognized by the Association imprint on the corner of the* envelope, side by sitle with a figure of the national llag.

It is, of course, impossible to estimate tht^vholesome inllu- ence which such an institution, redolent with the; sweet thoughts and holy inlUiences of home life must ha\-e wrought upon the youth in our camps. M iilliliides ot parents remember this work with grateful hearts, and among the soldiers thcmsehes the field w^orkers were held in high esteem and regarded with the utmost friendliness. The Association has made friends that will never forget it, and has laid the whole nation under an obligation which should Ik; aiul has been recognized. In the memories of the future, next to the revc-red symbol of our nationality, the colors under which thc-y i larched and fought, the soldiers of the Spanish-American war will recall with the

386

nriavtial Graves

keenest pleasure aiul highest veneration the banner above the door of the bii^ tent that bore the famihar letters. " Y. M. C. A." Statistics give an inatle(|uate measure of such services, but they ma\' indicate the amount of labor wrought by the field secretaries among the cjuarter of a million of young men in the army and navy during the Spanish war. The character of the work done in one tent may be cited as an example, that

ill,, linj

Li7'iug fenl of field s,'cye/aries of llu- Y. M. C. ./.

jjitched near the b'irst Pennsylvania Rctgiinent at Camp Thomas, Chickamauga. In this one tent there was a total aggregate attendance; during the summer encampment of 175.750, which is an average of 1673 daily \isits by soldiers who used its privileges. Over 1000 letters a day were written in this tent, making an aggregate of 1 12,350. At the various entertainments given by th(; stxretaries. 13.500 soldiers were

IRclict IGorh Iliiiouii ^^olMcvi^ ;{»7

present. At ihc rtli-ious services, iisiialK' held in the cxciiini;. there was an attendance of 22.j^i). More ihan vhx. I'.iMes and Testaments were L;I\<'n out, not inchscriniinatel)-, Init to soldiers who asked for thcin, and who thus oave proof that they felt the nv.rA ol tliciu. There were se\(-nt}- siuiilar tents in service in the various corps and di\isions of the army. and. as far as one could see. they all seemed to be ecpially ijojjular amono- the soldiers, and ecpially active in their work, it is. therefore, probably a fair estimate that from thre(,- to fwv. millions of letters were forwarded to soldiers through the ao-ency of the Army and Xa\ y Committee of the N'ouns^ Men's Christian Association, all of which were written upon i)aper and enclosed within enxeloju-s presentetl to the soldiers by their Christian friends.

'Ihe spiritual work accomplished by the \nun-- men cannot be calculated in fioures, but there are doubtless thousands throuo;hout the nation who owe to these Christian heroes the sacred inllnences which brouL^ht them to the bet^nnninL,'- of a Christian lite. There are doulnless many thousands mor<- who owe to the same beneficent labors the influences which enabled them to resist the temptations of camj:) life, and maintain their manly dignity and Christian faith throughout the campaij^n.

I ha\-e called the field secretaries Christian heroes. The title is deserved. They shared with the soldiers all the |n-i\a- tions and e.xposure of camp life. 'The)- livetl in tents on the field. They were exposed e{[uall\ with tin- soldiers to the assaults ot malaria and of fever _L;erms. with which oiu' _L;reat camps were infested. The two secretaries attached to thi? Cuban arm\- 1 saw in SaniiaL^o, wasted by hard work .md climatic (cvvv. 'They stuck to the T'ifth Corps until its exodc, shared with the soldiers the peril of exposure to yellow fever,

:5

o ^ 6 ^

IRclicf "IGorh Bmonci Sol^lcri? 389

torrid sun and torrential r.iins, scant tood and inadc(|iiatc; care, and left behind them an honorahh- record ol selt-denyin^' duly well done. This is heroism.

One's thoughts pass natin'all)' trom the arnn work •>! the Young Men's Christian Association to the rc;ligious and other Soldiers' songs which thcr soldiers used. 1 he hynins and Hymns and songs most popular diu'ing wartime in Santiago Songs and elsewhere present an int(n"esting and in some respects a curious study. It would seem strange, tor example, that such a hymn as

'•Nearer, my (iod, to Thee, nearer to Thee; E'en though it be a Cross, that raist-th me,"

shoidd be the most popular and appartMith^ the most widel\- known among all classes of soldiers. Vet it is so. When con- ducting services as chaplain in the camps and hospitals ot the Fifth Army Corps, and upon ships of war and transports, as well as in the camps ii^ the States. I found that when this hymn was announced, all the soldiers took hearty i)art in singing. One would hardly think that the high spiritual note touched in this familiar hymn, which breathes longing for a nearer spiritual communion with God, even at the cost of utmost sacrifice. would truly voice the sentiment ot the rough and read\-. olleii- times coarse and i)rofane men, who joined with their more religious comrades in singing. ^ et such was the case. It was the most favorite hymn at funcM-als. a fact that perhaps can be understood more easily. All soldiers are more or less aflected by the sense of the near i)resence of death. The loss of their comrades is indeed "a cross ;" and in the true spirit of cama- raderie they feel a touch of woe that tht companions of the tent and of the march, who shared with them the toils and perils of battle, have passed awa\'.

^

IRclict lUovk Bmono SolMcrt^ "'''i

"I lu; lunin which ranked in pojiiilaiMlN n(.-.\l lo " Xcarcr, my God, " is prohahK' " Rotk ot Al;('s. ' ll wiH Ix- observed that Col. Rooscxck, in speaking- ot the burial ot Roul^Ii Riders at Las Guasimas. sa)s that the soldiers san*^- this liyinn in the service at the ^ra\-e, while Mr. John I'Ox cites " Nearer, niy God, to Thee" as the hymn then siuil;. It is not strange that one of these writers should have experienced a lapse of mem- ory, as either of the two hymns would be naturally associated with such an occasion, lietter known. j)erhai)s, than either ot these is the national anllieni (which we sIul;- to the national inne of Great Britain), " M\- Country, 'tis of Thee.'" ( )r course, all the soldiers know the tune, and many of them know at least a part of the verses. This Innin is now universally tauL,dit in our pn])lic schools, wliich will account for the familiaritx ot the young- men of our ann\- willi both words and tune, h would be an act of patriotism and of i)hilanthro]>\- as well, it the above and other catholic- hymns should be taught in public schools. Hut to the fact that most of our soldiers had at one time or anoth(;r attended .Sunda)- school, and llv r<- learned tlie bestd^nown Inmns of the Christian Church, is due their tamili- arity with such hymns as " Rock of Ages," " Jisus, l.o\cr ot my Soul" and "Nearer, my God, to Thee." In main- ot the camps the men would gather in lh<' evening around a lilde oToup of leaders, who had formed a temporary choir )r chorus, and sing home songs. Almost invariably most of those sung were those they had learned in the Sabbath-school. Many ol these were at once recalled as those conlainetl in the well known "Gospel lixnins" ot Moody and Sanke\'.

The great tents of the Young .Men's Christian .\ssociation were also centres of holy song, especially h the evening or at dusk.

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Then the field secretaries would kindle their llaring torches and standincr in front of the tent or under the broad shelter of a near by tree would strike up a familiar hymn. As the notes rolled away amon^- the tents the. blue coats be^-an to stir in the Company streets and move toward the sinoer. One and another would take up the tune even while walking along, and soon a great company would be gathered in consecutive circles around the Secretary, all heartily singing to well known melo- dies the dear h)mns so closely and sweetly associated with church and Sunday-school and the loved ones at home. One who has heard this even-song of the soldiers swelling through the oak and maple woods of Chickamauga, or the tall pines of Tampa, or rising amid Cuba's groves of royal palms and cocoa- nuts, will not soon forget.

Mr. Stephen Bonsai, who was present during the entire campaign in Santiago, was passing up from the army headquar- ters near the San |uan Ford about ten o'clock on the evening of July i6th. He heard a body of troops approaching, march- ing at ease down the road leading from San Juan Heights toward Sevilla and Siboney. They sang as they came, and long before they reached the ford he knew that it must be a column of colored soldiers, as no other men in the army could sing as they sang. They trudged along through the darkness up to their knees in the mud, and as they came to the ford and crossed it through the shadows of the trees that overhang the stream from either bank, they sang with their deep, rich voices :

•' When through the deep waters I call thee to go. The rivers of woe shall not thee overflow."

.Sto[>ping to make incpiirs', Mr. IJonsal learned that it was the Twenty-fourth Infantry on its way to Sibone)-. w^hither it had

IRclict IClouU Bmoiu.i SolMcvt? '•^•^'•^

been oi'dcrcd to L^uard ihr. sick in the yellow fever hosjjital. The\- were tlirected to ])iish on and assume their tryin;^- tluties at daybreak in the niornin-. and so the\- wer(t makiii:,; a ni^ht march. For a lon^' tinu- after the coluinii liad disajjixarcd. swallowed iij) in the darkness, the war correspondent (.<nil<l hear the manly and melodious voices ol the braxi- black men who shirked no dut)-, whether upon the battletield or in the pr«-s- ence of the noisesome pestilence, sini^ing- their hymn ot divine consolation and sup[)ort :

•'I'll strcnL;th('n thee, help tluic, and cause thee to stand. I'phcld ])\- m\- righteous omni[jotcnt I land."

In connection with this incident may be related an act ot moral courai^e that has often been told and merits the utmost publicity. Wdien the Twenty-fourth Regiment reached the yel- low fever hospital at Siboney. it was found to be in a deplorable condition. Men were dying every hour from lack ot proper nursing. Dr. Louis La Garde, the heroic surgeon who had charge of the hos[)ital. appealed for Noluntecr nurses to Maj. Markley who commanded the regiment since the casualt)' to Col. Liscum in the attack on San Juan Ridge. The Major drew up his regiment in Ime, and the surgeon explained the needs ot the sufferers, at the same time clearl\- sc;tting forth the tlanger to the men who were not immunes ot attending yellow lever patients. Maj. ALarkley then said th.it any men who wished to volunteer to nurse in the yellow fever hosjjital could step for- ward. The whole regiment math; a step to the front. I here never was an act of nobler heroism. The charge upon San Juan pales before the magnificent devotion and bravery exhib- ited by that single pace in advance sho \n by tht,- gallant Twenty- fourth. Sixty men were selectetl from the volunteers to nurse,

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and in a few clays forty-two of these brave fellows were taken seriously ill with the yellow fever or pernicious malaria.

Once more the regiment was drawn up in line. Again Maj. Markley said that nurses were needed, and that any man who wished to do so could volunteer. It must be remembered that these soldiers were sent to Siboney simply to act as senti- nels to protect the approach to the hospital, and to prevent those who had been exposed to the infection from departing without proper permission. It was a sanitary precaution against the dissemination of the pestilence. The men were under no obligation to serve as nurses or to do anything other than the duty to which they had been assigned. Moreover, after the object lesson which they had received, in the last few days, of the perils they would be exposed to in entering the precincts of the pestilence, one would think that the bravest might well have been excused for refusal to walk into the jaws of death. Yet, when this second request for volunteers v/as made to replace those who had fallen in their dangerous service, once more the entire line of blue coats and black faces moved forward. Every man had x'olunteered !

'I he records of heroism in the Spanish-American War, or, for that matter, in any other war, present no incident more worthy of commemoration upon the page of history, by poet's song and by the hands of sculptor and of painter than this act of the gallant blacks of the Twenty-fourth Regiment of United States Infantr)-. Perhaps it might not be unmeet to trace some connection between this humane; and courageous deed and the song which the soldiers sang that night as they marched through the waters of the fording of the Sari Juan at Bloody Bend.

()t the three hundred and twenty men who entered upon guard dut\' at the Sil)()ne\- Hospital and who remained for

IRclicf XUork Bmono SolMcvi? 395-

iovty tla)'s at llu-ir sialioii, onK l\\cm\ tour escaju-d williout serious illness, and ot lliis haiidtul not a tew succumhctl to k-xers on the voyage home and alter their arrival at Montauk.--

As to the poi)ular son^s. one must admit that the rrpcrioire of the soldiers was not a larije or brilliant one. thouL^h f\<r\' now and then one came across a regimental chorus or choir ol a few musicdovino- spirits al)le to lead th<ir comratU-s in many of the popular song's of our time. In such cases one was \cr\- certain to hear some of Foster's melodies, j^articularly ' W ay down upon the- Swanee j\iver," and " 1 In- < Md Kentucky Home;" "Annie Laurie," and "Nome, Sweet Home,' ot which, however, the men generally seeme-d to know only the tune and the chorus. In Santiago the most jjopular song was "A Hot Time." Its popularits' began in tlu^ trenches, when the men daily gazed Santiagoward, l')nging to be let loose upon its defences, and dreaming of the time when they should enter as victors the streets of the city before which they wt-re encamped. They knew well, Irom hard e\j)erience, that th(' hour of assault would be "a hot time," but ihcy co\fted its coming. During ni)- entire sta\- in Santiago I heard this tune sung at almost all hours of the day and evening. Wdiole com- panies of soldiers would march down the streets, keeping tinu- to the singing of " d'here'll be a 1 lot Time in the < )Id Town ! " 'Flu; Cuban street lads took up the strain and ai! ipted it to their own words, whi(h, one regrets to r<'cord, embraced the only bits of English which the l)o\s had learned — a few Ameri- can oaths. I found that not a few of the natives really believed that this tune was the Amc-rican aiuhtiu. an<l had contused it in their minds with the "Star Spangled Uanner." ( )ne can hardlv wonder at the mistake, consitleri.g the tacts.

^Bonsai — ** The Fight for Santiago/* p 434.

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As to the "Star Spangled Banner," it was rarely sung- in the camps. It is not a very singable tune. Besides, tew ot our officers and men know the words, which is certainh' not to the credit of the modern American school teacher. I have been surprised and mortified on certain occasions to find the ignorance, aniong officers and the most cultivaied citizens, of anything but the chorus of this, our national song. I recall one occasion on shipboard when, of a large company, the writer was the only person who could sing consecutively two verses of the song. ( )n another occasion, while visiting the San Carlos Club in Santiago, a private soldier happened to be at the piano playing, and he played remarkably well. " The Star Spangled Banner" was called for, and although a number of officers w^ere present, the writer again was the only person who could lead off with the w^ords. The others, however, including a large number of Cubans who had gathered around the instrument, made up for the deficiency when they came to the chorus, which was sung with a heartiness that made the very plaza outside ring again.

But though the soldiers could not sing the words ot the ".Star .Spangled Banner," it was an inspiring sight to see them honor the national tune and salute the colors, especially at "retreat." Then the men would spring from their bunks, and tents, and burrows in the trenches, and, standing silently on the entrenched hills, with heads uncovered and campaign hats held against their breasts, do homage to " Old Clory " and the Great 1 lome Land beyontl the sea whose majesty it symbolized. It is a vision that will not die — those heroes of Guasimas, Caney and San Juan standing bareheaded, as in worshij), with faces toward the West where the setting sunlight bathed the towers and red-tiled roofs of .SantiaL-o, and the sw(;iling summits ot tlie

IRclict XUovh Binonci ^^olMcVi? -'^i*:

Sierra del Cobre beyond; and tar, lar, beyond that still, the dear Native Land and tlic loxed faces of Sweet Home. Ach. (}od ! that so nian\- sliould see them nevermore !

Later on came in the son^;- •'Comrades. COinradcs.'' Certainly, nothiiiL;- could be more ;ii)])r()j>i-iatc for an arm\' piece. Both words and melody carry a sentiment that rin<;s up the strongest and tenderest feelinos in a soldier's breast. The National Relief Commission, whose headquarters were in Phila- delphia, began an admirable work for our soldiers b\- jirinting what was called "a Knapsack Library." ( )f the two books issued one was a "Spanish Phrase Book." of which many thousands were distributed. The other was a "Song P)Ook," w^hich contained a few ol the most i)oi)ular h\'mnsot the Church cathfjlic, together with national and popular songs. It was a great boon to the bo)s. Anything that gets th(! soldiers to singing, and encourages them in the cMijoyment of that which links them to home life with its higher and Iiolier associations, not only aids to maintain moral discipline, but contributes largely to a form of enjoyment which is ([uite certain to win th(^ men from lower phases of life.

The fondness cf colored soldiers for singing ami their apti- tude therein has been referred to. 1 had several da\s' experi- ence thereof on the L. S. .S. )\if/c\ The last night al)oard was especially songful. A ship one-tenth of a mile long has some disadvantages. The weather-beaten .Santiago i)ilot who boarded us as we inched up to the mouth of the harbor, slowly feeling our way with the log. answered Capt. \\ ise's (piestion in true \'ankee style, witli another (piestion, " 1 low many teet.-'" The captain answered. " Lgh " (a shrug and expressive gesture with the hands). " no possibe ! the /vV/.v? Mercedes^' — another gesture, which indicated that the stcM'n of the )'ii/r would cer-

398 /iDavtial Graves

tainly bump against the wreck of that ill-fated ship lying- there Avithin the harbor's mouth. That settled the matter. We must send in for a transport to lighter us into " the bottle."

We anchored off the Morro awaiting the dawn to enter Santiago harbor. The colored soldiers of the Eighth Illinois Infantry, who were lying and sitting on the decks, had tuned up all their musical faculties, and the air resounded with their songs. lust outside the captain's beautiful office, which, by courtesy, I was permitted to use. Company K was singing an old National Guard song to the tune of "Baby Mine," the chorus being " Illinois ! Illinois ! " One man led in a rich tenor voice, and the whole company, perched on the iron rail of the inner guards, or seated and lying on the deck, chimed in with the refrain in full harmony. It sounded very sweet, indeed, in the night air. The dark, long waves answered back the hearty notes. Yonder, where the dim lights twittered on the crest ot the old Morro hill, and among the tents of the American soldiers who guarded the battery on the ridge of Socapa, the melody must have been heard and, softened by the distance, seemed like a breath of "sweet home" wafted from the home land.

The l;)ugle sounded reveille amidshii)S. Again the call came from th(? bow, and seemed far away. A third time, and l)ugle notes came from aft, \-ery faint, so that they seemed blown from the heights of the castle. The lads on the deck answered reveille with "My Old Kentucky Home" and " Massa's in the Cold, Cold (iround."

Then the bugk; sounded, "Taps! Lights out!" The songs ceased ; the chatter of a thousand voices graduall)' died into silence. All was hushed at last except the throbbing ot the d\-namo (Migine, and abo\e the broad bank ot clouds in the southern horizon peeped the Southern Cross, and Jupiter and

IRclicf Tiaovl; Bniouii 5olMci*i> :-'i>

the Eveninor Star, in close C()ni])aiii()nshii), cast a l)elt ol li.L;ht across the waves and bridged the- )'ii/(- to ihr liori/on.

I^iirinL; du; first weeks of the war the Medical 1 Icpartincnt discouraged the employment of women nurses in military hos-

Women pitals. But later on th(; authorities experienced a Nurses for chano^c; of policy, much to th(- advanta^^e of the

Soldiers soldiers. As mii^ht ha\e been e.\])ected, some nj the numcM'ous women nurses who were emplosed prox cd lo be; failures, and some were decidedh' oljjcctionable. lUit jud^iuL^'^ from my own observation and from direct in formation, most ol them w-ere faithful, competent and efficient. Ihe)' were: not all younq- and beautiful, nor did they all bear the names of dis- tinguished families. Some were well acKanced in years: some w^ere plain work-a-day folk, and some hatl black skins. IWit they faced the yellow fever and other contagious diseases with unflinching- courage. They bore the hardships and the otien shocking and revolting service of hospital dut\- under the most trying circumstances, and the\' carried a world ol comloit into the hospital tents where our sick lads lay. An .itmosphere ot home and home ways came in with the women nurses : anil whatever the Medical Department ma\- be pleased to think or say, "the boys " voted them a success. lAen in the tield hos- pital, where they were compelled to live in tents among the soldiers, the difficidties did not prove insurmountable or v\v\\ formidable. They took their places there as a matter of course, just as in the family circle or in a well-regulated city hospital, and affairs adjusted themselves naturally and easily to the tactor of woman's presence. I have yet to learn ot a single case where a woman nurse was treated with disrespect or was sub- jected in ar.y degree to discourtesy iv^ m soldiers.

In my testimony before the I're^ideiu's War Iincstigation

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Commision I referred to this tact, and ventured the recommen- dation that the Medical Department of the army should sup- plement the hosjjital corps with a reserve corps of women nurses, who should be called into service at least during the present exigency. Indeed, I expressed the belief that they might wMth great advantage become a permanent part of the medical service, to be called to active duty when recjuired. Based upon my experience and observation, both in the Civil War and in the Spanish- American War, I do not hesitate to say that women nurses, under suitable conditions, may be intro- duced with the highest ad\antao-e. and without undue discom- fort and inconvenience either to themselves or to the soldiers, even into the general and divisional hospitals established back of the battle lines, during actual hostilities. With suitable dress and suitable equipments, trained female hospital nurses might thus bring their skill and experience and their womanly facilities for such work to the comfort and healing of the wounded. Had there been less "lack of woman's nursing" on the fields around Santiago de Cuba there would certainly have been a far greater "dearth of woman's tears" in the country at large where mothers, wives, sisters and sweethearts mourn the untimely death of the soldiers whom they loved.

The very presence of a woman nurse in a soldier's hospital is an inspiration to the sick. A woman's face and voice carry a glint of home. She's a guarantee of care and devotion which men well understand will rarely l)e given by their own sex. There are few men who make good nurses. In a rough and kind way they help their comrades, but when it comes to steady work and the bestowment of the delicate attentions which the sick recjuire, the men who do their (Uity with loxing persistency, witli skill and at the same time; tendcM'ncss, are rare indeed.

IRclict lUoil; ilmoiuj 5ol^lcl•i> 4(ii

Some such I have met, incomparable men. the noblest six-cimcns of manhocxl. But the majority of those who acted as hospital nurses, at least in our camps in the States, were clums)-, rude, unthoug-htful, and at times deliberately ne-li-ciu of th(»sc com mitted to their care.

Even if such were not the fact, there is something- to be considered in the hereditary sentiment that the best nurse is a woman nurse. The men have always been used to the touch ot a woman's hand in their times of sickness at home, and even a lono tour of duty in the reqular service of the army does not obliterate the feelino- that the best hand for the sick bed is that ot woman. 1 here is somethiiiL^- in woman's touch that men cannot impart, an in\isil)Ie and impalpable somcthin- that those of us who have been sick at home and when awa\- from home can well understand, though we may not well describe it.

Moreover, men become hardened b\- the tact that they are in similar conditions with their wounded and sick comrades. I can testily from my own e.xperience that this does unconsciously influence one's atdtude towards suffering comrades. The soldier reasons, "This man is going through what we all calculated upon when we enlisted. We took our chances, and we are still taking our chances. In that they are one with us and we are one with them." This feeling of being joint jiarticipants in a common peril and suffering, or liability to suffer, certainly does throw a different atmosphere around the hos])ital cot trom that which would prevail under other conditions. This sentiment women are not liable to feel. They keep their symi)ath\- fresh. The very difference between themselves and the men whom they serve, and the fact that they are not liable to such condi- tions, keep open the fountain of tende-ness. and make the offices of woman or^^'ntler and more efficient.

402 jTlDavtial Graves

P\irther, the habit of housekeeping; tidiness, which nearly all women nurses maintain, is rare with men. The best trained Red Cross men are apt to keep things in a muss and litter. They are not tidy, not to say dainty, in their ways of adminis- tering- to the sick. They have to be watched continually to assure that the implements and utensils required for hospital service are in wholesome condition. It is w-ell-nigh impossible for men to overcome the hereditary male dislike (at least among Americans) of w^ashing, scouring, scrubbing, sw^eeping and general housekeeping " redding up." But women go to such service wath a willingness, or at least content that comes from natural descent, from life-long habit, and from that readi- ness which results from mental acceptance of such duties as a part of her destiny.

Another point in favor of a woman nurse, and one of prime importance, is her ability to prepare delicacies tor the sick. In many fevers, and in fact in most cases of sickness, as much depends upon the diet as upon the medicine. No one will dispute the saying that many of our men died in the hospital from lack of nutrition. They could not take the food served to them b}' the hospital cooks. Women know^ how to prepare even the rudest material in such a way as to be both appetizing and nutritious. The trained nurse has, of course, been instructed in the diet kitchen. But any w^oman brought up in a well reo-ulated h(jme understands the art of ministerina; to a delicate appetite.

There is no reform in the Medical Department of our army which should more earnestly engage the attention of those in authority than that which relates to the proper preparation of food, and to its proper administration as well. It was hard enough for our soltliers while in good health to subsist upon

IRclicf lUorh Biuoiio Sol^lCl•i^ 40:^

the messes prepared 1)\' unskilled coinpaiu' cooks, aiul (.louhtless the genesis of much camp sickness was the innutritions output of the cam[) kitclien. lUit when ch-hiliiated li\- illness, it is no wonder that they were nauseated b\' the wretchetl stuti presentetl to them by hospital helpers, especially when it was L^ivt-n in unclean vessels, and all the surroundinn;- conditions wen- dis g'ustiuL;" even to a sound or^ani/ation. 1 will not ottrntl the reader by detailing- my observations ol some ot the methods that unhappily prevailed in some of our hospitals. The past cannot be recalled, but the nation will be charL;-eal)le with blood guiltiness it our authorities tlo not see to it that such a state of things is made impossible in the luture.

( )f course, men can be trained to something like home tidiness. This is proved by the way in which sailors succeed in acquiring a sort of domestic habit analogous to that of the wonian housekeeper. The\' learn to cook and to be cleanly in their persons, and to keep everything in their ocean house " spick and span." On war vessels sailors become as titly as an emmet, and everything about them is ke])t trig and trim. But there is a great ditlerence in the en\ironmi-nt ot the sailor antl that of the ordinary soldier. .\ ship is a sort of house. It is separate from the surrounding worKl. It is itself a miniature world. The law of necessity compels the growth aiul mainte- nance of habits needful to keep such an organization in perfect order. The temptations to untidiness that beset the soldier on land do not exist. Many of the conditions which contribute to uncleanliness and disorder are absent. No problem of tlisjx^s- ine of earbas^e and effete matter disturbs the seaman, tor there always is the great ocean into which all sewage may be safely and easily cast. Vhv discipliiK,' of na\al manners, drawn from the absolute necessity of the case and tleveloj)ed through

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ages of experience, is a great power in creating and maintain- ing a habit of housekeeping cleanhness.

None of these favorino- conditions obtains with soldiers. Everythino" is so wholly different. th(^ circumstances are so

Fic. 172 A volunlcei- iiiirsc of tin' Xaiilical HospiLil, Santiago.

IRclict IGorh Ilmouo 5ol^lCl;> 4<r.

unlrienclK-, the temptations so L;iX'at ; the ol)Staclcs to cleanli- ness so much more ditViciilt to be overcome, the inducement thereto so much weaker, that soldiers cannot be expectetl to attain the immaculate housekeeijin^- ways ot the trainee.! inan- of-\varsman. So that, notwithstanding- the possil)ility of train- ing men to tht- home-making and housekeeping habit so natural to woman, the probabilit\- in the case of soldiers, during an ordinary campaign, is so slight that the demand tor woman's help is fully justified in the care of hospitals.

Apropos of woman nurses, a i)retty story was told me by Lieut. Wise, of the Ninth I'nitetl States Inlantry. A corporal of his company lay sick at the Hoating Club Mouse, which stands on the waterside near the cpiays, and hatl l)een converteil into a hospital. While the officer was talking with his soldier a woman nurse came by and bathed the sick man's face and hands and fed him milk. " Do you know who that is. Corporal !*" asked the Lieutenant, when the nurse had gone.

"No, I don't," was the answer : "but she's a [)erfect lady, she is ! She's been awful good to us, and if ever 1 get a chance I'll show her how we appreciate it."

"That's Miss Wheeler — General Wheeler's daughter."

" What ^ Our General Wheeler !" exclaimed the Corjioral. fairly startled into a sitting postiu'e.

•• \'es ; our General — ' Fighting Joe ' Wheeler. '

•Well, well '" the soldier exclaimed, dropping back upon his couch. "She's a brave and noble lady I And she's good blood, sir. That's a fine family, them Wheelers. God bless the brave litde nurse ! "

Citizens are usually disposed to reganl the men in the fio-hting columns as the only heroes of the battleheld. lUit there are others ecpially entitled to the honor, who in tin;

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interests of hunianit\', take risks which are often as great, and sometimes greater than those assumed by their comrades who Heroic .^'^^ ^^ ^^"'^ firing Hne. The non-combatants of the Hospital army, the heroes of the hospital corps and of the Workers medical staff gave many proofs of their valor, and displayed a heroism of the highest type. In the arm\-, at least, this fact is fully recognized, and it is pleasant to read in the general reports commendation of the distinguished courage and service of such surgeons as ist Lieut. T. |, Kirkpatrick, of the Twenty-fourth Infantry, of Major \V. B. Banister, of the Second Infantr)', of ist Lieut. |. R. Church, the gallant Surgeon of the Rough Riders, and of many others who like them exposed themselxes to the bullets of the battlefield. Amonor those killed at San Juan was Assistant Surgeon H. \V. Danforth, of the Nintli Caxalry, who lies buried among the unknown dead in the Cemetery of the First Division Hospital. Among the wounded of the First Lhiited States Cavalry was Major Surgeon LaMotte.

It perha})s recjuires even a higher qualitx' ot courage to go unarmed into the storm of battle, to care for the wounded, than to push forward to the front animated by the passion ot combat, and by the consciousness of being able to return shot tor shot, which does so much to nerve a man to face danger. No less courageous spirit was required by those surgeons, who like Major Le Garde and his able and fearless aids at Siboney, deliberately faced yellow fever day after day and week after week, living in the tabooed camps, and laboring to preserve the lives of others.

One may include in this category, as among the niilitary heroes, those chaplains who faithfully performed their duties in the fields and hospitals of Santiago. Many of them I heard

IRclict IGovl^ Brno nil GolMcvt? 407

spoken of in hi-h terms of praise I do not ailii(l<- to the case or two of chaplains popularly alleged to have joined the hring line and united with the soldiers in the assault ui)on th(.- enemy. Such men, if there were such (which 1 doul)t), might he tairly classed with the officer or the sohher in the ranks who. when l)idden to move forward and attack the enemy, should throw aside sword or musket under th(; pretense of going to the rear to pray with the dying and to aid in burying the tlead. '1 he army has no need of " fighting chaplains." in that sense. '1 he articles of war forbid him and other non-combatants to wear weapons of destruction. "The shoemaker to his last" is a wise old proverb. So let the chaplain to his prayers, and to the humane duty of comforting and alleviating the suttering ' I b- has no part nor lot in tlu; work of killing men. The Uible .uid Prayer Book, not sword and musket, are the weapons ol his warfare, and with these, when rightly used, he can disi)lay as fine courage, and has before him as wide a held ol valiant service and self-tlenial as the bravest soKlier who moves into the battle line. The manner in which some ot our chaplains exposed themselves along with surgeons to the enemy s hre. and to the risks of yellow fever and otht-r contagious diseases, in the discharge of their duties, and that in the simplest ami most direct nianner. widiout e\-en seeming to be conscious that they were doing an\thing out of the common, was a subject ot frequent comment and commendation in the bitth Army Corps. I am not aware that any chaplains ha\c been decorated with 'Teaves." or "eagles." or "stars." for such gallant and helittul services, luit dial they are (MjualK entitled to such a distinction I have no doubt at all. It seems a little curious that apparently no one. from the President down, has even thought of " Jjn)- motincr "' a chaplain " for gallant ami meritorious service.

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Perhaps this is an unconscious recognition of the truth that his office admits no elevation, because it already is at the pinnacle. All surgeons and hospital workers with whom I have con- versed have called attention to the remarkably small proportion

of amputations reciuired amonor those wounded at Gunshot 111 r /-- 1 r- T -T-i • • 1

Wo nd ^ battles ot Laney and ban Juan. 1 his is due to

the character ot the Mauser bullet, which is so small and is driven with such velocity that it makes a clean wound ot narrow dimensions, rarely shattering bones or tearing the riesh and arteries, as do the larger bullets fired from a weapon of heavier calibre. The army surgeons and hospital workers invariably refer to this fact. Dr. Lesser, Chief Sur- geon of the Red Cross Society who was on the field at Siboney after the San Juan fight, and did excellent service in the hos- pital, made special mention of the commendable pains taken by the surgical staff at that place to save limbs when at all possible. There was no such rnde and careless hacking of limbs as has been reported, and sometimes too truly, after the battles of our Civil War. But the surgeons would spend an hour for resection of the part in order to prevent amputation. Out of the total number of one thousand four hundred and fifteen wounded who were treated in the Siboney Hospital after the battle of San Juan there were Ijut three amputations of the; thioh, two of the lee. and one of the forearm observed by Dr. Lesser.^^' This ratio probably fairly represents the general results of the campaign. The death rate was also unusually small in proportion to tlic number of wounds, only those dying who were wounded in vital jjarts, and even many of the wounds thus made, which under other circumstance would have involved certain death, were successfully treated. Considering the trying, one might almost

* "The Red Cros>-," hy Clara Barton, p. 590.

IRclict UlorU Hniouo 5ol^lCl•i? »""

sa)- the h(M-ril)K: climatic conditions surroinidin- the wounded, the lack of the commonest comforts, ami in many cases the long delay in securing medical treatment, the recovery ol so large a proportion of our wounded is astonishing. The invin- cil)le s[)irit of our heroes, the fact that they were physically the (lower of America's young manhood, and the tidelity and skill of the surgeons must be uniu;d with the character ol the Matiser gunshot wound to account for such favorable results. The humane character of such weapons of destruction is manifest from the simple statement of these facts. The Mauser l)ulU;t places the man out of action for the time, and thus removes him from tin? sphere of immediate and near activity. He is not permanently disabled, it is true. The bullet does not so mangle the Hesh and fracture the bones as to make the unfortunate victim an invalid for life. lUit what is gained to the adversary by such disability beyond the mere satisfaction of inflicting suffering upon an enem\- ^ As wars are now conducted, the issue between the contentling parties is settletl in a short time. A campaign of a few months or e\en ol a few weeks determines results. This has been the case in all modern wars, and it must be increasingly true in wars ot the future, under ordinary conditions. The rule i.s — a brief cam- paign, and then a settlement. Is it not obvious that the missiltfs which put the fighting man out of action tor a comparatively short period satisfy all the recpiirements of modern civil war- fare? Until the conscience and common sense ot men shall decree the cessation of war, and the settlement of all national disputes by ethnic courts of arbitration or other peacetul methods which reason antl religion may suggest, let rulers and jx-ople aoree at least to minimize the power of destructive weajjons to inflict suffering and to j)romote injury.

410 /IDarttal Graven

In looking back upon the events and experiences recorded

in these pages, the author sees everywhere emerging as the

dominant organizers and agents of victory, the officers and

men of the regular army and na\y ot the

The Regular ^^-^^^ States, "jhev are the real heroes of

Army and Navy . . „ ' . i /- i t .•

the campaign m Santiago cle Cuba. Justice

requires the acknowledgment of this ; and none is more ready to join in giving the honor to whom honor is due. than the volunteer soldier who was permitted to share with them the labors, sufferings, perils and honors of the campaign, or (like the writer) to take some part in relieving the wounds of war. There is particular need, at this time, that the people should know and remember the truth.

History repeats itself The old cry. and in hardly a new form, that assailed Washington and the officers of the Revolu- tion has been raised in the Congress of the United States and in the press — Militarism ! I'here is danger, it is alleged ; yes, there is a conspiracy to force upon the republic a military and naval organization that shall dominate the States and Congress, and at last lay the liberties of the nation beneath the iron arm of military dictators ! Of whom is this alleged ? Wdio are to be the active aeeressors or the passive ao-ents in this unnatural revolution? None other than the officers and men of our regular army and navy.

Let us not be moved by such hysterical clamor. The writer has had a large acquaintance with that class of men during the course of his life and service in two wars, and a service of more than fifteen years in the National Guard of Pennsylvania. 1 le has been privileged to know, more or less inti- mately, and come into personal relations with nearly all the most eminent officers of the army in the war against the rebellion and

TRclict lUorh Binouii 5ol^lCl•i^ 411

ill the Spanish-American war. and many <>t the officers ol the navy. He affirms that the hind liohls, hvin^; or ch-ad, no more lo\al and hljertydovini^- men than they. He goes furtlier and declares that they stand forth pre-eminent amon^- all other classes in their unswervinL^- attachment to their conntry, to the Constitution, to the People, to Freedom and to the .Nation's Flao". The\' are the last [)ersons who could he hrihed or lorced into military des])Otism. Their education from xouth uj), all the intluences that environ men in that formatixe periotl and CTo to fi.x character, have imbued them with an almost sacred regard for their countr)', its laws, its honor and its integrit\-. The Constitution of the Inited States is a te.\t-book in the naval and military academies, whicli their graduates must know. They are sworn to support the Constitution and the lawful government of the United States. They must sahit<- their magistrates ami rulers with all the honors ol war on ever\- fitting occasion. To speak evil of dignitaries is a crime. Con- duct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman merits dismission from the service. Loyalty is the highest point of honor, and is the first element in virtue. Implicit ol)edience and tidelity to duty are the ine.xorable laws of conduct, under all conditions, even unto death. All the precedents of the service, and all the hio-hest examples froni Washington to the present day, which army and navy officers are taught to emulate, confirm them in unswerving devotion to their country's liberty and welfare. If human reason can rightly estimate the force ol education in forming character, surely it is a safe conclusion that the last man on the roll of American citizenship who should be suspected of designs against our country's mtegrity. are the officers of the army and navy, wh<. have thus been disci- plined in the rigid school of loyalt\, reverence, love for all that

412 /iDartial Graves

the country holds dear. The customs of school, of post, of camp, of battlefield set before them reverence for their rulers, submission to law and loyalty to the tiag.

Where can one see such honors shown to the emblem of our nationality as in the army and navy ? Every day, and often every hour of the day, the flag is saluted, or rather the majesty of the nation saluted through its flag. I have seen crowds of citizens stand stolidly during the service of a flag-raising, with faces turned upward as the beloved colors were unrolled against the sky, and scarcely a hat removed ! If perchance a hat were doffed, the act located an old soldier or sailor, or some one who had felt the molding influence issuing from army and navy. I have seen the tattered battle llags of the Civil W^ar borne through our streets ; have marched with them through lines of citizens, miles of American men and women, and have scarcely seen a hand raised to salute the colors. Such neglect would be incredible, would be impossible in the army and navy. Soldiers are trained to reverence and to show reverence for their nation and its sovereignty as symbolized in its flag.

That reverence is carried to the point of a devotion unto death. What touching illustrations one might cite of the cheer- fulness with which our soldiers died for their country. See them fighting and falling in the matted and prickly jungles of Las Guasimas, moving with steady progress and unflinching- hearts against a rain of death from a hidden foe. There in the forefront of the fight falls the heroic commander of L Trooj) of the Rough Riders, Captain Allyn Capron, Jr. "Take this [farting message to my wife, and this to my father," he said, and then in a cheerful voice, as though bidding him good night, he said " Good-bye," and was borne away d\ing. They buried him at Siboney by the Sea, and his father, the commandant of

IReliet xaovU Bniouii Sol^icii^ 4i:i

the batter)- which fired the opeiiinL;' i^iin ai^aiiist C"aiiey on the memorable ist of luK, i S9S, went on with his ihity. holdin^^ his L;rief in reserve, and soon lollowc^d his son. a \ictim ol Cuban fever, in the Ion*;- procession of tlie patriotic dead.

" Le/ nic 00 to my duty ! " was the dyini^- word of .Strr^eant Major Good, as he th'opped at his post on INhirincs" liiii by Guantanamo Hay. A noble utterance, thai Noiced the spirit ot the gallant little Marine Corps that waited the first battle upon Cuban soil. And who that knows the facts can doubt that it voiced also the spirit of evc-ry soldier and sailor under the flag ?

See the men of L;all;int Lawton's command drawiuL;' closer and closer that fatal firin- line around Caney ! They move forward as steadily as the sun in his course. There the\ lie in lono- winrows, the solemn harvestins^' of death, u])on th(^se beautiful hills. There are their -raves, scattered alon- tin- whole line of circunnallalion, dotting- the abandoned i)lanla- tions where the heroes sleep beneath the royal jtalms and in the groves of cocoanut and mango.

See the blue line sweeping over the rounded height ol Kettle Hill, black cavalrymen, and white. Rough Riders antl Regulars, intermingled in the fierce j^assion ot contlict. \ on der on the left is Kent's Infantry Division. Out of the deadly jungle and the Sunken Road they dash through the waters ol Bloody Bend, dyed red from their wounds, .md o\er the plain of San juan whose feathered grasses beat breast-high against them, and become the winding sheet of many a gallant lorm. See them climb the steep height of -San juan Ridge, ribbeil with the grey lines of Spanish entrenchments and lurid with th<- tlash of Mauser rifles. On they move into the rain of death — then- country bids it ! They halt not. they swerve not, until the tlag of the Union floats from the gallantly defended blockhouses on

414 fmartial Graves

the crest of the ridge, and the bra\e foes, that are not sleepuig in death, are tleeing down the valley to yonder crests of ?yladre Vieja or the further heights of Santiago.

Who are these heroes ? With the exception of one regi- ment and a fragment of volunteers they are the men ot the regular army, infantry and cavalry. Who have led these heroes ? Officers of the regular army ! They taught those soldiers the mystery of discipline, the mastery of themseh-es and of their weapons. They taught them how to fight. They showed them how to die. Can we believe that these men and men like these are dangerous elements in the Republic ?

Xor is this all. Fighting is not the hardest, is not the most trying duty of a soldier. Dying on the battlefield is not the supreme test of one's devotion to his country. The writer has been in every principal camp of the army in this country, and in every camp in the Province of Santiago de Cuba, He saw the army of Santiago, the Fifth Army Corps, a week after the final surrender. He visited thousands of men in the hospitals between that period and his final departure from Cuba. He saw the heroes of that campaign suffer with yellow lever, with typhoid fever, with dysentery and diarrhrea and all the ills that seem to have concentrated upon that unfortunate spot during the summer of 1898. It was wonderful to view the patience with which the soldiers suffered ; unmurmuring, with no com- plaints, even when it was manifest that " some one had blun- dered " — fearfully blundered, and that precious lives were pay- ing the penalty of blundering. Only twice did he hear any- thing like a murmur. One bright youth — he was little more than a boy — looked up from his cot where he was wasting away nigh unto death, and said, "Oh, Chaplain, I did not enlist for this — to die with typhoid fever!" Another, a mature man.

IRclict lUovl; Bmoiiii iT^MMciL^ -^i">

spoke in almost identical words, •• 1 would not iniiul it. Lhap- lain, were it a battle wound. iUit it is hard to diet out here with typhoid iever." Vet they dieil — ami without a i)laint. 1 lu- heroism of the hospital forms a chapter of soldierly virtue and suffering; which has never been told, which never can be told.

The glamour of the battle does not rest upon the hosjdtal. lUit since it is ine\itable ihal ihrt-e out of f )ur, or. at th<- least, two out of three of those who perish in our wars, must die in hospitals from sickness contracted in service, it is surely well for us to lay the chaplet of our honor ui)on the graves ot those who perish thus. Can we be persuaded that men who will patiently, unseltishh', uncomplainingly, even cheertulK', sutlc-r the ills of disease, the inconveiiiences and privations ot inade- quate nursing, of scant medicines, of coarse, unsuitable and unsavory food; who dare face death in a hospital tor their country's sake and for the honor of the llag they love, are the material out of which conspirators ami traitors can torni a military despotism ^ Xo. We can trust the heroes of Manila and Santiago, of Porto Rico, of Las Guasimas. Cancy, San juan and Quanta namo. The men who have always gone forth in the perils of warfare to bring their country into some larger Canaan, will not be the men to drive th<' nation back into the wilderness of despotism.

"The Army and Navy forever' Three cheers for the Red. White and lUue 1" God save the Republic ! God save the President !

IHK i"M'.

Index of the Fallen

LIST* OF OFFICERS, ENLISTED MEN AND i OTHER PERSONS WHO WERE KILLED IN ACTION. OR DIED IN CUBA DURING THE WAR WITH SPAIN.

Name	Rank	Company	Regijiient	Date of Death	P«8e;
Abbott, Nathan J.	Private	i;	7 L'. S. Inl.	An-.	4	269
Abies, Frank	Private	li	7 r. S. Int".	Aug.	27	2>9
Adams, James	Teamster			Oct.	24
Adams, William	Private	I'-	20 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	T)	'57
Adams, William K.	Private	ll	S oliio V. Inf.	Aug.	3
Alden, Frank E.	Q. M. Se.	gt. L	71 X. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	12	2S0
Alexander, Cornelius	Private	1	9 L. S. \ . Inf.	Oct.	24
Alexander, Dennis	Private	F	9 U. S. V Inf.	Nov.	7
Alexander, dreenville	Private	N	34 Mich. V. Inf.	July	20
Alexander, Joseph C.	Private	I	5 r. S. Inf.	Nov.	3
Allen, John C.	2 Lieut.	11	9 U. S. \'. Inf.	Nov.	25
Allen, Robert	Private	C	16 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Ames, Marvin F.	Corporal	11	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	>j
Amter, I.	Sergeant	F	7 U. S. Inf.	July	1	1S9
Anderson, Anton C.	Private	E	3 I". S. Inf.	Aug.	IS	276
Anderson, August	Sergeant	1"	20 U. S Inf.	Aug.	20	301
Anderson, Henry	Sergeant	A	I I'. S. Cav.	July	I
Anderson, Karl J.	Seaman		L'. S. N.	July	27	5S
Anderson, Nels	Artificer	C	4 L". S. Inf.	July	I	199
Anderson, Robert	Private	P.	10 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	14
Andress, Leon G.	Musician	A	16 U. S. Inf.	July	2
Anthony, William G.	Civilian			Oct.	2
Appleby, Frayer	Private	A	24 L. S. Inf.	Sept.	2	290

* This list has been made as nearly correct as my opportunities would permit. 1 here arc, doubtlesf, errors therein and I know there are omissions therefrom which I sincerely reirct. Nevertheless, it presents, with substantial accuracy, a roll of the American Nation's Fallt i.igo de Cuba.

t All dates herein are for the year 1898 alone.

I The numbers in this column refer to those whose gra» » wne visited o. .jcntified. The vacancio

indicate that the author has no definite knowledge of the burial pla' es of those so designated In the extremely

difficult work of preparing this list, Gen. Ludington and other office.* of the (Quartermaster's Department gave

most valuable aid.

07 417

41<S

lln^c.i ot tbe jfallcu

Arms, Nelson C. Armstrong, Robeit L. Arthur, James Ashbrook, Arthur A. Ashmore, Joseph P. Ashton. Budd Atkins, Harvey R. Atwood, Arthur L. Augustan, Charles J.

Augustine, Jr., Joseph X.

Augustus, David Austin, Walter Axel, Christensen (?) Ayer, Charles L. Ayo, Joseph J.

Babbitt, George M. Babcock, Albino J. Bailey, Henry Baker, James W. Balcne, William N. Balt/.ner, Ernest W. Bampton, James W. Bangs, C. C. Banks, Frank Banks, James R. Barbour, I'rank E. Barker, Albert Barnes, Henry J. Barnes, Roy S. Barnett, Louis I. Barney, John S. Barr, Herbert F. Barrett, Gregory Barrett, Louis F. Barrett, Thomas J. Bartholomew, William Bassey, Arthur Bassett. Effie J. Baucher (see Boettcher) Bearse, Richard 1 1.

Rank	Con^pany	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
Artiticer	C	13 V. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	H	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	17	292
Private		H. C. U. S.A.	July	I
Private	A	17 U. S. Inf.	luly	13
Private	1)	12 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	267
Private	A	24 U. S. Inf.			303
Private	1	2 Mass. V. Inf.	July	25
Piivate	C	5 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	28	301
Private	G	9 U. S. W Inf.	Oct.	27
				( 122. 2i;2,
2 Lieut.		24 U. S. Inf.	July	'l	253
Private	L	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	20
Private	G	lo U. S. Inf.	July	I	96
Private	C	i6 U. S. Inf. (See	Christiansen)	130
Corporal	A	7 U. S. Inf.	July	2	175, 195
Sergeant	L	8 L'. S. W Inf.	Oct.	9
Private	M	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	13
I Lieut.	L	33 Mich. V. Inf.	July	26
Private	C	13 U. S. Inf.	iuly
Private	L)	8 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	15
Private	G	7 r. S. Inf.	July		189
Private	G	I 111. V. Inf.	Sept.		281
Private	G	22 U. S. Inf.	July
Civilian					298
Sergeant	A	24 U. S. Inf.	July	3
Private	E	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	10	92
Private	I	2 Mass. V. Inl".	Aug.	15
Private	B	5 C. S. Inf.	Oct.	2
Private	H	9 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	II
Private	I	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	8
I Lieut.		9 V. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	18	92
Private	A	16 Pa. V. Inf. 33 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	16	2S5
Captain	A	10 L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	7	301
Private	E	3 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	25
Private	1-:	17 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	3	269
Private	D	2 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	I	289
Private	D	9 l'. S. \'. Inf.	Sept.	16
Private	G	24 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	6	292 288

( ). M. Ser"t. 15

2 Mass. \'. Inf.

Aug.

1In^Cl• ot the jrallcn

4in

Name	Rank Company	Regiment	Date of Death	Pace
IJealtie, Archie	I'rivatc	( '	I 111. W Inf.	Aug	4
Heaunien, John	I <Jlass I'vt.	Balloon	1 »et. Signal Corp	. July	20	2S9
Hegley, Thomas	IVivalc	C	21 L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	21	2S0
Belleville, Alfred N.	Corporal	I	2 .Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	4
Benchley, Edmund X.	2 Lieut.		6 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Bender, Charles	Private	K	I C. S .\ri.	Aug.	2S	2S1
Benegam, Edward		I)	3;> .Miih. \ . Inf.			2S9
Benjamin, Edward I..	Private	1)	T,i -Mich. \ . Inf.	July	2S
Bennett, Edwin T.	I'rivate	B	l6 L'. S. Inf.	July	25	2()2
Bennett, Samuel	I'rivate	A	22 C. S. Inf.	July	I
Bennett, Thomns K.	Private	H	34 Mich. \-. Inf.	Aug.	2	261
Benson, Abraham	Private	E	24 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	2S6
Berberich, Henry	Private	(;	4 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	29	268
Berghahn, Albert C.	Private	<;	3 U. S. Inf.	Nov.	24
Bergh, Joseph M.	Private	I"	6 l. S. Cav.	July	30
Bergunde, Albert	Private	G	i6 U. S. Inf.	July	26	2(.2
lierlin. Jack	Private	K	1 L'. S. (av.	June	-M	241
Bernard, John J.	2 Lieut.		6 r. S. Inf.	July	I	2L9
Bernhardt, Charles	Corporal	E	l6 I . S. Inf.	July	I
Bearry, Joseph	Private	L	34 .Mich. \ . inf.	Aug.	;	■' 7 ''
Berrett, Thos. J.	Private	E	17 U.S. I. f.
Bertram, Harry	I'rivate	F	3 I . S. Inf.	July	I
Bethel, William L.	Private	I!	I6 I . S. Inf.	Aug.	30
Beve, J.	Private	F	25 L". S. Inf.	July	2
liischotV, Harry T.	Private	!■	2 L'. S. Cav.	Aug.	3>
Bissell, Richard H.	I'rivate	A	24 U. S Inf.	July	•y
Bjork, Emil	Private	K	I L'. S. Cav.	June	24	242
Bjork, Gust. A.	Private	A	12 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	S	2 OS
Black, Joseph I.	Private	K	71 X. V. V. Inf.	Sept.	2	256
Blair, John W.	Q. iNL Sergt,		N. C. S. 12 L. S.	Inf. July	22	2"i
Blake, Charles H.	Private	G	2 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	1 1	259
Blake, John B.	Private	V	5 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	«y	301
Bland, Ebbie N.	I'rivate	A	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	12	290
Bliss, Edward	Private	G	2 U. S. Inf.	.Sept.	II
Blout, Hugh C.	Sergt. Maj.		3 I . S. v. Inf.	Sept.	27
Bobb, John A.	I Lieut, and Asst Sur	g. 34 Mich. Inf.	.Aug.	•9
Boettcher, Robert	Private	A	I III V. Inf.	.\ug.	10	2S5
Boggs, Carter	Private	H	24 C. S. Inf.		2SS.	304
Boling, Benjamin F.	Private	1-	21 U. S. Inf.	July	I	96
Bouiswail, Philip	Private	D	9 U. S. \'. Inf.	Sept.	IS
Boldi, C.	Private	C	lO C. -. Inf.			2(1 1
Boldt, Charles	I'rivate	F	lo I'. S. Inf.	Au^.	7

420

llii^c.1 ot tbe jf alien

Name ISonneville, Joseph IJonry, Maurice M. Booker, Robert ISoostel, Harry Booth, Frank \V. Booth, John Boothby, Benjamin C. Bowen, Henry C. Boyd, William Boyer, Frank C. Boyle, James Boyle, Robert Brackmaii, jr., John II. Bradley, John Brady, ICdward J. Brady, Leo J. Bratton, Clarence C. Bray, George R.

Breiner, Ilall'dan Rye

Brent, William

Briggs, George J,

Brigham, William H.

Briscoe, George

Britten, William

Brockman, John H.

Brooks, George A.

Brooks, George M.

Brooley

Brown, Clifton B.

Brown, Emory

Brown, George A.

Jirown, (iilbert A.

Brown, James II.

Brown, Richard H.

Brown, Theodore

Brown, Walter

Brown, Walter J.

Bruce, Richard W.

Brunil, Edmond

Bryson, John E.

Buchanan, Joseph

Buck, Charles E.

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of :	Death	Page
Private	I)	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	9
Private	D	7 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Musician	H	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	24	290
Private	A	8 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	2
Private	V	71 N. Y. V. Inf.	July	I	7S
Private	L	71 N. Y. Y. Inf.	July	I	M, 15
Private	B	2 U. S. Y. Inf.	Sept.	10	299
Maj. and Surg.	2 Mass. Y. Inf.	Aug.	13	'
Private	C	9 U. S. Y. Inf.	Sept.	29
Artificer	F	20 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	13	274
Private	A	I U. S. Y. Cav.	July	2	^Si
Sergeant	D	17 r. S. Inf.	Aug.	4	29, 263
Private	L	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	II	290
Private	E	I I'. S. Inf.	July	17
Sergeant	B	2 U. S. Y. Inf.	Sept.	21
Artificer	C	9 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	23
Private	B	12 U. S. Inf.	July	I	195
Wagoner	F	I 111. Y. Inf.	Se])t.	3	281
Hosp. Steward	9 Mass. Y. Inl".	Aug.	10	157
Musician	H	24 U. S. Inf.	July	29	286
Private	I	34 Mich. \'. Inf.	Aug.	25	2 So
Private	K	2 U. S. Y. Inf.	Sept.	21	2S2
Civilian			Oct.	22
Sergeant	G	I I'. S. Cav.	.luly	21
Private	L	I 111. Y. Inf.	Aug.	II
Private	E	2 Mass. Y. Inf.	July	I	208
Corporal	L	2 Mass. Y. Inf.	Aug.	I
Private	G	I I". S. Inf.	July	17
I'rivate	N	71 N. Y. Yol. Inf.	July	I	^33
Corporal		10 U. S. Cav.			297
Wagoner	G	24 L'. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	K	5 I'. S. Inf.	Sept.	12	301
Private	H	9 I'. S. \ol. Inf.	Nov.	II
Private	F	24 U. S. Inf.			304
Private	D	6 C. S. Inf.	July	I	no
Private	A	17 U. S. Inf.	July	I	189
Private	D	71 N. V. \ . Inf.	Aug	. 11
Private	M	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	.\ug	. 10
Private	F	2 U. S. Ar:.	July	15	242
Private	E	5 U. S. Inf.	Oct.	31
Corporal	B	9 V. S. V. Inf.	Sept	• 24
Private	H	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	30

fln^cr ot tbc Jrallcn

4L>1

Name Buehler, Fred Buell, Raymond C. Buford, James J. Burnham, Arthur M. Burgin, Hardy L. Burke, John F. Burnette, Edward D. Burton, Frank M. Busby, Chit". Buscher, Albert F. Bussian, Conrad A. Butcher, Charles Albert Butler, David Byers, Adam R. Byers, William H.

Calhoun, William Callanan, Edward Callery, Bartholomew Calmes, Calhoun C. Campbell, Franklin

Capron, AUyn K.

Cary, Francis \V. Carnagie, F'rank Carol

Carroll, Michael J. Carson, Garrett H. Carson, Lee Carter, Frank Casey, Francis Cashion, Roy V. Chamberlain, Clarence C. Chambers, Merritt B. Champlin, Fred. E. Chapman, Albert J. Chase, John H. Chatham, Albert A. Chevers, William E. Christiansen, Axel S. Chubbs, Henry

Rank Company

I'rivate	E
Sergeant	A
Private	E
Private	K
Private	A
Private	E
Private	L
Private	L
Private	L
Private	E
Private
Corporal	A
Private	K
Private	I
Private	C
Cook	i;
Corporal	E
Corporal	]!
Private	B
Private	G

Captain

Private	H
Private	E
Private	I>
Private	A
Musician	A
Private	B
Private	A
Private	K
Private	I)
Private	I
Private	A
Private	A
Private	B
Private	E
Corporal	L
Private	1
Private	E
Private	B

Regiment	Date of	Deuth 1	Pate
3 f. ^. \ . Inl.	Oct.	•5
2 r. S Int".	Aug.	25		2M
24 I . .S. Inf.				304
2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	iS		275
5 U. S. Inf.	Oct.	lo
17 U. S. Inf.	July	2		94
3 1'. .^. V. Inf.	Oct.	21
S3 -Mich. V. Inl.	Aug.	14		2S8
34 Mich. V. Inf.				91
I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	I
Hosp. Corps U. .'^.	A. Aug.	25
10 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	21		-';('.
6 l'. .^. Inf.	July	I
5 r. S. V. Inl.	(let.	10
17 I'. .S. Inf.	July	27	29	. 26J
5 I'. S. inf.	Oct.	4
9 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	2
13 C. S. Inf.	July	I		' '7
5 r. S. V. Inf.	< »ct.	4
7 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	'1	( 'T'-	2'^5 '73.
I U. S. V. Cav.	June	24-	224. y 240	232. , 24a
9 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	5		274
7 r. S. Inf.	Au-.	I
25 L . S. Inf.	July	I
Ji r. S. Inf.	July	20
5 r. .^. Inf.	Sept.	9
7 r. S. inf.	July	I		190
24 U. S. Inf.				303
2 V. ^. V. Inf.	.^ept.	>5		2S2
I l. S V. Cav.	July	S
34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	10		89
41". .^. Inf.	Aug.	9
I r. .S. V. C av.	July	2
34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	3		260
2 U. S. Inf.	July	30		258
5 r. S. Inf.	Oct.	24
71 y. V. V. inl.	Au-.	I		2(>l
16 I . S. Inf.	July	I	(See .	fVvel)
24 I . S. inf.	Aug.	30		291

4-2-I

HiiDct ot tbc jfallcn

Name	Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
Chiirchniaii, Clark	2 Lieut.		12 L . S. Inf.	July	" ( I	34, 35, 73, 191
Clark, Charles M.	Private	M	5 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	21
Clark, Harry	Private	A	7 U. S. Inf.	July	I	188
Clark, Robert F.	Private	E	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	7
Clark, Willie	Private	C	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	14
Clausz, William H.	Private	A	lo I'. S. Inf.	Aug.	II	260
Cleary, John A.	Private	G	7 U. S Inf.	July	I	188
Clease, John H.	Private	E	2 U. S. Lif.	July	30
Clements, Ernest 1 1.	Private	C	6 U. S. Cav.	July	16
Ciemmens, Charles	Private	H	34 Mich. V. Inf.	July	26	26r
Clements, Bennett T.	Private	C	4 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	28
Cole, Eugene F.	Private	I	2 Mass. V. Inf	Aug.	12
Colebaugh, John A.	Piivate	C	i6 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12
Coleman, George W .	Private	M	8 Ohio V. Inf	Aug.	5
Colling, Robert	Private	G	l6 U. S. Inf.	July	I	116
Collins, Hardy C.	Private	H	4 U. S. Art.	July	24
Comb, C. C.	Teamster		U. S. Army			2S5
Connolly, James	Private	C	I U. S. Cav.	Aug.	8	278
Connor, Joseph R.	Corporal	M	5 U. S. \-. Inf.	Oct.	21
Connors, Henry E.	Sergeant	G	33 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	21	292
Conselyea, Charles	Private	B	13 U. S. Inf.	July	I	118
Conway, Daniel	Corporal	C	7^U. S. Inf.	July	I	188
Cooley, Dan D.	Private	K	3 U. S. Cav.	July	I	140, 150
Cooney, James	Private	F	3 U. S. V. Inf	Oct.	I
Coons, Charles A.	Sergeant	H	I U. S. Inf.	July	31
Corbin, M. T.	Private	C	10 U. S. Cav.	July	6	211
Corbin, Robert T.	Private	H	5 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	21	301
Corwin, William H.	Private	C	22 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	4
Costello, Thomas A.	Corporal	H	9 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	29
Courson, Robert L.	Private	B	3 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	19
Covert, Frank M.	Private	H	16 U. S. Inf	Sept.	2	256
Cousins, Benjamin	Corpora!	B	25 U. S. Inf.	July	I	203
Covey, Fred G.	Private	U	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	9
Cox, James J.	Private	D	4 U. S. V. Inf	Nov.	24
Creighton, Prancis	Lieut.	IJ	U. S. V. Signal Cor	ps Oct.	24
Cristor, Martin	Corporal	B	9 U.S. V. Inf.	Oct.	24
Crocker, \Villiam I .	I'rivate	A	7 L. ^. Inf.	July	I	1 88
Crockwell, Williaia 1 1.	Private	M	2 .Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	II
Cropper, Ildmund W.	Private	C	2 L'. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	19
Crowley, Con	Private	D	7 U. S. Inf	July	I	189
Culman, (jeorge H.	Private	M	34 Mich. \ . Inf.	Aug.	9	27S

1ln^cl ot the jfallcu

Name	Rank Company	Regiment	Date of Death	Pace
Curtin, Jolin A.	Private	L'	2 U. ^. Inf.	Aug.	»5	257
Cusliing, Charles I'. F.	Private	C	71 N. V. \ . Inf.	July	1
Dahl, John	Sergeant	G	12 U. .'^. Inf.	luly	I	IS9
Daly, Michael	Private	M	71 N. V. V. Inf.	July	1	7^». 77
Daly, Michael	Private	(1	3 U. S. Cav.	Sept.	30
Danade, I'aul	Civilian			Oct.	21
Danforth, Harry W.	Acting Asst	.. Surgeon		July	2	253
Darr, Hubert	Private	F	33 Mich. \ . Inf.	Aug.	S
Davis, Bartholomew	Private	C	9 V. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	30
Davis, George E.	Private	D	9 C. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	22
Davis, Hugh ('■.	Private	E	2 Mass. \ . Inf	Aug.	II	2f.7
Davis, James	Private	D	9 1'. S. V. Inf.	."^ept.	24
Davis, James A.	Private	F	12 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	2S
Davis, John	Private	A	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	13	92
Davis, Robert Dudley	Private	C	7 C. S. Inf.	July	1	ISS
Davis, Thomas	Private	D	7 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	23	281
Davis, Ulysses	Private	C	lo L'. S. Cav.	Aug.	8
Davis, William	Private	A	21 U. S. Inf.	July	I	96
Dawson, Tilden W.	Private	L	I U. S. V. Cav.	June	24 2	33. 242
Debend, Leopold	Civilian			Aug.	26	299
Decker, Joseph S.	Private	I	71 N. V. V. Inf.	July	I	79
Dekinder, J. V.	Civilian		Stevedore	Nov.	'3
] )elbridge, Eilward	Private	h	I U. S. Cav.	July	I
De Leon, Rudolph (missing	;) Private	1-:	in I U. S. Cav. action July	1
Delene, Albert	Corporal	1.	9 C. S. V. Inf	Oct.	7
Dellohunt, William	Private	M	9 L". S. V. Inf.	.Sept.	16
Demery, Benjamin F.	Private	B	3 C. S. V. Inf.	f^ct.	10
Dempster, William D.	Private	C	2 V. S. Inf.	July	3	97
Deaths, Kahlert	I'rivate		13 U. S. Inf.			289
Denworth, T. 15.	Civilian			Oct.	9
Depler, Frank	Private	C	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	7
Dermody, l-'erdinand	Private	E	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	26
Dermody, James M.	Private	( ;	7 U. S. Inf.	July	I	189
Duerr, Chas.	Corporal	!•	13 U. .S. Inf.	July	2
Desmond, Michael J.	Private	L	9 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	5	"59
Detrick, Thos.		I	2 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	4	257
Devoe, Peter H.	Private	E	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	It	286
Dickinson, Walter M.	I Lieut.		17 r. S. Inf.	July	2
Diggs, Charles 1 1 .	Private	D	24 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	7	289
Dimery, Benjamin 1'.	Private	i:	3 I . S. V. Inf.	Oct.	It
Dix, Peter H.	Private	K	1 L". S. Cav.	June	24	24?

424

HuDej ot tbe ^fallen

Name Dodge, Charles Dodson, John H. Doherty, George H. Dolan, John F. Dolan, Wilham J. Dollard, William H. DoUiver, Harry A. Donovan, Timothy Doran, John Doran, John Dorn, John iJouglas, Frank W. Dowling, Richard N. Driskill, Daniel ?. Drum, John Dudley, William T. Dugan, Jesse Dugas, Anatole Duke, Samuel Dumpily, William Dunbar, Austin J. Dunn, John Dwyer, Frederick W.

Ecker, John W. Edgar, James P'dwards, Frank Egan, William V. Egbert, Joseph O. Elliott, William G. Ellis, G. H. Elwell, Charles Endsley, (juy D. English, George Ennis, Thomas S. Enyart, Silas R. Erwin, William J.

I'airchild, John W. Fallon, Jolin E. Fariell, James V. Fatlik, Steven

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
Captain	C	24 U. S. Inf.	July	3"	285
Private	C	10 U. S. Cav.	July	I
Corporal	A	I U. S. V. Cav.	June	24	242
Seaman		U. S. N.	July	5	58
Private	D	34 Mich. V. Inf.	July	29	261
Private	C	S2 Mich. V. Inf.	July	26	289
Private	H	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Aug.	27	299
Corporal	D	7 U. S. Inf.	July	14
Private	C	13 U. S. Inf.	July	I	109
Private	I	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	14
Corporal	F	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I	117
Cirilian			Sept.	8	299
Private	F	13 U. S. Inf.	Tub-	I	120
Private	A	7 U. S. Inf.	July	20
Captain		10 U. S. Inf.	July	I	119
Private	G	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	3	266
Private	C	5 I'. S. Inf.	Sept.	25	301
Private	D	2 Mass. V. Inf.	July	2	208
Private	G	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	13
Private		U. S. M. C.	June	II	52,58
Private	F	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	I
Corporal	li	8 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	10
Private	B	7 V. S. Inf.	July	I	190
Private	G	9 U. S. Inf.	Aug	3
Private	I	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	26	291
Private	F	3 I. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	30
Private	B	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	1-"	2 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	16	259
I Lieut.	E	12 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	II	298
Chf. Yeoman	U. S. N.	July	3	50, 58
Sergeant	C	2 U. S. Inf.	June	26
Private	F	I U. S. V. Cav.	July	18
Private	B	10 U. S. Cav.	June	22
Private	L	3 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	2
Private	L	I U. S. V. Cav.	July	I
Private	y	I r. S. V. Cav.	June	24	242
Private	c	10 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	24	2S1
Private	H	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	13	291
Private	11	9 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	26	286
Private	F	I U. S. Cav.			276

^ln^c.l• ot tbc jf alien

i-j'.

Name	Rank Company	Regiment	Date of	Death	Page
Fenney, Michael	Civilian			Sept.	2	291
Fesette, Arthur E.	Private	C	33 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	2	28(>
Field, Charles II.	I Lieut.	L	2 Mass. V. Inf.	luly	I	209
Fields, Ashley	Private	M	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	>7	86. 87
Fish, Jr., Hamilton	Sergeant	L	I U. S. V. Cav.	June	-;^	-!4. 235. 242
Fisher, Charles	Private	I!	5 r. S. Inf.	Oct.	20
Fisher, Morris C.	Private	A	20 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Heckenstine, George	Private	C	20 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	30	280
Flint, John	Private	¥	3 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	22
Flowers, Mitchell	Sergeant	C	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	29
Foley, Charles	Artilicer	B	8 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Foley, John	Private	C	8 U. S Inf.	Aug.	»3
Foor, Adron E.	Private	A	17 r. S. Inf.	July	2
Fornance, James	Captain		13 I . S. Inf.	July	I	252
Forrester, William L.	Corporal	H	22 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Force, Albert G.	Major		I I". S. Cav.	July		37. ^o. SI. 141
Fort, Lewis	Trumpeter	II	9 U. S. Cav.	July	1
Foster, Leonard A.	Private	C	5 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	12
Foster, Dudley A.		F	7 U. S. Inf.			2S8
Frague, William	Private	A	71 X. V. V. Inf.	July	I
Frank, Abel .S.	Private	I)	S Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	28
Franklin, Charles	Officer's Servant	7 U. S. Inf.	July	28	301
Franklin, John	Private	L	SS Mich. V. Inf.	July	I	293
Frederick, William	Private	K	9 V. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	20	2S2
French, Lynward	Chf. Bo'sn's	Mate	U. S. X.	Aug.	9	5S
P>olkey, Edward	Private	G	I I". S. Cav.	July	I
Fuller, Frank M.	Private	M	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	10	2S9
Furlong, Walter P.	Private	E	r. S. Eng. Corps	Sept.	2
Furgeson, Davis C.	Private	M	2 Mass. V. Inf.	July	>9
Fuson, William T.	Private	A	17 I . S. Inf.	July	'	19c
Gaddie, Thomas 11.	I'rivate	G	23 Kan. V. Inf.	Sept.	«9
(Jaines, Mosley	Private	B	10 I'. S. Cav.	Aug.	>9	292
Galbraith, Hugh J.	Private	G	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	4
Galvin, William	Private	A	8 I". S. Inf.	\ug.	7
Ganger, Paul R.	Private	I)	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	2A	26,88
Garrett, John	Private	D	24 I . S. Inf.			304
Garrett, Willis	Private	K	8 III. V. Inf.	Sept.	16
Garvin, Heniy			Govt. \\ iicelwrighi	Oct.	26
Geany, Patrick D.	Private	G	16 U. S. Inf.	July	28

426

•jlu^e.l ot tbe jfallcu

Name Geaiin, Patrick Gibbs, John V,. Ciibler, Frank Gibney, Michael Gibson, William Giesemann, Arnold Gifl'ord, Jerome F. Gilbeit, Thomas V. Gilbreath, Erasmus C. Gillman, Waller Cioo:l, John C. Godfrey, Lee K. Godley, Forest A. Goetz, Herman W. Ciombert, Charles Good, Henry Gordon, Albert F. Gordon, Perry E. (iough, William J. Grady, Patrick J. Graflin, Frank Graham, Harvey H. Grahn, Gus. Gratz, Pxlward Gravel, Joseph, Jr. Gray, Albert H. Gray, John Gray, Walter tiregg, John E. Green, Henry C. Green, Warren Green, William C. Griener, Joseph Griffin, Arthur Griffin, Joseph C. Griffith, Jesse J. Griggs, William Grills, Henry J. Gruber, Daniel E. Gruby, Henry F. Gund, Adams

Gurney, John A.

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of	Death	Page
Private	l-	12 U. S. Inf.	July	I		190
Act. Asst.	Surg.	V. S. N.	June	12	54	,58
Private	I	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	5		288
Private	P.	22 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	G	7 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	7		269
Private	K	71 N. Y. V. Inf.	Aug.	13		305
Private	Band	13 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	2		261
Private	D	34 Mich. Inf.				274
Major		4 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	22
Private	F	20 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	14		157
Private	E	16 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	31		256
Private	G	10 U. S. Inf.	July	I		95
Private	G	7 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	II
Private	F	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	10		280
Private	K	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	16		305
.Sergt. Maj		U. S. M. C.	June	13 5-	;,5^	;, 60
Private	H	4 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	29
Private	I	20 U. S. Inf.	July	31		157
Musician	H	9 U. S. Inf.	July	23
Major		9 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	30		157
Private	A	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I 10,	114	,H5
Private	A	7 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	7		266
Private	L	71 N. Y. V. Inf.	July	29		262
Chf. Master-at-Arms	L. S. \.	Aug.	4		58
Private	M	2 Mass. v. Inf.	July	21
Private	B	7 U. S. Inf.	July	I		190
Private	F	17 U. S. Inf.	July	2		94
Private	H	3 L". S. V. Inf.	Sept.	19
Private	I	I 111. Y. Inf.	Aug.	14	286,	288
'rroojier	E	I L'. S. Y. Cav.	July	I	140,	148
Private	H	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	5		285
Private	H	2 Mass. Y. Inf.	Aug.	9		268
Private	D	34 Mich. Y. Inf.	Aug.	3		276
Private	H	9 V. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	26
Private	11	8 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	II		268
Sergeant	C	I 111. Y. Inf.	Aug.	5		288
Private	H	24 U. S. Inf.				304
Corporal	H	34 Mich. Y. Inf.	Aug.	6		276
Private	C	8 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	8		268
Private	C	4 L. S. Inf.	July	I		199
Private	T	I U. S. Cav.	July	I		151
2 Lieut.	I	24 U. S. Inf.	July	( : I 1	122. 124, 125

1In^cl ot tbc jfal I en

Name Guy, Robert C.

Ilaag, Joseph M. Haan, I'eier I'. Haefner, Harry Hagerstrand, Andrew 1'. Hague, Harry G. Hakanson, Kabian H. Halberg, Gust Hale, Archie C. Hall, Joel R. Halman, Frederick Haniill, Willard D. Hamilton, James M. Hamilton, John \V. Hamilton, William Hamrod, Justice H. (see Haney, James M.

Happer, (ieorge L. (see

Harden, Richard J.

Harris, Kdward

Harris, Oliver

Harrison, Charles

Hart, Parker S.

Hartman, Theodore

Harwood, Justice \V.

Haughton, ClifTord,

Haven, George F.

Hayes, D. C.

Hayes, James

Hayes, Mitchell E.

Hays, Vener C.

Haywood, Henry

Healy. Patrick J.

Heath, Lewis C.

Hees, Christian

Helm, Victor

Henderson, John F. \V.

Hendricks, Mils A.

Henry, Arthur

Henk, Cornelius

Hibner, William C.

Rank Company Private D

Sergeant	1-
Private	1»
Private	(;
Private	n
Private	11
Private	H
I'rivale	E
Sergeant	L
Corporal	I!
Sergeant	]v
Private	A
l.t. Col.
Private	A
	F
Ibamrod)
Private	I'
Hopper)
I Lieut.	A
Corporal	I
Corporal	D
Private	F
Private	C
Priva'e	H
Civilian
Private	F
I'livate	I) 1)
Corporal	J > C
Sergeant	C
Private	11
Sergeant	K
Private	I"
Private	C
Private	E
Artificer	A
Musician	(',
Private	L
Sergeant	]!
Private	H
Sergeant	H

Regiment	Date of Death	PaKC
2 I'. S. Cav.	Aug	12	298^
1 6 L. S. Inf.	July	I	'34
34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	3	274
I V. S. V. Cav.	June	2*	234. 242
7 r. S. Inf.	Aug.	2.";	281
S < )lii., W Inf.	July	.;i
2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	6
2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	6
2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	'5
I U. S. V. Cav.	July	I	140. >47
17 r. S. Inf.	July	'7
2 V. S. Cav.	July	23
9 U. S. Cav.	luly	1 25	• Mt.J?'
20 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	l>
24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	29	29S
6 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	ifi	2()l
I I). C. V. Inf.	Aug.	9	285
9 U. S. V. Inf.	Seju.	15
2 Mass. Inf.			29S
22 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	I
7 C. S. Inf.	July	15
S L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	S
	Aug.	19
9 I". S. \'..l. Inf.
I 111. \ . Inf.	Aug.	5	2S8
20 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	5	274
2 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	4	257
2 U. S. Inf.	July	3
20 I'. S. Inf.	Aug	5
I l. S. V. Cav.	July	2
34 Mich. V. Inf.	.\ug.	4
71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	S	278
17 U. S. Inf.	July	I	1 89
2 U. S. Art.	July	I
6 C. S. Inf.	July	I
I U. S. V. Cav.	July	I	I4S, 149
^i Micl V. Inf.	Aug.	10	286
C. U. S. A.	Aug.	«5	291
5 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	5

42S

Hu^ev of tbe jfalleu

Name Hicks, Charles Hill, Hubert Hines, Joseph J-

Hinlong,

Hinnen, George E. Hoadley, Charles J. Hogan, John Hogsett, Harry L. Holderness, George R. Holland, Charles D. Holliday, Charles J. Holloway, George R. Hoi man, Fred Holmes, Joseph Hone, Harvey M. Hoppe, Frank E. Hopper, George L. Hossfield, Albert Houghton, Clifford J. Howard, Percy H. Howe, Tom. Howitt, John Hudson, Gus. Huffman, Melville B. Hughes, Cam Hughey, Robert F. Hulme, Francis Hunt, Jesse M. Husby, Olaf Hussey, Eugene A.

Ill, James B.

Ibamrod, Justice H. (see Hamrod)

Immen, George L.

Ingle, Reuben

Ingonian, Madison

Isler, Nathaniel S.

Jackson, Charles H. Jacob, Charles D, Jacobson, Nathan Jarvis, Walter A.

Rank C<	ampany	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
I'rivate	F	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	288
Private	D	10 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	^3
Private	E	9 U. S. Cav.	Aug	4
Private		U. S. Engs.			269
Corporal	F	2 L'. S. Inf.	Sept.	7	281
Private	L	I III. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	8	287
Private	D	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	8	278
Private	G	4 U. S. Art.	July	17
Prin. Mus.		34 Mich. V. Inf.	July	29
Private	M	71 N. V. V. Inf.	July	I
Private	G	20 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	E	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	29	268
I Sergt.		17 U. S. Inf.	July	17
Private	F	9 U. .S. V. Inf.	Sept.	27
Corporal	A	16 U. S. Inf.	July	4
Private	A	3 U. S. Inf.	July	3	97
Corporal	H	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	7	290
Private	C	4 U. S. Inf.	July	I	199
Private	F	9 U. s. Inf.	Sept.	8	299
Private	B	I U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	267
Private	D	25 U. .S. Inf.	July	I	203
Corporal	C	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	25	256
Private	H	24 U. .S. Inf.	July	I
Private	C	9 U. S. Inl".	Aug.	I	298
Private	C	24 L'. .S. Inf.	Aug.	29
Private	B	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	C	7 U. S. Inf.	j"iy	I	188
Corporal	B	7 C. S Inf.	July	I	189
Private	L	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	12
Private	A	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	24	281
Private	A	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	19
Ramrod)					298
Corporal	C	71 N. V. V. Inf.	July	I
Private	A	20 L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	75
(). M. Serg.	D	9 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	8
Private	H	7 Inf.	July	I	190
\Vagoner	15	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	12
Private	G	I U. S. Cav.	July	I	112, 141
Civilian			Aug.	2
Private	A	9 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	19	276

II 11 ^ CI ot tbc jfallci\

4'J'.t

Name

Jasmin, Placide Jenkins, John Jennings, Henry T. Jensen, Hans K. T. Jerome, L. \'. Jewell, Nelson M. Jilbert, Thomas V. Jindra, Albert Johnson, Andrew Johnson, August Johnson, Charles Johnson, Christian Johnson, Conrad C. Johnson, Ernest Johnson, George Johnson, Henry Johnson, James Johnson, Josh W. Johnson, Lewis Johnson, Otto W. Johnson, Peter Johnson. Richard W. Johnson, S. O. (not found Johnson, Samuel \'. Johnson, Sylvester Johnson, William F. Johnson, W. M. Jones, Archibald H. Jones, John W. Jones, Louis Jones, R. A. Jones, Richard Jones, William Joyce, John

Kallock, William Kane, John 1!. Kane, Robert Kaullin, Fred Kefler, George Kelly, Daniel J. Kelley, Her. H.

Rank Company	Kcgimcnt	Date of	Death	Page
Private	C	9 L S. V. Inf.	Sept.	«3	92
Private	K	9 L'. S. Cav.	Sept.	->	256
Corporal	K	9 ^Lass. V. Inf.	Aug.	12	275
Private		11. C. U. S. Army 9 L . S. V. Inf.	Oct.	IS	2S2
Private	A	2 L\ r- Inf.	Aug.	I	25-S
Private	1)	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	5
Private	B	3 r. S. Inf.	July	2	20S
Private	F	2 U. S. Cav.	July	20
Private	F	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	20	270
Civilian			Sept.	4	299
Private	A	I L . S. Inf	July	31
Private	A	I I . S. Inf.			269
Private	!•■	lo r. S. Cav.	Aug.	14
Private	B	9 I'. S. \'. Inf.	Sept.	J9
Sergeant	F	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	27
Private	H	9 U. S. Cav.	July	I
Sergeant	F	3 r. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	7
Corporal	11	24 L . S. Inf.			304
Private	F	4 U. S. Art.	Aug.	2	2SS
Private	II	22 U. S. Inf.	July	2
Piivate	t;	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	10
on rolls)	F	7 l'. S. Inf.	July	30
Private	I	7 U. S. inf.	Aug.	I
Private	Band	S 111. V. Inf.	()ct.	22
Corporal	B	10 U. S. Cav.	July	I
Teamster		S 111. V. Inf.	Sept.	19
Private	F	2 I . S. inf.	Aug.	25	281
i). M. Sergt.	E	7 U. S. Inf.	July	1	iSS
Private	F	9 l . s. V. Inf.	Oct.	8
Private	P.	7 U. S. Inf.			190
1 -aborer		I Div. L\ S. Army
Laborer			.^ep>	2
Corporal	E	9 C. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	C.	22 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	s	26S
Private	H	9 U. S. Inf.	Aug,	. II
Corporal	A	16 C. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	A	16 L". S. Inf.	July	1
Packmaster		C. S. .\rniy			297
Private	c;	12 C. ^ Inf.	July	I
Piivate	C	4 C. S. InC	July	1	199

-i;jo

1[n^c.^ ot tbc Jfalleu

Name Kelley, Robert G. Kendig, James A. Kent, George Keplinger, Charles C. Kerrigan, E. Kiernan, John J. Killgallon, John King, James Clarence Kingston, Charles W. Kirby, Peter Knowles, William R. Kocarnik, l.ouis Koch, Ebert E. Koester, Henry, Jr. Kolbe, Gustav A. Koops, Carl Koschig, Charles E. Kroupa, Edward C. Kru]ip, Otto Kuhlmann, Charles Kuykendall, Ered I). K>tc, JohnW.

Ladley, Harold W. La Cross, Oliver L. Lahman, Ralph Lakeman, Bryon L. Landmark, Frederick Lane, Joseph D. Langley, James L. Lanois, Joseph ^L Lannen, John Larson, Christian Larson, Hans Lautzenheiser, Irven Lavasser, Jerome Lawson, John Lee, Johr, S. Leek, Albert H. Leeuwenhook, Gerrit Leflwick, Aaron

♦ 1 he company and date

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
Private	G	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	10
Private	F	2 U. S. Cav.	July	20
Private	K	24 Mich. V. Lif.	Aug.	22	59
Private	A	S Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	2*
Private	15	7 U. S. Inf.	July	I	175. 195
Private	C	13 U. S. Inf.	July	I	28, 121
Private	A	9 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	21	282
Private	C	2 Mass. W Inf.	Sept.	5
Corporal	M	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	16	282
Sergeant	t"	4 L. S. Inf.	July	I	203
Corporal	K	S Ohio Y. Inf.	July	28
Private	F	4 C. S. Art.	July	31	211
Corporal	A	2 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	6	258
Private	L	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	3	276
Private	K	I U. S. Cav.	June	24	241
I Lieut.		10 I'. S. Inf.	Aug.	6
Private	H	3} Mich. V. Inf.	J"iy	31	289
Private	F	71 X. Y. Y. Inf.	Aug.	II	280
Private	i:	I C. S. Cav.	June	24	241
Private	11	4 C. S. Art.	July	20
Musician	1!	23 Kan. Y. Inf.	Sept.	25
Corporal	L	9 .Mass. Y. Inf.	Aug.	8	278
Private	K	I U. S. Cav.	July	I
Private	1	2 Mass. Y. Inf	July	12
Private	t;	I Ills. \-.			297
Private	I	cS 111. Y. Inf.	Oct.	3
Corporal	D	I U. S. C av.	July	I
Private	I	9 Mass. \'. Inf.	Aug.	9	278
Saddler	I!	6 U. S. Cav.	July	2	133
Private	L	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	3
Sergeant	G	3 U. S. Cav.	July	24	285
Corporal	¥	12 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	3	269
Private	H	3 r. S. Inf	Aug.	7	276
Private	1)	S Ohio \'. Inf.	Aug.	13
( Not on 1-	lolls)	9 ( . S. Y. Inf	Sept.	15
Private	K	9 C. S. Y. Inf.	Sept.	29
Pri vate	G	8 Ohio \-. Inf.	Aug.	16	291
Private	E	22 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	1 1	268
I'rivate	E	2 U. S. Inf.	July	23	25S
Private	(i	25 U. S. Inf	July	I	203
arc different i	on the headbo.-	ird.

•fln^c.l ot tbc Jfallcu

4;:i

Name Lehr, I'liilip Leiningt-r, [ohn A. Le Maitre, Paul (I. Leonard, I'alrick Leonaid, William II. Leroy, Frank Lester, Isaac A. Lewis, Albert Lewis, Clarence Lewis, George Lewis, John A. Lewis, Louis H. Lewis, Richard T. Lewis, William Lidell, Thomas Liggett, Ed. Lind, George Lindberg, John P. Linder, Roland L. Lindcjuist, John N. Lines, Max

Linsener, Carl

Little, .Vndrew

Llennoc, Alexander

Logan, William R.

l.ogue, David

Lonergan, Daniel

I^ong, John W.

Longway, Thomas

Losee, I'Vank

Louis, Clarence C.

Loundy, Henry D.

Lovejoy, George B.

Lutz, P^ugene A.

Lyman, Plenry K.

Lynch, Fred. W.

Lyons, Frank

I.ytton, John A.

Macmillan, Xoiniari Maguire, John J. Maher, Daniel

Rank	Company	RcKiment	Dale of	Death	Page
Private	C	12 I . s h.f.	July	I	190
Captain	l'	S Ohio \ . Inf.	Aug.	s	277
Private	1.	I 111. V. Inf.	July	3«	288
Sergeant	1	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Musician	11	.5 L . S. Inf.	Aug.	12	280
Corporal	1"	7 U. S. Inf.			266
Private	A	24 I'. S. inf.	Aug.	I	288
Corporal	I	7 r. S. Inf.	July	2
Private		2 r. S. Inf.	Aug.	20	256
Prin. Mus		7 L. S. Inf.	July	22
I'rivate	L!	25 V. ^. Inf.	Aug.	(^	27r,
J Lieut.		9 U. S. Inf.	luly	I	125. I2«.
Private	F	IS r. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	I)	.) r. S. \ . Inf.	Oct.	12
Private	I-"	24 I . .S. Inf.	July	2
Private	A	I I'. S. V. Cav.	June	24	23.S, 242
Private	D	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	3	260
Private	1-	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	10	3'. ^7
Private	1	I V. S. Cav.	July	I	>5«
Private	C	3 L . S. Inf.	Aug.	12	S2. S3
Private	G	9 L. S. Inf.	July	'9
Private	I-	12 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	16
Private	G	2 Mas.-; V. Inf.	Aug.	22
Corporal	K	I L". S. Cav.	June	24	242
Private	I-	2 U. S. Art.	July	16
Private	i;	I V. S. \'. Cav.	July	I	141. «47
Private	11	13 r. S. Inf.	July	I	10. 125
Private	G	7 r. S. Inf.	"luly	1	1 88
Private	B	9 L'. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	B	9 L. S. Inf.	June	23
Private	F	2 L. S. Inf.	Aug.	30
Private	V	20 r. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	157
Private	E	34 Mich. W Inf.	Sept.	12	282
Private	G	I U. .S. \'. Cav.	Aug.	«5
Private	1)	10 I . S. Inf.	July	I
Private	I"	22 r. S. Inf.	July	12
Civilian			Oct.	4
I'rivate	C	2 V. S. Inf.	J-ily	2	97
G. Private	.M	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	20	2Q2
Private	t;	7 C. S. I if.	July	I
Private	I)	7 U. S. In;.	July	I	190

4:i->

tlnC'cx of tbc jfallcn

Name	Rank O	ompany	Regiment	Date of	Death	Page
Maher, Thomas	Sergeant	H	21 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	21	280
Mahon, Anthony	Private	A	8 U. S. Inf.			269
Mahoney, Patrick H.	Private	D	20 U. S. Inf.	July	26
Malehan, Arthur	Private	L	33 Mich. \'. Inf.	Aug.	17	291
Malone, John J.	Private	B	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	2	208
Maloney, Daniel J-	Private	C,	33 Mich. \ . Ii-i".	Aug.	13	291
Manley, William D.	Private	H	l6 U. S. Ini'.	Sept.	4	299
Marr, Otis	Private	K	33 Mich. V. Inf.	July	II	293
Marrison, Willis S.	Trumpeter	D	9 Mass. V. Inf.	Sept.	26
Mars, Ward	Private	I	33 Mich. V. Inf.	July	24	286
Martens, Richard	Private	c;	71 X. \. V. Inf.	Aug.	28	256
Martin, George	Private	L	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	3	274
Martin, James A.	Piivate	H	33 Mich. V. Inf.	July	26
Massa, Anthony	Private	A	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	6
Mauplin, Socrates	Private	G	I D. C. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	13	299
Maxie, William	Private	G	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	28
Mayer, Charles	Sergeant	A	2 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Mayo, Silas Isley	Private	C	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	5	276
Meade, Charles M.	Musician	C	8 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Meadows, Daniel 1'.	Private	C	16 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	14	291
Mealey, John E.	Private	C	24 U. S. Inf.	Oct.	9	303
Mellin, Ragner	Private	I	9 Mass. W Inf.	Aug.	7	159
Mendig, John A.	Private	K	16 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	262
Mercer, David	Private	E	3 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	4
Messett, Edward	Private	G	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	I	266
Michael, Harry	Sergeant	K	5 L. S. Inf.	Oct.	30
Michaux, Lawrence	Private	C	9 III. V. h.f.	Sept.	14
Michie, Dennis M.	I Lieut.		17 L". S. Inf.	July	I	"4, 133
Mickelson, Albert	Private	A	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	8	87, 88
Mickelson, Henry J.	Corporal	A	I 111. V. Inf	Aug.	8
Miller, Charles F.	Private	C	8 Ohio \\ Inf.	Aug.	2
Miller, Clare	Private	D	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Miller, Henry	Sergeant	E	3 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	II	73
Miller, James H.	Private	D	2 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	25	281
Miller, John R.	Corporal	G	24 I . S. Inf.	July	I
Miller, John S.	Trooper	E	I r. S. V. Cav.	July	16
Miller, Raimund	Sergeant	¥	12 U. S. Inf.	July	I	189
Miller, Theodore W.	Private	D	1 I'. S. \ . Cav.	July	8
Miller, Victor	Sergeant	I-:	9 U. S. \'. Inf.	Sept.	24
Minnis, John V.	Private	A	2 U. S. Inf.	July	30	258
Minor, Edward G.	Private	1.	5 i;. S. Inf.	Oct	6
Miroski, John A.	Piivate	M	I III. V. In'".	Aug.	27	281

1Iu^e.l of tbc jfallcn

433

Name

Missall, Adoliili N.

Mitchell, Charles C.

Mitchell, John D.

Mitchell, Thomas A.

Monahan, Patrick J.

Montgomery, Humphrey

Moody, Frank E.

Moore, Edward B.

Moore", Joseph B.

Moriarity, Jas. Dominick

Morris, Joseph

Morrison, Theophilus \V.

Mosley, Joseph

Mosley, NViIliam J.

Moss, Edward

Moss, Jesse S.

Muck, Frank J.

Mulford, Thomas H.

Mullen, James M.

Munden, John A.

Munger, Eugene

Murphy, John J.

Murphy, Thomas

Murry, Martin T.

Myers, Charles

Myhan, Joseph F.

Myott, Edward

McAllister, Arthur C.

McAlpin, William F.

McBride, Bernard

McBride, John

McCafferty, David

McCarthy, Daniel F.

McCarthy, James F.

McCarthy, Timothy K.

McCartney, John W.

McCartney, James E.

McClatchey, Robert

McClearie, Felix

McClenahen, Jesse T.

McColgan, J.

McConnell, Oliver M. 28

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of	Death	Page
Private	!•■	3 U. S. Int.	Aug.	12	>>4
Private	1.	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Sept.	4	290
Private	F	S Ohio \". Inf.	Sept.	4
Private	C	5 U. S. v. Inf.	Sept.	24
Private	B	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	M'	265
Private	A	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	17	292
Private	K	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	July	I	208
Corporal	11	8 L". S. Inf.	Aug.	12	267
Private	Band	4 U. S V. Inf.	Nov,	12
Private	E	9 Mass. \'. Inf.	Aug.	17	«57
lUigler	C	9 V. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	17
Captain		l6 L'. S. Inf.	July	I	3?. 138
Private	D	9 I. S. V. Inf.	Oct.
Private	H	24 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	II	304
Private	II	23 Kan. \ . Inf.	Nov	II
Corporal	1!	24 U. S. inf.	July
Private	D	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.
Private	L	I 111. \. Inf.	Aug.	25	292
Private	F	6 U. S. Inf.	July
Private	E	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.
Private	C	I I . S. Cav.	.Sept.		281
Private	A	9 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	24	2S1
Private	E	S C. S. Inf.	Aug.
Private	F	22 I . S. Inf.	July
Corporal	1-;	8 C. S. inf.	July
Private	A	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	24
Private	L	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	13	275
Private	I	7 U. S. inf.	July		iSS
Private	I	3 I . S. \-. Inf.	Oct.	15
Private	I	2 C. ^ \". Inf.	Aug.	23	299
Private	B	17 r. ^. inf.	July		190
Private	I-:	2 r. S. Inf.	July	29	25S
Private	I	2 U. S. Inf.	July	23
Sergeant	K	I r. > .\rl	July		76
Sergeant	A	15 I . ^. Inf.	Aug.	24	292
Corporal	I)	10 C. S. Inf.	July		96
Private	C	6 L . S. Cav.	July
Private	C	21 U. S. Inf.	luly		96
Private	c;	10 r. S. Inf.	luly		96
Private	A	2 I . S. f av.	July	17
Private		U. S. M. C.	June	II	52, 57
Corporal	H	20 U. S. Inf.	July	5

434

1In^c.l ot tbc jfallcu

Name McConville, John

McCorkle, Hariy L.

McCorniick, Lawton V. V. McCreery, tleorge McCiUcheon, Charles H. McDole, Moses McDonald, John A. McDonald, Terrence M. McDonald, William McFadden, Joseph \V. McGartlen, Michael McGoldrick, Michael Mcdown, Charles McGowan, James McGraw, Patrick McGuire, Harvey McGuire, J. Mcllwain, \\ illiam J. Mcintosh. Daniel

McK

McLaughlin, George P. McLean, l-'rank 11. McLain, Jeremiah P. McLeod, William E. McLoughlin, Eugene B. McNamara, John II.

Naftzger, Fern R. Narcisee, Joseph Nash, John Neal, Edward Neary, William C. Ncilson, Jens C. Nelson, Arthur Nelson, Charles C. Nelson, J. (?) Nelson, John E. Nelson, Louis Newman, Warren S. Newman, A. H. Nickens, Samuel

Rank Company

Corporal 1!

2 Lieut.

Private K Maj. Surg.

Private L3

Private H

Private D

Musician D

Private E

Private G

Sergeant B

Private C

I'rivate B

Private B

Private B

Private ¥-

Private G

Private IJ

Private D

Private	B
Corporal	A
Private	B
.Sergeant	A
Private	A
Private	K
Private	D
Private	C
Private	c
Private	F
Lieut. -Col.
Blacksmith	F
Private	B
Private	G
Private	C
Private	C
Private	1
I'livate	!■:
Private	B
Musician	B

Regiment 6 L . S, Inf. 25 L'. S. Inf.

3 I". S. \'. Inf. L'. S. Army 9 U. S. Inf.

8 Ohio V. Tnf. 34 Mich. V. Inf. 17 I". S. Inf.

2 U. S. V. Inf. I U. S. Cav. I U. S. Cav. I U. S. Inf. — U. S. Inf.

9 U. S. Inf. 7 U. S. Inf.

6 L'. S. InL

7 L. S Inf. 13 L'. S. Inf.

8 U. S. Inf.

9 Mass. V. Inf. 5 L. S. V. I of. 5 L'. S. V. Inf. 5 L. S. \'. Inf. 9 Mass. \'. Inf. 9 Mass. V. Inf.

8 Ohio V. Inf.

9 V. S. V. Inf.

5 U. S. Inf.

6 L. S. Inf.

1 L. S. Inf.

2 V. S. Cav.

8 Ohio V. Inf.

3 V. S. Inf. 24 U. S. Inf. 6 U. S. Inf. 20 U. S. Inf. 16 I'. S. Inf. 31. S. Inf.

8 111. W Inf.

Date of Death

July I

lulv I 1 '

Oct.

Aug.

Aug.

Aug.

July

Aug.

Oct.

Aug.

July

July

Aug.

Aug.

July

Aug.

15

23

16

3 31 II

4 14

I 28 10 12

I 10

July I July 2

Aug. 6 Nov. 19 Nov. 10 Sept. 7 Aug. 16 Ausj. I ;

Aug. Nov.

Sept. July

July Aug.

July 12

.I"ly 3 July 24 July 23 Aug. 23 Oct. 6

Page 120

?5. 200, 201

305

260 29, 263

275 'S9,i43

304 297 189 280 189 129 254 197 276

274 157

299 295

3^4

89

^l^^cl ot tbc Jfallcii -i.T)

Name Nikodeni, lohn J. Nol)lett, David Nordan, I.authling C.

Norton, Oliver 1!. Nottingham, Barton C.

O'Brien, Josei)h J. O'Brien, John O. O'Brien, Michael O'Brien, Michael J. O'Connell, Daniel O'Connor, John 10. O' Conner, Michael J. O'Dowd, John R. Oliver, John O'Malley, Michael F. O'Neill, William Ord, J. C. O'Shea, Richard Owens, Daniel D.

Packard, Arthur H.

Palmer,

I'ark, William Park, W. A. Pansier, John H. Pansier, Max II. Payne, I'rench Pazsur, John Peacock, William R. Pease, Harry I,. Peixotto, D. I.. M. Penn, Edward Pendleton, William Pepper, John J. Perkins, Merrill D. Perkins, Milliard F. Perry, W. M. M. Peterson, Arvid T. Phelps, John B. Phillips, Charles J.

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of	Death	Huge
Corporal	Is	I ill. V. inf.	.Sept.	»7	2S2
Pi i vale	c	13th I . S. Inf.	July	28
Private	A	5 C. S. Inf.	< )ct.	I
Private	B	I r. S. V. Cav.	July	. ;'	^o. M4. 145
Corporal	K	33 -Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	5	2S7
Private	C	2 r. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	19
Private	G	I III. V. i.it".	Aug.	29	291
Sergeant	D	16 U. S. Inf.	July	I	>.?4
I I.ieut.	A	5 L". S. Inf.	Sept.	lO	301
Private	D	2 I . S. \". Inf.	Nov.	2
Private	K	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug.	II	304
Mnj.ir		9 Mass. \ . inf.	.\ug.	6	159
Private	A	7 L..S. I„f.	July	I	188
Sergeant	1-:	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	2	261
Private	Iv	9 Mass. \'. inf.	Aug.	20	>57
Captain	.\	1 L'. S. \ . Cav.	July	I
I Lieut.		6 U. S. Inf.	July	I	Si
Private	A	9 U. S. Inf.	.Sept.	2
Private	D	5 C. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	14
Private	G	2 Ma.ss. V. Inf.	July	I
Private	!•:	7 V. S. Inf.			2S6
Private	K	I 111. V. Inf.			286
Sergeant	1!	12 L . S. inf.	July	I
Private	11	4 I'. S. .\rt.	Aug.	'5	290
Private	D	33 Mich. V. Inf.	July	29	289
Private	B	25 V. S. Inf.	July	I	.203
Private	C	8 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	E	2 C. S. Inf.	July	2 ;	-5S
Private	11	S L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	4	274
Captain		3 L . S. V. Inf.	Oct.	24
Private	D	24 L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	5	304
Private	I'-	24 I'. S. Inf.			290
Private	E	6 r. S. Inf.	Aug.	8	27S
Private	A	7 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	9
Wagoner	B	0 I . S. Cav.	July	2	tii
Private	.\	24 U. S. Inf.			iOi
Private	K	I 111. \ Inf.	Aug.	3'	290
Private	I)	-\^ r. S. Inf.	July	I	203
Private		33 .Mich. \ . Inf.			291

43(5

*jln^c.l• of ibc Jfallcn

Name Phillips, Jacob P. Pike, Wiiliam L. Pillcr, John Piper, William C. Pixton, William A. Ploude, Edward Poole, Guy E. Poole, Thomas Poore, William F. Powell, Sanford (i. Powell, William Power, M. J. Power, Sylvester Powers, Charles A. Prather, John H. Preger, William Preston, George Primus, Willie Prouty, John A. Provost, G. N, Pugh, James T. Pugh, William J. Pullman, Alexander

Quirke, James (Juirke, Thomas C.

Ralp, Walker Ramsey, Robert Randall, Harvey Rapon, Louis C. Rause, Herman (?) Ray, Joseph Ray, Melvin Reddington, John Reed, Benton Reese, Louis Reeves, Walter Redinger, Clem Reidner, Charles E. Keilly, Joseph

	Rank Ci	Dmpany	Regiment	Date of Death	1 Page
	Private	E	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug. 14	2S5
	Private	K	2 Mass. \'. Inf.	Aug. 7
	Private	D	5 U. S. Inf.	Sept. 10	299
	Corporal	K	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug. 4	269
	Corporal	B	I U. S. Cav.	July I	141, 151
	Private	E	21 C. S. Inf.	July I	95 > 9S
	Private	D	33 Mich. y. Inf.	Sept. 13	292
	Trumpeter	E	3 U. S. Inf.	July 2
	Private	K	I D. C. V. Inf.	July 26
	Private	1!	16 U. S. Inf.	Aug. 14	262, 289
	Private	D	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct. 9
	Shipwright		U. S. N,	Aug. 30	5S
	Private	E	2 U. S. Cav.	July 31
	Private	C	5 I. S. V. Inf.	Aug. 18
	Private	H	4 C. S. Art.	Aug. 15
	Private	A	71 N. Y. V. Inf.	July I :	f4.i5-i2S
	Private	D	10 U. S. Cav.	July 23	157
	Private	L	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept. 18
	Private	H	S U. S. Inf.	July 29
	Artificer	I	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct. 24
	Private	B	3L'.S.V.	Dec. 20
	Private	B	3 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct. 30
	Private	D	9 L'. S. V. Inf.	Sept. 15	92
	Corporal	G	12 L'. S. Inf.	Aug. 23	26S
	Private	D	8 U. S. Inf.	Aug. 16
	I Sergt.	M	9 Mass. V. Inf.		155
	Private	C	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug. 6	286
	Private		2 Mass. V. Inf.
	Corporal	K	8 U. S. Inf.	Oct. 27
	Private	G	24th r. S. Inf.		304
	Sergeant	A	5 I. S. Inf.	Oct. 2
	Private	I	I U. S. Cav.	July I	151
	Corporal	K	22 U. S. Inf.	Aug. 10
	Private	D	5 U. S. V. Inf.	Aug. 22
	Private	K	3 L'. S. V. Inf.	Sept. 6
	Private	C	24 C. S. Inf.	Aug. 8	287
	Private	C	13 U. S. Inf.	July I
(name not found)		10 I'. S. Inf.	Aug. 5
	Private	G	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug. 13	265

Ilu^c.i ot tbc jfallcu

4;;:

Name Reilly, Stephen Requa, Richard K. Reynolds, Lewis Richards, John Richardson, Albert Richardson, Charles W Richmond, (leorge A. Riley, lien'ianiin Riney, V. Ritter, Ephraini Rivers, Lawrence W. Roach, Patrick Robertson, Tom Roberts, Robert W. Robinson, Adolph Robinson, John F. Roche, 1 imothy Rodman, Henry Rooper, Frederick

Rollo, Wesley C.

Rose, Harry R.

Ross, Charlie

Ross, Edward J.

Ross, Harvey R.

Ross, Reuben

Ross, William J.

Rote, Frederick

Rowell, Charles W.

Royer, ( )ra N.

Uuckledge, Wm. D.

Ruhl, David F.

Rusher, Luther

Russell, Marcus D.

Rutledge, Paul

Ryan, Samuel J.

Ryan, Thomas

Ryan, William

Rydberg, Andrew

Salisbury, Ijurton Saltus, Isaac Sanberg, August

Rank C	Company	Regiment	Date o( Death	Page
Private	1-	5 L. S. Inl.	Oct. 13
Private	C	9 L'. S. Inf.	Aug. H)	-'-'7
Private	A	I L. S. V. Cav.	July I	«3«
Private	i;	24 L'. S. Inf.	Aug. 21	291
Musician	L	9 I . S. V. Inf.	Sept. 17	2S2
Private	L	I 111. V. inl.	Aug. 20	90
Private	(J	2 ^L^ss. V. Inf.	July I
Private	M	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug. 15
Corporal	I	7 U. S. Inf.	July I	iSS
Private	G	5 L. S. Inf.	Oct. 1 1
Sergeant	¥	3 I . S. V. Inf.	Oct. 2
Private	1-:	S L. S. Inf.	July I
Corporal	15	24 L. S. Inf.	July 27	2.S9
Corporal	B	24 L'. S Inf.	July I
Sergeant	1)	9 L. S. \'. Inf.	Oct. 22
Trooper	E	I L . S. W Cav.	July 2	'33
Private	G	S L-. S. Inf.	Aug. I
Musician	I	2 L'. S. \-. Inl.	< let. 2
Corporal	IJ	21 L'. S. Inf.	Aug. 4
Private	E	3 L. S. Cav.	July 2
Private	]•:	16 L'. S. Inf.	July I
Private	I	I I'. S. Cav.	Aug. iS	-5"
Private	V.	6 U. S. Cav.	July I	«.i»
Private	E	16 L. S. Inf.	July I	« ?4
Private	M	71 N. \. \ . Inf.	July 2	70
Private	D	I L. S. Cav.	July 20
Private	A	13 I. S. Inf.	July I	'-5
Captain		22 U. S. Inf.	July 10	96
Private	K	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug. 6
Chf. Machin	ist	L. .S. N.	Aug. II	59
Private	C	5 I. S. Inf.	Nov. 22
Private	F	5 C. S. Inf.	Aug. 30	299
Sergeant	G	I U. S. V. Cav.	June 24	242
Corporal	A	13 r. S. Inf.	Juiy 1	"7
Private	G	7 U. S, Inf.	July 2	197
Private	C	2 U. S. Inf.	July I	97
Sergeant	I	20 U. S. Inf.	Sept. 14	2S2
Private	1-:	3 U. S. Inf.	Aug. I	33. ^3
Private	B	31 V. S. Inf.	Aug. 6	265
Civilian	Packer		.Sept. 22	2S2
Private	E	7 L. 5i Inf.	July I	KS9

438

lIn^c.t of tbe jfallcu

Name	Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
Sanders, William H.	Private	B	I U. S. V. Cav.	Aug.	12
Sandoe, George	Private-	c;	21 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	30	299
Santo, William T.	Private	i>	I U. S. \'. Cav.	July	I	140, 148
Saunders, William G.	Private	R	9 iSLiss. \'. Inf.	Aug.	6	157
Sawin, Joseph	Private	A	7 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	26
Scheid, Henry J.	Corporal	F	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Jnly	3	252
Schetzel, Ernest A.	Private	H	22 U. S. Inf.	July	2	204
Schmidt, Herman F.	Piivate	M	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	I
Schneider, Charles	Private	L	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	10
Sater, William A.	I Lieut.		13 L. S. Inf.	July	I
Schupert, Herbert	Private	U. S.	Hos]). Cori>s.	Sq.t.	IS
Scofield, Sidney A,	Private	K	71 N. Y. V. Inf.	July	I	iiS, 120
Scotl, Adolphus C.	Private	!•■	12 U. S. Inf.	July	I	189
Scott, Charles	Trumpetei	C	6 U. S. Cav.	July	2
Seabright, Ferdinand	Private	L	33 Mich. V. Inf.	July	I
Sedden, James R.	Private	A	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	iS	290
Seefeldt, Otto H.	Private	D	5 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	16	301
Seitz, Frank	Private	11	16 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	-5
Sharp, Frank E.	Musician	C	33 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	19	292
Sharrott, Eugene L.	Sergeant	G	71 N. V. V. Inf.	Aug,	13	274
Shaw, Harry A.	Corporal	F	24 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	2	287
Shaw, John A.	Private	F	71 N. Y. V. Inf.	.Aug.	II	2S0
Shea, Patrick J.	Corporal	A	7 U. S. Inf	July	I	IS8
Shelly, W^	Private	D	20 U. S. Inf.			285
Shields, (ieorge	Private	H	7 U. S. Inf	July	I	190
Shipp, William E.	I Lieut.		10 I'. S. Cav.	July	I	155, 157
Shord, Kinaldo K.	Private	H	34 Mich. V. Inf.	July	29	261
Showalter, William 0.	Private	]]	13 U. S. Inf	July	I
Shupert, Herbert E.	Private	P	I 111. V. Inf.	Sept.	18
Sills, James F.	Private	C	33 Mich. \'. Inf.	Aug.	7	291
Simonds, L	Private, M	usician	34 ^lich. \-. Inf.	Aug.	20	Scr
Simons, Charles	Private	I'	9 U. S. Y. Inf.	Oct.	II
Simpson, Amos J.	Private	U	8 Ohio Y. Inf.	Aug.	I
Sims, William S.	Private	H	6 U. S. Inf.	July	7	95
Sine, William E.	Private	E	17 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Skinner, Eouis B.	Private	P	71 X. Y. V. Inf	July	I
Slaughter, William H.	Private	G	10 U. S. Cav.	July	I
Slaven, John W.	Private	(_;	7 U. S. Inf.	July	I	18&
Slusser, James M.	I'rivale	H	2 U. S. Inf.	July	2
Smith, Arthur	Private	M	9 U. S. V. Inf	Nov	27
Smith, Charles H.	Sergeant		I'. S. M. C.	June	II	53.59
Smith, Ernest	Private	F	10 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	259

lIuDc.i of the jrallcii

4:!;t

Name Smith, Francis Smith, James I.. Siiiilh, laiiics M . Smith, lusepli M. Smith, Paul Smith, Race II. Smith, Sandy Smith, Streaty I. Smith, William Smith, William II. Smoot, John H. Snide, James G. Spade, Joseph Spencer, Mortimer E. Spicer, De Forest A. Spicer, Walter li. Stallings, James S. Stapleford, Charles \\'. Starke, Jacob Stebbins, Charles A. Steel, Seymour G. Steele. James B. Steele, John W. Stetson, Clair II. Stetson, Fred. S. Stevens, George Stevenson, J. Alfred Stewart, Arthur D. Stewart, I'red. E. Stewart, M. Stohlman, August Stone, Daniel A. Stone, William Stork, Jesse K. Stovall, George Strickler, Hairy C. Strother, Albert Stuart, Fred E. Sullivan, Henry Sullivan, Jtremiah J. Sullivan Patrick (not found Sutter, Gu.-tavus \'.

Rank Company

Private E

Private K

Private M

Private I',

Private 15

Private l'>

Private II

Private F

Sergeant I)

I Lieut.

Private A

I'rivate P.

Private 1!

Private 1 1

Private A

Postmaster at Guantan

Private P

Private I ) Civilian Cook

Private I

Private F I Lieut.

Private D Sergt.-.Maj.

Private ( '•

Private E

Pri%'ate A

Private C

Sergeant Sig. C"[)s. Teamster

I'rivate 11

Private I)

Private .\

Private .\

Private I '

Private I '•

I'rivate 1 1 .Sergeant

Private ( i

Private L

on roll ) F

Private F

Regiment	Date 01	Death	Page
S Ohio \'. Inf.	Aug.	-5	2yi
4 P. S. V. Inf.	Nov.	7
2 Ma.-^s. V. Inf.	Aug.	4
9 U. S. Cav.	Aug.	9
b 111. \-. Inf.	Aug.	19
I L S. \ . Cav.	July	5
24 C.S. Inf.	Aug.	21	290
3 P. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	, 6
I L. S. Cav.	luly	I
lo U. S. Cav.	July	' 1 1	ic '.=i3
lo P. S. Cav.	July	I
2 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	20
8 U. S. Inf.	July	I
24 P. S. Inf.	( let.	5	304
9 P. S. Inf.	July	I
amo, Cuba	Oct.	27
12 P. S. Inf.	July	30	:62
16 U. S. Inf.	July	2
2 Mass. V. Inf.	Sept.	10	282
3 I". S. Vol. Inf.	Sept.	25
23 Kan. \'. Inf.	Nov.	3
Signal Corps P. S.	V. Aug.	5	jss
25 P. S. Inf.	July	I	203
I v. S. Inf.	luly	12	286
2 .Ma>s. \ . Inf.	Aug.	>5
9 U. S. V. Inf.	Oct.	4
33 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	3	287
2 Mass. \ . Inf.	Aug.	10
g P. S. V.	Aug,	12
P. S. Army			286
2 L'. S. Inf.	July	2
I 111. V. Inf.	July	20
K) P. S. Inf.	July	I
I P. S. Cav.	June	24	- ti
10 P. S. Cav.	July	I
13 U. S. Inf.	July	1	II''
25 P. S. Inf.	July	I	203
P. .^. \'. Sig. Corps	Aug.	12	285
9 Mass. \ . Inf.	July	2.>	^>7
2 Mass. \ . Inf.	Aug.	11
7 P. .^. Inf.	July	:i
22 I S. Inf.	luly	I	. i>

440

lln^c.1 of tbe if alien

Name	Rank C	lompany	Regiment	Date of Death	Page
Siilton, Edward	^\'agoner	t;	9 U. S. Cav.	July	30
Swartz, Charles F.	Private	li	I U. S. Cav.	July	9	254
Sweeney, William A.	Private	H	2 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	21
Swift, Thoir.as	I'rivate	E	24 U. S. Inf.	July	5
Swetnam, John W.	Private	B	I U. S. V. Cav.	July	21	40, 144,
Symons, John	Private	E	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	147
Taft, Frederick B.	Private	C	2 Mass. V. Inf.	luly	14	255
Taft, Millard F.	Private	H	3 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	19	276
Taliaferro, Charles L.	Private	H	25 V. S. Inf.	July	30
Tarner, C. E.	Corporal	L	8 Ohio \'. Inf.			95
Tate, Eugene	Corporal	A	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	20
Tatlick, Stephen	Blacksmith	I	I U. S. Cav.	Aug.	7
Taurman, (i.	Private		U. S. M. C.	June	13	58
Taylor, Alfred H.	Private	H	21 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	4	288
Taylor, Bernard J.	Civilian			Aug.	15
Taylor, Joseph	Private	H	9 V. S. V. Inf.	Dec.	II
Tennant, Dallas P.	Private	K	34 Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	5	88
Temperton, Joseph \V.	Private	B	3 L. S. Cav.	Aug.	13
Tervehn, Albert	Private	I	20 L'. S. Inf.	Aug.	5	25,76
Thoman, Charles	Sergeant	A	8 Ohio V. Inf.	Aug.	4
Thomas, John	Private	M	9 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	22	282
Thomas, William	Private	K	8 III. V. Inf.	Nov.	27
Thompson, Maryland	Private	G	10 L'. S. Cav.	Aug.	10	290
Thorburn, Oren	Private	B	34 Mich. W Inf.	Aug.	4	2S8
Thorn, Charles	Private	li	6 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	28	280
Thome, William B.	Sergeant	B	7 V. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	266
Thornton, Andrew	Private	(]	9 U. S. Inf.	July	29	298
Thyne, Jr., John	Private	L	2 Mass. V. Inf.	Aug.	6
Tick, Luis	Private	C	Si Mich. V. Inf.	Aug.	14	290
Timannus, Frederick	Private	E	7 U. S Inf.	July	I	188
Tolene, Irene	Contract Nurse		Sept.	25
Tompkinson, Albert	Private	E	21 U. S. Inf.	July	I	96
Tower, F.llen M.	Contract Nurse		Dec.	9
True, William H.	Sergeant	C	9 U. S. Inf.	Sept.	3	256
Turman, Reuben S.	2 Lieut.		6 U. S. Inf.	July	4	254
Tuttle, Reuben S.	Private	C	24 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Tyler, Frank W.	I'rivate	I	2 U. 6. Vol. Inf.	Oct.	I
Tyner, Dr. E. S.	Acting .\sst.	Surg.		Sept.	8
Undergrave, Silas	Private	H	2 Mass. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	I
Underwood, Asa B.	Private	A	2 v. S. Art.	July	I

•fln^ci ot tbc jrallcu

til

Name Vandenboom, I'eter F. Van Slyke, AUie P. Van \'alkenburg, Lawrence Private Venable, Henry Vesper, Paul L. Viberts, Charles Villavarso, Jerome ^'incent, Paul ^'ine, Frank M. Vivian, Francis J.

Wabur,

Waggoner, William K. Wagner, Louis l\. Walker, William Walker, William H. Wallace, Edmund K. Wallace, Joseph L. W^aUers, F. S. Y. Walthus, William Wamble, Charles Wansboro, Thomas A. Ward, Roy E. W^are, Benjamin F. Warfle, Dennis Warner, ^L J. Warren, John E. Washinglon, Philip A., Jr. Waters, William J. Weber, Leonard Webster, Alfred Weiker, Leonard L. Weil, Julius B. Weis, Ambrose Weisheit, Fred Welch, Thomas IL Wert, Frank S. Weiherill, Alexander N. Wheeler, James Woodbury Whipple, George E. White, Edward Seymour White, Wdliam L.

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of Dea	th Puge
Private	1.	34 Mich. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	4	^74
Private	A	33 Mich. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	17
Private	A	4 L. S. Jnf.	July	1	264. 291
Private	A	y L. S. Cav.	July	24
Private	ii	2 Ma-ss. Vol, Inf.	Aug.	10
Corporal	I	I 111. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	26	r- 1
Private	1.	9 L. S. Vol. Inf	Sept.	>5
Private	1)	9 V. S. Vol. Inf.	Sept.	29
Wagoner	1-:	9 r. S. Cav.	Aug.	17	290
Private	1)	34 Mich. \ol. Inf.	July	3'	201
PrivaU-	11	ii Mich. Vol. Inf.			2S6
Private	I'.	I . S. \'. Sig. Corps	Sept.	26
Private	V.	13 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	4
Private	A	9 L. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	G	5 L. S. Vol. Inf.	Nov.	2
Corporal	A	6 U. S. Inf.	July	I	10,114. 115
Private	M	9 Ma^s. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	"»
Musician	(i	4 L. S. Inf.	luly	I	199
Civilian			Aug.	22	299
I'livate	E	24 L. S. Inf.	July	26	2S9
2 Lieut.		7 U. S. Inf.	July	I	1S4
Private	11	1 6 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	M	5 L . S. Vol. Inf	< >ct.	s
Corporal	l--	lo I . S. Inf.	July	4	2.>4
	B	22 Inf.	July	I	JCVS
Private	.\	3 I . S. Inf.	July	1
Sergeant	I	9 L . S. Vol. InL	" tcl.	I
Priv*ate	i;	S L. S. Inf.	Aug.	10	2S0
Private	l;	17 L". S. Inf.	July	1	I $9
Private	A	12 U.S. Inf.	July	20	262
Artiticer	II	S ( >hio Vol. Inf.	Aug.	I
Private	C,	13 U. S. Inf.	July	1	'>4
Private		7 1-. S. Inf.	/.Ug.	6
Private	A	21 U. S. Inf.	July	I	(,'r
Private	L	9 Mass. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	'3
Private	Ban<l	7 U. S. Inf.	July	1	|S!>
Captain		0 L. S. Inf.	July	I	III. 112
Private	C	2 Mass. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	3
Corporal	M	2 Mass. Vol. Inf.	Aug.	12	2».9
Private	C	7 U. S. Inf.	July	1	IS9
Corporal	E	in I S. Cav.	June	24	241

442

lln^c.1 of tbe jfallcn

Name Wliiting, Charles Whiting, Edwin W. Whitson, Irwin Whiiten, George J. Whilworth, Burt Wikofi, fharles A. Wilhord, Ward A. Williams, George Williams, Joseph Williams, John P. ^\■illiams, Robert Williams, William Wilson, Alexander Wilson, Dudley D. Wilson, John Wilson, John Wilson, Silas T. Wingerter, Edward J. \\'inn, Alfred Wischman, William Witt, Louis Wood, Elmer G. Wood, William M. Wren, Charles Wright, John C. Wright, Thomas

Young, CJebhard \'oung, Warren Ilarlen Young, William D. S. Your/ee, Eugene N.

Zigler, Robert M. Zitck, Joseph Zoubeck, Paul

Rank	Company	Regiment	Date of	Dea	th Page
Private	G	3 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	II	285
Private	A	I 111. \ol. Inf.	Aug.	8	272. 278
I'rivate	G	lo I". S. Cav.	Aug.	28	290
Private	E	7 I'. S. Inf.	July	24
Private	G	8 111. V. Inf.	Oct.	31
Colonel		22 U. S. Inf.	July	I	129, 132
Private	B	8 Oh 0 V. Inf.	Aug.	15	297
Private	L	8 U. S. V. Inf.	Sept.	25
Private	I	9 U. S. \ . Inf.	Oct.	15
Sergeant	F	24 U. S. li.f.	July	I	109
Private	11	3 L. S. V. Inf.	Dec.	4
Ambulance Driver		Sept.	17
I'livate	L	9 U. S. Y. Inf.	Sept,	18	92
Corporal	G	8 ( )hio \'. Inf	Aug.	7
Private	I	9 U. S. Y. Inf	Sept.	22	289
Private	I	lo L'. S. Cav.	Aug.	9
Sergeant	F	12 U. S. Inf.	July	I	190
Private	1	8 Ohio Y. Inf.	Aug.	2
Private	L	9 L. S. Y. Inf.	Sept.	30
Private	F	2 U. S. Cav.	July	25
Private	Band	7 U. S. In!.	July	23
Wagoner	G	I8 V. S. Inf.	July	I	121
2 Lieut.	(;	12 U. S. Inf.	Aug.	12	269
Piivate	G	8 C. S. Inf.	Aug.	7
Civilian			Aug.	ly
Private	A	13 f. S. Inf	July	I	118
Corporal	G	22 U. S. Inf.	July	I
Private	I	I 111. V. Inf.	Aug.	17
Sergeant	E	71 N. Y. Y. Inf.	July	29	261
Private	D	7 U. S. Inf.	July	26
Private	I	16 U. S. Ini".	Aug.	22	292
Private	E	2 U. S. Inf.	July	18
Private	K	I 111. W Inf.	Aug.	4	286

U.M<.NO\VX Dl AD : pp. 197, 209, 251, 255, 266, 267, 286, 289, 293, 295, 297.

General Index

Page

Adjutant Cjener.il i''^7t -o5

Aguadores 2Sj

Aguadores River . 104, 131, 137, 13S

Aguadores Road . . . . loi, 104, 126, 1 28

Aguierre, Lieut. -Cul 2I<)

Alger, Camp 375

Alger, (ien. R. A., 11, 17, 376, See Sec. of War.

Allen, Capt 354

Alto Coronal 171. i^'

American fleet 43

Allies, Cuban 3'5

Amputations 40*^

Ants, Cutting 85

Army and Navy 1 25

Regulars 410-415

Artillery, Second 217

Astwood, Rev. H. C. C i5

Augustine, Jr., Lieut. Joseph IL, 122, 252, 253

I'aniboo "9

Bamboo, Soldiers Cot of 296

Banister, Major Surgeon William 1'... 255, 3(15 366, 405

Barbon, Lieut. -Col 3-7- 329

Barbour, Maj 35°

Barnett. Lieut. L. T 92

liarrett, l>r 3^7' 373

Barricades ^'7

Bates, Gen. John C. . . . 95, 103, 163, 179

Barton, Miss Clara ''5' 37-

Battlefields, Santiago '5' '7

Battle Plain J05

Berkley, Lieut. Hugh 9°. MS

Bernard, Lieut. John J 209

Blockhouse 64

Blockhouse, San Juan Ridge 72

Blockhouse at Siboney 44

Bloody Bend . 99, loi, 107, ico. 117. 169 246, 315

PoBC Boat Club House, Santingo . -"4

Bombax Ceiba, Surrender Tree . 9'

Bon.sal. Stephen .... 97. '5'. '^A> 3'»-

Brooklyu, U. S. S S^. 5-

Brooks, Miss, Hospital Nurse ^o''

Brown, Chaplain, Rough Ri(ler> .... 240

Brown, Theodore "^

r.urying: Marines' Hill, 49; al Sea, 5I ; Burial Cards, 310; Sectional Cofttns, 311 ; Soldiers Method of Marking Graves, Chap. H; I'oreign Nations. 305 ; in Santiago. 344 ; Crcnialion, 360, 361

Cabanas

Calentura fever ....

Campaign hat

Caney . 30, 35. 104. 103, 175.

324. 354

Canosa Fort

Capron, Captain .Mlyn, Battery, Capron, Captain Allyn K..Jr.,

412

Castillo, Gen 219

Cavalry Division . . 107. loS. Cemetery, Santiago

Cervera's lleet

Chaffee, Gen. A. R

Chaplain . . . 240. 3o'». 375- Chapmaj;, Carlton T. Chester, Captain CM.. . .

Chickamauga

Church, Lieut. J. R , Surgeon Churcliman, Col. Caleb . . . Churchman, Lieut. ( lark . . Civil Hospital. Santi.igo, 3CI,

35» Clim: e, Cuban . ■ l*^. 353- Clothing. Soldier- . Club, Nauiic:i

229,

171. 224,

o«7 131.

K'3-

34 334.

. . 217

335. 364 28. 30

251. 3«6

69, 137 173. 412 232. 240

,320. 3^'

13S, 140

. . 296

43

I7«. 2'o

406, 407

49

52

■392

232, 236

. . . 192

. 173. "O"

344. 34^

3*^4, 378

363

6s.

444

General ifuDev

Page

Coffins, for burial 312

Colored Soldiers 393, 397

Colors, The L. S 412

Columbia, U. S. S 297

Cook, Capt 50

Cooks, Soldiers 403

Cookoo, Brush 224

Congress 379; 410

Converse, Mr. John H 373, 3S1

Crane, Col 109

Cubans, Cuba . . 143, 165, 212, 219, 220 240, 272, 345, 346, 395

Cuban Soldiers 43, 255

Cuban Dead 317

Cuban Fever t^t^^

Cuban Flag 43

Cuban Allies 31c

Dai(]uiri 63, 217

Danforlh, Asst. Surg. Harry \V. . 253, 406 Davis, Richard Harding . . . 232, 235, 237

Davis, I.. Clarke 237

Dawson, Tilden W 233

Dead, Burial, 344; al Sea, 51 ; Spanish Cremated, 360, 361 ; Death Rate, 408; Graves, Decorating, Chap. IT.

Deporting Fifth Army Corps 342

]3e La Rocca 63

Dodge, Capt. Charles 284

Dolores, Plaza of 68

Dolphin, L. S. S 49

Doves, Cuban (Zenaida Zenaida) .... 224 Draper, Adjutant Herbert L , U. S. M. C. 52

Drum, Capt. John .119

Duffield, Gen 165

Eaton, Capt., U. S. N 9

Kdgar, Surgeon, V. S. M. C, 54, 55, Printed erroneously " Eagan," 47

Eighth U. S. Infantry 177

Eighth Illinois Infantry 398

Eighth Ohio Infantry 274, 277

Ellis, Chief Yeoman, U. S. N. 50, 58, 315

Page

El Morro Castle 63

ElPozoHill 255, 319, 351

Entanglements, 221 ; Wire, 24, 64, 67 El Viso (see Stone Fort) . . 164, 169, 181 Escario, Gen. Frederico . . 165, 324, 329 Ewers, Gen 107, 120

Fairman, Assistant Hospital Steward . . 271

Ferial, Gen 322

Field, Lieut. Charles H 209

Field Hospitals (see Hospitals) .... 340 Fifth Army Corps . 14, 45, 68, 104, 307, 309

320, 330, y.i, 341, 342, 346, 366, 387 Fifth U. S. Infantry . 68, 92, 167, 250, 349

First-aid Dressings 248

P'irst Brigade 107, 1O3

First U. S. Cavalry, 81, 107, 112, 140, 141,

142, 201, 226, 317 First Division Hosiiilal . . . 123, 137, 250

First Illinois Infantry 274

P'irst Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) . 147 Fish, Sergeant Hamilton .... 224, 235

Fischer, E., Yeoman, U. .S. N 52

Franca, Lieut. Nicolas 211, 316

Force, Major Albert .... 37, 80, 81, 141

Fornance, Capt. James 252

Fourth U. S. Infantry . . . 175, 198, 203

Fox, Mr. John 238, 391

Funerals (see ISurial) 344

Garcia, Gen 165, 217, 322

Gatling Guns 163

(ieneral Field Hospital, 246, 269; Sibo-

ney, 282, 287 (libbs, John B., Acting Assistant Surgeon, 44,

47, 56, 5«

Gonzales, Capt 16, 271, 312

Good, Sergeant-Major . . . 50, 53, 60, 413

Gould, Mis.s Helen 372

Graham, F. R., Hospital Steward, U. S. N. 52

Grant, Mrs. Gen. U. S 372

Grimes' Battery 137, 319

Guantanamo Bay 41, 42, 315

General 1In^el

44r.

Page

Guasima Tree f><), 222

Guasimas, Las, Chap. \'II I, loS, 217,225, 317 Gurney, Lieut. John .\ 122, 124

Hamilton, Lieut. -Col., James M. . . 141, 151

Hamilton, Lieut., 5th U. S. 1 350

Hammond, Mr. Halsey 381

Hamment, Mr 143

Harbach, Lieut. -Col 72

Hart, Rev. P. J., Post Chaplain .... 252

Harris, Quartermaster, W. H 47

Hastings, Camp 3^1

Havarcl, Col. Valery, Chief Surgeon, 14, 250,

267, 270, 336 Hawkins, Gen. H. S. . Si, 102, 103, lot), 114

Hawkins' Brigade I43

Heffner, Harry 234

Hobson, Lieut., U. S. N. . . . 90, loS, 270

Hospitals 376,414,415

Hospital Cooks . 402

Hospital Corps 245,309

Hospital, General Field 319

Hospital Service 245

Hospital Tents 248, 339

Hospital Workers 406

Hotchkiss Guns 220

Howell, Capt >86

Humanity, War for 33

Huntingdon, Lieut. -Col., U. S. M. C, 45, 47,

55 Hymns for Soldiers 3^9

Illinois Volunteers 87

Immunes, Fifth 249

Iroquois, U. S. S 74

Jones, Chaplain, C. S. N 5^

Kennan, Mr. George 372

Kent, Major ( ".en. J. Ford, 71, loi, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 163

Kent's Division 138.413

Keifter, Surgeon 339

Kettle Hill . . . 70, 7', 13S, 139- 142, 413

Page

Kiikpalrick, l.icut. T. J.

La Garde, Hr. Louis, Maji>r->urj;tMn, 337,

393. 406

La Gran I'iedra 7°

Lafayette Post, G. .A. K 112

LaMotte, Major-Surgeon 406

Las Guasimas (see Guasimas).

Lawton, Major-Gen. Henry W. . loS, 163.

179, 197, 207, 217, 219, 230, 257. 335,

347. 348, 349 Lawton's Division . . . 108, 165, 169. 177

Lee, Capt. Arthur '73' '85

Leininger, Capt. John A 274,277

I.ejeune 1st Lieut. John A 52

Lesser, Red Cross Dr 408

Letters, Soldiers 3^5

Lewis, Mr. Henry II, . .212

Lewis, Lieut. Louis H 125,126

Linares, Lieut. -Gen 22S

Liscum, Lieut. -Col. F.. H 107,120

Littermen, Hospital Cori)S 247

Long, Secretary .... 45

Losses, American .\rmy, at Guasimas, 226 ;

San Juan, 107, 109 ; Spanish, 321, 329;

Cuban, 328 Ludinglon, <^>uartermastcr-Gen. . .186,254

Ludlow, Gen 163, 177. 335

Ludlow's lirigade 173,210

Ma.he Vieja 94. «03

Malarial Fever 34°

Mango Tree 69

Manzanillo 3^°

J/,7;M//.<J»/, U. S. S 49.58

Marking Soldiers' Graves • 3°5

M.-irkley. M.ijor, Ninll L. S. L . . 393.394

Marine Corps Ch.np. nL4i3

Marines' Hill, (.;uanlan.imo Pay 4'. 49

Marsh II, Kdward, War Correspon<lent . 237 Massacliusells. Second Vol. Inf , 175;

.\rmy \ Navy Aid Association, 367,373

Mauser Pullet 4o8

, .)/,7i'. The 373

44(;

General 1In^e.l•

Page

Maysi, Cape 4I163

■Medical Department . . 245, 252, 307, 309, 364, 376, 378, 399- 400, 402

Medical Staff 376

Merrimai 64, 334

Michie, Lieut. Dennis M 114

Michigan N'olunteers S4

Miles, Col 163, 175, 179

Miles' Brigade 173

^Sliley, Lieut. -Col 106, 177

Miles, Maj.-Gen 322, 323

Militarism 410

Mills, Capt 222

Montauk Point 2S5, 364

Morrison, Capt. T. \V 133, 138

Morris, Charles 51

Mono Castle 85, t^i,';,, 398

Mt. Gretna 380

Miiller, Lieut. Jose y Tejerio . . 227, 323

Municipal Government 347

McCalla, Capt., U. S. X 45, 46

McCalla, Camp 42, 45, 57

"McCawley, Capt. (Maj.) Charles L.,

52, 55. 56 McClernand, E. J., Lieut. -Col., Asst. Adj.-

Gen. Fifth Corps 65

McCook, Dr. H. C, Chaplain . . 348, 366

TilcCook, Col. John J 3S1

^McCook, Lieut. Paul II 92, 93

McCorkle, Lieut. II. L. . . 175, 200, 201 McCormick, Surgeon L'. S. S. J'a7t//ur . 55 McGartlin, Michael, (^. M. Sergt. ... 89 McLean, Mrs. Eugene, Cor. Sec. Woman's

War Relief Association ..... 372

National Relief Commission, 9, 338, 366, 373

375. 376, 380, 381, 397 Naval and Military .\cademies . . . .411 Nautical Hospital . . . 271, 294, 295, 312

Neary, Lieut. William C 295

Neville, Lieut., U. S. M, C 53

Newkirk, Asst. -Surg 365

Ninth Cavalry 141, 142

Ninth Infantry L'. .'>. .\ 107

Page

Ninth Massachusetts Vol. Tnf 274

Ninth U. S. \'ols 71, 78, 91

Nurses, Hospital .... 337

O/hrtle, U. S. S 317

Oregoti, U. S. S 58

Ord, Lieut. J. G 81, 82

Outlook, The 372

Packard, -Miss, A Hospital Nurse . . . 297

Pack Trains 339

Page, Col., Third U. S. Inf. . . . 72,74

Panther, U. S. S 45, 50, 55

Prairie, The, V . S. S 52, 58

Pearson, Col. E. P 95, 102, 107

Perez, Gen 322

Pico del rur(|uino 70

Plants, Cuban 104

Ploude, Edw 95, 98

Plummer, Capt. Edward 264

Pond, The San Juan 73

Popular Songs, Soldiers 395

Pozo Road ." . 137

President, The. Wni. MrKinley, 11, 12, 13,33 75, 278, 306, 342

Prisoners, Spanish 352, 354, 356

Punta Gorda 334

(^)uartermaster's Department (see Lud-

dington ; Rhodes) . . . 16,267,307,312 (^uintana, Raphael 21 1

Radford, Lieut., C. S. N 55

Rains lo, 340

Ralp, Sergt. NN'alker 155

Randolph, Gen. Wallace 339

Ramiro, Sjianish Capt 327

Raymond, Mrs. Charles H 372

Reconcentrados 344

Red Cross U. S. Hospital . . 246,247,402

Red Cross Society *^5, 37'

Regulars, Army and Navy 410, 412, 413

K-'ina Mercedes 64, 334

Reina Mercedes Barracks 270

General 1In^el■

447

Page '

Relief C'oinmissi(jn (see Natl. Relf t'cjin.) 33S

339. 3^0

Relief Work Among Soldiers 371

Religious Services 3^7

Repatriation 356, 361

y^'c'so/itfe, I'. S. S 47, 23i, 338

Reeves, Lieut 95, 97

Rhodes, .Mr D II. . 16, 17, 92, 95, 1 17, 128

147, 187, 206, 254, 264, 265, 267, 295, 317

Rios, Cuban Gen 325

Riter, Capt., L'. S. N 45. 5°

Roads, Cuban »6, 351

Robeson, Maj. -Surgeon, U. S. A. ... 270

Rode 91

Roosevelt, Col. Theodore . 90, 106, 107, 142

145, 147, 224, 234, 237, 240, 391 Rough Riders . 71, 10 , 107, 140, 142. 145

201, 220, 223, 227, 239, 391, 412

Round Robin 34^

Roumanian, The, Funeral Ship . . . . 16

Royal Palm (C.)reodoxia regia) 221

Rowell, Capt. Charles W 96

Rowland, Trooper 234

Rubin, Spanish Cieneral 227

Ruiz, Col. Manuel 326,327

Runways in Trenches . 271

Russell, Sergt. Rough Riders 234

San luan, Hattlefield and Ridge, Chap. IV, 63; Ranoraniic Views of, opp. 21; Field Described, 69, 71, 94 ; Graves on, Chap. II; Plain of. 70; Map of, 73 ; River, 70, loi, 104, 13S; Heights. 103 ; Cemetery, 153; Plain of, 101 ; \'iews, opp. 41

San Miguel Road 205

Santiago City, Situation and harbor (map), 66 ; Valley, 69 ; Province of, 60 ; After Surrender, 343 ; Distress of. 341 ; (jen. Wood in. 345 ; Improve- ment in, 349

Sampson. Rear-Admiral, 43, 45, 51, i<>5, 217

Hl)^ 334 San Carlos Club 39^

312

• ^74

Pate .Sanches, Cuban General . 317

San Juan, Wounded at, 246, 251 ; ."^l.anish

I'orces at, 324 Sater, Lieui. W. .\., I . ^ A 11^. 120

Schall, Gen ''•

Schley, Rear- Admiral, U. >. ^ "

Second Hrigade, Fifth Corps . i' j. Second Division, Fifth ('or|>s 103,

Seconil Massachusetts \'ol. Inf.

Second Pennsylvania Infantry 3''8

Secretary of War (see -Mger), 11, 13, 30*',

348

Second U. .S. Infantry 102

Second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers 9 Seguranca, U. S. Transport . . . 347- 3^5 Seventy first New Vork Vol. Inf. 79, 107, 274

Sevilla

Second U. S. Infantry .... Seventeenth C S. Infantry . Shafter, Maj. -Gen. . . 13, 91,

230, 255, 335, y^fi, 343. 3=

Sharpshooters

Shipp, 1st Lieut. Win. K. . . Siboney 63, 69, 137, 219. 282, 2S4, 2S7, 337, i3^, 392. 406 I Sierra Maestra ... IL 43- ^'3- ^9

Signal Corps. Halloon <f . . MO

I Sisters of Charity ■ ■ 3°'

j Sixteenth U. S. Infantry 107

Sixth U. S. Cavalry 3". '4». '42

' Sixth I". S. Infantry . . 107. lio. n;. 209 Smith, Lieut. Wm. II. i»i. '53

Socapa Batter)' . . • 334

Soldiers' Letters . . 383

Soldiers' Hymns and Songs 389

Spaniards. Spanish .\rmy . 52, 72, 104, 108,

142, 170. 222, 3I<', 320. 353 .Spanish Blockhouse • 44. 64, "2

Spanish Prisoners . 345- 35*

Spanish Defences . . 25. 169

Spanis.. Force • • 228

Spanish Guerillas >'• 224

Spanish lx)sses ... . • 220

Spanish Military Hospital ;5o. 352

"'3-	221
	-5"
''4,	'7'
'79.	2'7.
	-4 7
1.^5.	«57

44^^

General 1In^e.l

Page

St. Louis, I'. S. S 46

" Star Spangled Banner,'" Song .... 395 Stone Fort, Caney . . . 164, 171, 177, 317

Sueno 255

Sumner, Brig.-(jen. Samuel S., Chap. W, 104, 106, 230

Sunken Road 102, 138

Sunday-schools 391

Summers, Major-Surgeon T. ( ) 336

Surgeons (see Medical Department), 245, 376

Surrender, The 323, 333

Surrender Tree (i)'('w/^<?.v (v/^<7) . 91,93

Sutter, Gustavus E 210

Swain, Wm. J- and Mrs 366

Swift, Chaplain, U. S. A 133

Tabernacle Presbyterian Church of Phila- delphia I'S

Tenth Cavalry . . 107, 141. 142, 226, 317

Tenth Infantry 102, 259

Texas, The U. S. S 46, 55, 56

Theaker, Gen 262

Third Brigade 107, 163

Third U. S. Cavalry 140, 142

Third Regiment U. S. Infantry, 72, 84, 177,

179, 208 Thirteenth Infantry . . 107, 109, 1 17, 129 Thirty-fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 88, 260, 274

Thomas, Camp 375

Thomas, George W 373

Thomas, Co.. Enriques . . . . 43, 44, 315 Toral, (ien. Jose . 91, 228, 229, 323, 333 Transports, 64, 74, 321, 363; Spanish, 359

Trees, Cuban 9, 69, 138, 221

Turman, Lieut. Reuben S 254

Twelfth C. S. Infantry, 171, 173, 177, 192,

193, 196 Twenty-first L'. S. Infantry, 96, 97, 102, 103 Twenty-fourth U. S. Infantry, 107, 109, 123,

283, 284, 303, 392, 393 Twenty-second U. S. Infantry, 96, 129, 177,

207, 210 Twenty-fifth U. S. Infantry .... 200, 204

Page

Twentieth U. S. Infantry 179

Typhoid Fever 375

Uniforms, Spanish 352

Underclothes 352

Vara Del Rey, Gen. . . . 104, 165, 167,212

J'izcaya, Spanish Warship 50

Voluntary Aid Societies 371

J'lihan, U. S. S 52

Walworth, Aliss Reubena H 372

Walworth, Mrs. Ellen Hardin 372

Wansboro, Lieut. Thomas A. . 1S3, 184, 185 War Department (see Secretary of War, Medical Dept., Ludington).

Waring, Col 35°

Watson, Commodore, U. S. N 43

Weapons 409

Wetherill, Capt. A. M., L'. S. A. . in, 112 Wheeler, Major Gen. Joseph . . 71. 91, loS,

163, 217, 219.228, 241, 297, 355 Wlieeler, Miss Annie M. . . 297, 404, 405

Whiting, E. W 272

Whitney, Casper, war correspondent . .173 Wire Entanglement (see Entanglement) . 24

Wise, Capt., U. S. N 397

Wise, Lieut., U. S. A 315, 405

Wikoff, Camp 364, 372

Wikoff, Col. Charles . . 102, 107, 119, 129 Woman's National War Relief Associa- tion 372

Women Nurses, for Soldiers . 399, 400, 401 Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard 14, 107, 137, 220 238, 251, 307, 343, 345, 346

Worth, Lieut. -Col. W. S 107, 1 19

Wounded 251, 408

Yah; U. S. S 13, 301, 397

Yunkee, U. S. S 45

Yellow Fever, 283, 302, 341, 367, 406, 414 Young, Gen. S. B. M. 219, 225, 229, 231, 238 Young Men's Christian Association, 379, 3S3, 3S6, 390

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